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Seismic test data and resolution analysis from the first borehole broadband seismometers at Mt. Etna, Sicily (Italy), as part of the SiC nano for PicoGeo project

In October 2021, GFZ installed together with INGV Catania, Iraci and ASIR Ltd (Advances Seismic Instrumentation & Research) the very first seismic borehole broadband seismometers at two selected sites at Mt. Etna, Sicily (see Fig. 1). The installation was completed under the EU-funded project ‘SiC nano for PicoGeo’ (http://www.picogeo.eu/). Site one is located next to the Astrophysical Observatory at Serra La Nave (SLN) and site two is located in the city of Mascalucia (MAS). At each site one borehole broadband seismometer was permanently installed (cemented) at approximately 70 m depth. In approx. 1-2m distance, a second ground-level borehole 4.5 Hz Geophone was temporarily installed (sanded) at 1 m depth until July 2022 (see Fig. 2). The ground-level geophones served as a local surface reference sensor to better evaluate the increase of signal quality from surface to depth. Test data were evaluated between October 2021 and July 2022. Sensor settings were adjusted during this time period to obtain the best possible data resolution at both test sites. This data publication compiles a segment of waveform recordings utilized for the assessment of data quality from the two installed broadband borehole seismometers, along with noise plots (Fig. 3-5) illustrating the enhancements in the data quality of frequency ranges compared to surface sensors at Mt. Etna.

Die Bedeutung volatiler Arsen-Emissionen aus vulkanischen Gebieten

Arsen ist durch sein ubiquitäres Vorkommen eines der bestuntersuchten Elemente in Gestein, Boden und Wasser. Über Arsen in der Atmosphäre ist dagegen wenig bekannt. Die größten Freisetzungen stammen aus Punktquellen, wobei vulkanische Gebiete die wichtigsten natürlichen Quellen sind. Meist wird angenommen, dass die atmosphärische Ausbreitung von partikulärem Arsen abhängt, während volatile Arsenspezies ignoriert wurden trotz hoher Toxizität schon bei geringen Konzentrationen. Sie wurden als exotisch und zu kurzlebig, um umweltrelevant zu sein, eingestuft. Neuere Untersuchungen zeigen aber, dass die Stabilität volatilen Arsens bislang unterschätzt wurde. Ein Mangel an Probenahme-, Stabilisierungs- und Analysetechniken verhinderte auch, dass speziesselektive Massenbilanzen für atmosphärisches Arsen aufgestellt und abiotische von biotischen Bildungsmechanismen unterschieden werden konnten. Die Hypothese des vorliegenden Antrags ist, dass volatile Arsenspezies mehr zum globalen biogeochemischen Kreislauf beitragen und über größere Distanzen transportiert werden als bisher angenommen. Desweiteren wird postuliert, dass neben primärer abiotischer Freisetzung mikrobielle Gemeinschaften sekundär Arsen volatilisieren und die Speziierung bestimmen. Ein erstes Ziel ist die Entwicklung einer neuen, feldtauglichen Methode zur Beprobung volatiler Arsenspezies. Dafür werden Extraktionsfallen aus Stahlnadeln gefüllt mit Polymersorbenten verwendet (Needle Trap Devices, NTDs). NTDs werden durch aktives Pumpen beladen, was die Quantifizierung der Flussrate und Berechnung absoluter Konzentrationen ermöglicht. NTDs werden in der organischen Chemie routinemäßig eingesetzt. Ihr Potential, volatiles Arsen quantitativ und spezieserhaltend zu sorbieren, ist unbekannt. Sorptionsmaterial, Pumpraten, Lagerbedingungen müssen optimiert und Konkurrenzsorption anderer volatiler Metall(oid)e oder vulkanischer Gase (H2O, SO2, H2S) eliminiert werden. Zur Analyse wird eine moderne Kopplungstechnik verwendet (GC-MS split ICP-MS): Nach gaschromatographischer Trennung wird der Probenfluss gesplittet; ein Massenspektrometer ermöglicht die molekulare Identifikation unbekannter Spezies, ein induktiv-gekoppeltes Plasma-MS die Element-Quantifizierung. Das zweite Ziel ist die Erfassung der Bedeutung volatiler Arsenfreisetzung und -verteilung in drei Gebieten unterschiedlicher vulkanischer Aktivität (Mt.Etna - Vulcano - Yellowstone National Park). Messungen entlang von Transekten sollen die Veränderung der volatilen Arsenmenge und -speziierung während des Transports aufzeigen. On-site Inkubationstests mit extremophilen Bakterien sollen zeigen, ob es zu mikrobieller Volatilisierung methylierter Arsenate und Methylierung von Arsin in der Gasphase kommt. Gesamtziel ist, durch das Bereitstellen einer Methode und den Nachweis der Rolle von volatilem Arsen exemplarisch in vulkanischen Gebieten eine neue Bewertung der Bedeutung volatiler Metall(oid)e für globale Stoffkreisläufe anzustoßen

Tree growth rings as early indicators of volcanic activity on Mt. Etna

Volcanoes threaten the lives of millions of people. Early indicators of volcanic explosions could help in risk management, but eruptions remain largely unpredictable. New indicators of eruptions are urgently needed. Moreover, it would be of great interest to reconstruct past volcanic activity at many volcanoes. Recently, remote sensing techniques have revealed increased photosynthetic rates in trees growing along future eruptive fractures on Mt. Etna, Italy, and on Mt. Nyiragongo, Congo; flank eruptions occurred 3-4 years later along these same fractures. The mechanisms linking photosynthetic activity to future eruptions are currently unclear; one hypothesis is that movement of magma in the deep conduits of the volcanic system leads to degassing of substances that promote plant growth. Preliminary tree ring data from Mt. Etna suggest that trees are influenced by volcanic activity before the magma erupts, and therefore might be used 1) as early indicators of eruptions, and 2) to reconstruct past volcanic eruptions. Our main research questions are therefore: - Can trees be used as indicators of past and future eruptions? - Which natural factors control tree-ring growth to which extent on a volcanic area? - How did these factors vary over the last 100 to 150 years and how did they influence tree ring growth? Preliminary results from a pilot study on Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy) show that trees (but not all trees and not at all locations) are growing faster several years before eruptions. The pilot study created preliminary data on tree-ring growth as well as ?13C, ?18O and 14C in tree rings, and first attempts could be made to correlate these parameters to time series of volcanic eruptions and climate data from three nearby weather stations. The planned experimental design foresees 6-12 elevation transects (within the black pine, Pinus nigra, vegetation belt) in the vicinity of recent eruptions. In addition, nearby area without any (direct) volcanic activities (Monti Nebrodi) will serve as a control site. We aim at investigating the several factors that may contribute to increased growth rates: a) availability of water, b) nutrients and trace elements in the wood and in the soil, c) degassing of carbon dioxide (CO2) or ammonia (NH4), and d) climate (temperature and precipitation). (...)

Speziierung volatiler Metalle in vulkanischen Gasen am Mt. Etna, Italien

Ring-shear test data of different quartz sands and glass beads used for analogue experiments in the experimental laboratory of the Chengdu University of Technology (EPOS Transnational Access Call 2017)

This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on natural and artificial granular materials used for analogue modelling in the experimental laboratory of the Chengdu University of Technology (CDUT, China). Six samples, four types of quartz sands and two types of glass beads, have been characterized by means of friction coefficients µ and cohesions C. The material samples have been analysed at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam in the framework of the EPOS (European Plate Observing System) Transnational Access (TNA) call of the Thematic Core Service (TCS) Multi-scale Laboratories (MSL) in 2017 as a remote service for the CDUT.According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak friction coefficients µP of the quartz sand samples range between 0.62 and 0.79 and µP of the glass beads between 0.61 and 0.64. Except for one quartz sand sample, peak cohesions CP of all materials are smaller than or around zero meaning that these materials are cohesionsless. All materials show a minor rate-weakening of 1-2 % per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.

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