The AVHRR Mulitchannel Sea Surface Temperature Map (MCSST) was the first result of DLR's AVHRR pathfinder activities. The goal of the product is to provide the user with actual Sea Surface Temperature (SST) maps in a defined format easy to access with the highest possible reliability on the thematic quality. After a phase of definition, the operational production chain was launched in March 1993 covering the entire Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. Since then, daily, weekly, and monthly data sets have been available until September 13, 1994, when the AVHRR on board the NOAA-11 spacecraft failed. The production of daily, weekly and monthly SST maps was resumed in February, 1995, based on NOAA-14 AVHRR data. The NOAA-14 AVHRR sensor became some technical difficulties, so the generation was stopped on October 3, 2001. Since March 2002, NOAA-16 AVHRR SST maps are available again. With the beginning of January 2004, the data of AVHRR on board of NOAA-16 exhibited some anormal features showing strips in the scenes. Facing the “bar coded” images of NOAA16-AVHRR which occurred first in September 2003, continued in January 2004 for the second time and appeared in April 2004 again, DFD has decided to stop the reception of NOAA16 data on April 6th, 2004, and to start the reception of NOAA-17 data on this day. On April 7th, 2004, the production of all former NOAA16-AVHRR products as e.g. the SST composites was successully established. NOAA-17 is an AM sensor which passes central Europe about 2 hours earlier than NOAA-16 (about 10:00 UTC instead of 12:00 UTC for NOAA-16). In spring 2007, the communication system of NOAA-17 has degraded or is operating with limitations. Therefore, DFD has decided to shift the production of higher level products (NDVI, LST and SST) from NOAA-17 to NOAA-18 in April 2007. In order to test the performance of our processing chains, we processed simultaneously all NOAA-17 and NOAA-18 data from January 1st, 2007 till March 29th, 2007. All products are be available via EOWEB. Please remember that NOAA-18 is a PM sensor which passes central Europe about 1.5 hours later than NOAA-17 (about 11:30 UTC instead of 10:00 UTC for NOAA17). The SST product is intended for climate modelers, oceanographers, and all geo science-related disciplines dealing with ocean surface parameters. In addition, SST maps covering the North Atlantic, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea and the Western Atlantic equivalent to the Mediterranean MCSST maps are available since August 1994. The most important aspects of the MCSST maps are a) correct image registration and b) reasonable cloud screening to ensure that only cloud free pixels are taken for the later processing and compositing c) for deriving MCSST, only channel 4 and 5 are used.. The SST product consists of one 8 bit channel. For additional information, please see: https://wdc.dlr.de/sensors/avhrr/
The "Land Surface Temperature derived from NOAA-AVHRR data (LST_AVHRR)" is a fixed grid map (in stereographic projection) with a spatial resolution of 1.1 km. The total size covering Europe is 4100 samples by 4300 lines. Within 24 hours of acquiring data from the satellite, day-time and night-time LSTs are calculated. In general, the products utilise data from all six of the passes that the satellite makes over Europe in each 24 hour period. For the daily day-time LST maps, the compositing criterion for the three day-time passes is maximum NDVI value and for daily night-time LST maps, the criterion is the maximum night-time LST value of the three night-time passes. Weekly and monthly day-time or night-time LST composite products are also produced by averaging daily day-time or daily night-time LST values, respectively. The range of LST values is scaled between –39.5°C and +87°C with a radiometric resolution of 0.5°C. A value of –40°C is used for water. Clouds are masked out as bad values. For additional information, please see: https://wdc.dlr.de/sensors/avhrr/
The "Land Surface Temperature derived from NOAA-AVHRR data (LST_AVHRR)" is a fixed grid map (in stereographic projection ) with a spatial resolution of 1.1 km. The total size covering Europe is 4100 samples by 4300 lines. Within 24 hours of acquiring data from the satellite, day-time and night-time LSTs are calculated. In general, the products utilise data from all six of the passes that the satellite makes over Europe in each 24 hour period. For the daily day-time LST maps, the compositing criterion for the three day-time passes is maximum NDVI value and for daily night-time LST maps, the criterion is the maximum night-time LST value of the three night-time passes. Weekly and monthly day-time or night-time LST composite products are also produced by averaging daily day-time or daily night-time LST values, respectively. The range of LST values is scaled between –39.5°C and +87°C with a radiometric resolution of 0.5°C. A value of –40°C is used for water. Clouds are masked out as bad values. For additional information, please see: https://wdc.dlr.de/sensors/avhrr/
Every day, three successive NOAA-AVHRR scenes are used to derive a synthesis product in stereographic projection known as the "Normalized Difference Vegetation Index" for Europe and North Africa. It is calculated by dividing the difference in technical albedos between measurements in the near infrared and visible red part of the spectrum by the sum of both measurements. This value provides important information about the "greenness" and density of vegetation. Weekly and monthly thematic synthesis products are also derived from this daily operational product, at each step becoming successively free of clouds. For additional information, please see: https://wdc.dlr.de/sensors/avhrr/
Das Projekt "Waerme, Feuchtigkeit und Massenaustauschprozesse in regionalem Massstab in nicht-homogenem Gelaende" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Karlsruhe, Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung durchgeführt. Observational, theoretical and modelling tools will be used to obtain areal averages of surface fluxes of momentum, heat and water vapour as well as the mean values of wind velocity, temperature and humidity at levels relevant for GCM's and climate models. The work will be concentrated on a specific area, where data from a dense observational network is available, and which is topographically of moderate complexity. The area is the Upper Rhine Valley between Karlsruhe and Basel. Satellite imagery will be used for the elaboration of land use maps and for the monitoring of surface temperature in space and time. Meteosat data will be used to provide high temporal resolution of the temperature, and will be calibrated with AVHRR data to achieve a higher spatial resolution. Landsat TM data will be used together with digital elevation data for the elaboration of the land use data. Surface observations will be analysed in terms of the components of the surface energy fluxes and the mean quantities. Vertical profiles of pertinent meteorological parameters will be measured. The surface measurements will cover areas typical of climate model grid boxes and will be done over a number of typical sites. The data will be analysed using microscale and mesoscale modelling. A diagnostic microscale model will be operated for integration of the information on the scale of the heterogeneities into suitable averages for mesoscale dynamical modelling (1 km scale). A nonhydrostatic mesoscale model (KAMM) will be used to aggregate the microscale exchange processes up to 100 km scales. The end result will be the development of methods to compile observational information into boundary conditions suitable for GCM's and climate models, of methods to deal with subgrid scale inhomogeneities, and of improved surface flux parametrization schemes for use in such models.
Das Projekt "Untersuchungen zur systemischen und zellspezifischen Funktion des Arylhydrocarbon Rezeptor Repressors (AhRR)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von IUF - Leibniz-Institut für umweltmedizinische Forschung GmbH durchgeführt. Der Arylhydrocarbon Rezeptor (AhR) ist ein intrazellulärer Transkriptionsfaktor, der durch Bindung eines Liganden, beispielsweise TCDD, aktiviert wird. Diese Aktivierung führt zur Bildung des AhR/ARNT (AhR nuclear translocator) Dimers, welches in der Lage ist an spezifische DNA-Sequenzen im Promotorbereich von Genen zu binden und so deren Expression zu induzieren. Kürzlich gelang es einer japanischen Arbeitsgruppe ein neues AhR-verwandtes Protein, den sogenannten AhR Repressor (AhRR), zu identifizieren. Der AhRR konkurriert mit dem AhR um den gemeinsamen Bindungspartner ARNT und inhibiert so. die AhR-kontrollierte Genaktivierung. Ziel des gegenwärtigen Projektes ist es - eine komplette AhRR Knockout Maus und - Leber-spezifische AhRR Knockout Tiere zu generieren. In diesen unterschiedlichen AhRR-defizienten Mauslinien wollen wir die Expression klassischer AhR-Zielgene untersuchen, sowohl konstitutiv als auch in Gegenwart klassischer AhR-Liganden. Da es bekannt ist, dass der AhR die Produktion von Östrogen induziert, sollen die Tiere auf entwicklungsbiologische Defekte und Fruchtbarkeit untersucht werden. Außerdem wollen wir die Effekte bekannter endokriner Disruptoren auf den Schilddrüsenhormon (T3)-Level im Blut untersuchen.