s/arbeitsplatz-computer/Arbeitsplatzcomputer/gi
It is well established that reduced supply of fresh organic matter, interactions of organic matter with mineral phases and spatial inaccessibility affect C stocks in subsoils. However, quantitative information required for a better understanding of the contribution of each of the different processes to C sequestration in subsoils and for improvements of subsoil C models is scarce. The same is true for the main controlling factors of the decomposition rates of soil organic matter in subsoils. Moreover, information on spatial variabilities of different properties in the subsoil is rare. The few studies available which couple near and middle infrared spectroscopy (NIRS/MIRS) with geostatistical approaches indicate a potential for the creation of spatial maps which may show hot spots with increased biological activities in the soil profile and their effects on the distribution of C contents. Objectives are (i) to determine the mean residence time of subsoil C in different fractions by applying fractionation procedures in combination with 14C measurements; (ii) to study the effects of water content, input of 13C-labelled roots and dissolved organic matter and spatial inaccessibility on C turnover in an automatic microcosm system; (iii) to determine general soil properties and soil biological and chemical characteristics using NIRS and MIRS, and (iv) to extrapolate the measured and estimated soil properties to the vertical profiles by using different spatial interpolation techniques. For the NIRS/MIRS applications, sample pretreatment (air-dried vs. freeze-dried samples) and calibration procedures (a modified partial least square (MPLS) approach vs. a genetic algorithm coupled with MPLS or PLS) will be optimized. We hypothesize that the combined application of chemical fractionation in combination with 14C measurements and the results of the incubation experiments will give the pool sizes of passive, intermediate, labile and very labile C and N and the mean residence times of labile and very labile C and N. These results will make it possible to initialize the new quantitative model to be developed by subproject PC. Additionally, we hypothesize that the sample pretreatment 'freeze-drying' will be more useful for the estimation of soil biological characteristics than air-drying. The GA-MPLS and GA-PLS approaches are expected to give better estimates of the soil characteristics than the MPLS and PLS approaches. The spatial maps for the different subsoil characteristics in combination with the spatial maps of temperature and water contents will presumably enable us to explain the spatial heterogeneity of C contents.
Bipedal locomotion is crucial for the survival of most bird species. Birds thus represent a natural testbed for theories on locomotor adaptations and specializations. Aspects of the proximal limb and its complex coupling to the rigid trunk in particular have been largely ignored by research to date. Tedious data processing and the necessarily elaborate setups have only permitted a few exemplary studies. By combining the available digital biplanar high speed x-ray technology with advanced algorithms for (semi-)automatic data tracking, comparative studies in morphology, kinematics, kinetics and modeling, we intend to investigate general principles of bipedal locomotion and adaptations of the avian locomotor system. We will focus on three levels: individual motor variance, species-specific morphology and global strategies for general movement goals such as speed or stability. It will be necessary to develop a new tool for data processing in order to handle the enormous amount of data produced and meet the extreme demands that will be placed on 3D x-ray-based inverse dynamics. As a result, this project will integrate pioneering computer vision techniques for automatic feature point tracking and the reconstruction of 3D motion. We intend to investigate whether the variability of the kinematics of locomotion while walking and running on a belt translates into corresponding variation at the level of the centre of mass. We will then explore how differences in geometry and morphology between 12 carefully selected species are expressed in local and global (COM) kinematics and kinetics. We hope to be able to expand our understanding of stability on the level of the leg, the trunk and the centre of mass in birds as bipedal animals, and finally to contribute to a new insight into avian evolution.
We propose to use positron emission tomography (PET) for imaging of tracer migration in a soil horizon, to be coupled with image simulation using the lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) modeling approach. PET enables direct visualization of inert KF or KBr solute migration at the soil horizon scale, but also reactive halogenated organic target (2,4-D and MCPA) compound migration down to nM concentrations once radiolabelling with 18F or 76Br marker is achieved. Retardation at biogeochemical interfaces with different sorption properties will thus be imaged in-situ. Theoretical image simulation for process verification will be enabled by introducing a multi-grid approach and additional kinetic boundary conditions in the parallelized LBE solver. As a boundary condition for the latter, the real pore scale and distribution of biogeochemical interfaces will be derived by X-ray computer-tomography (XCT) down to 300 nm spatial voxel resolution. The aim is to produce by both approaches velocity field movies due to heterogeneous biogeochemical retardation of the target compounds with high resolution in both the spatial and temporal scale (4D).
Farm structures are often characterized by regional heterogeneity, agglomeration effects, sub-optimal farm sizes and income disparities. The main objective of this study is to analyze whether this is a result of path dependent structural change, what the determinants of path dependence are, and how it may be overcome. The focus is on the German dairy sector which has been highly regulated and subsidized in the past and faces severe structural deficits. The future of this sector in the process of an ongoing liberalization will be analyzed by applying theoretical concepts of path dependence and path breaking. In these regards, key issues are the actual situation, technological and market trends as well as agricultural policies. The methodology will be based on a participative use of the agent-based model AgriPoliS and participatory laboratory experiments. On the one hand, AgriPoliS will be tested as a tool for stakeholder oriented analysis of mechanisms, trends and policy effects. This part aims to analyze whether and how path dependence of structural change can be overcome on a sector level. In a second part, AgriPoliS will be extended such that human players (farmers, students) can take over the role of agents in the model. This part aims to compare human agents with computer agents in order to overcome single farm path dependence.
Robuste Datensätze zur Validierung von N2 Flüssen aus Denitrifikationsmodellen sind rar, vor allem wegen der begrenzten Verfügbarkeit geeigneter Methoden, aber auch aufgrund der extremen raum-zeitlichen Heterogenität der Denitrifikation. Der anaerobe Volumenanteil im Boden, eine wesentliche Steuergröße der Denitrifikation, ist bekanntlich von der räumlichen Verteilung der Gasdiffusivität und der Respiration abhängig. Durch die begrenzte Messbarkeit seiner Regelfaktoren wurde der anaerobe Volumenanteil im Boden bisher kaum quantifiziert. Heute stehen jedoch besser geeignete Methoden zur Verfügung. Diese Aspekte werden wir in vier Abschnitten behandeln. 1. Neue und verbesserte Stabilisotopenmethoden sollen eingesetzt werden, um Datensätze zu erheben, die die Aktivität der Denitrifikation und ihre Regelung in hoher räumlichen und zeitlichen Genauigkeit und Auflösung abbilden. Diese Datensätze dienen der Validierung bestehender und Kalibrierung neuer Denitrifikationsmodelle, die in Teilprojekten von DASIM (P7, P8, PC) angewendet und/oder entwickelt werden sollen. 2. Durch Inkubationsversuche mit variierter Bodenmenge unter standardisierten Bedingungen werden wir das für die Denitrifikation repräsentative Elementarvolumen als Grundlage für das Hochskalieren bei der Modellierung untersuchen. 3. Zur Bestimmung des anaeroben Bodenvolumenanteils werden wir in Kooperation mit P1 und P8 die räumliche Verteilung der Gasdiffusivität sowie Denitrifikationsaktivitäten unter definierten Sauerstoffverhältnissen messen. Diese verschiedenen Ansätze werden kreuzvalidiert und der aussichtsreichste wird bei der Validierung des anaeroben Volumens in den neuen Denitrifikationsmodellen (P8) Anwendung finden. 4. Wir werden testen, ob die räumlichen Verteilungen der Denitrifikationsaktivität sowie ihrer Kontrollfaktoren mit NanoSIMS bestimmt werden können und ob NanoSIMS geeignet ist, um in Phase 2 von DASIM heterogene mikroskalige Prozesse in größerem Umfang zu untersuchen. Diese Tests beinhalten die Messung der Verteilung der organischen Substanz in ausgewählten Bodenaggregaten und eine neue 15N-Tracermethode zur Lokalisierung von Nitratabbau in Aggregaten.
In my project I aim at a better understanding of the evolution of malacostracan crustaceans, which includes very different groups such as mantis shrimps, krill and lobsters. Previous studies on Malacostraca, on extant as well as on fossil representatives, focussed on adult morphology.In contrast to such approaches, I will apply a Palaeo-Evo-Devo approach to shed new light on the evolution of Malacostraca. Palaeo-Evo-Devo uses data of different developmental stages of fossil malacostracan crustaceans, such as larval and juvenile stages. With this approach I aim at bridging morphological gaps between the different diverse lineages of modern malacostracans by providing new insights into the character evolution in these lineages.An extensive number of larval and juvenile malacostracans is present in the fossil record, but which have only scarcely been studied. The backbone of this project will be on malacostracans from the Solnhofen Lithographic Limestones (ca. 150 million years old), which are especially well preserved and exhibit minute details. During previous studies, I developed new documentation methods for tiny fossils from these deposits, e.g., fluorescence composite microscopy, and also discovered the first fossil mantis shrimp larvae. For malcostracan groups that do not occur in Solnhofen, I will investigate fossils from other lagerstätten, e.g., Mazon Creek and Bear Gulch (USA), or Montceaules- Mines and La-Voulte-sur-Rhône (France). The main groups in focus are mantis shrimps and certain other shrimps (e.g., mysids, caridoids), as well as the bottom-living ten-footed crustaceans (reptantians). Examples for studied structures are leg details, including the feeding apparatus, but also eyes. The results will contribute to the reconstruction of 3D computer models.The data collected in this project will be used for evaluating the relationships within Malacostraca, but mainly for providing plausible evolutionary scenarios, how the modern malacostracan diversity evolved. With the Palaeo-Evo-Devo approach, I am also able to detect shifts in developmental timing, called heterochrony, which is interpreted as one of the major driving forces of evolution. Finally, the reconstructed evolutionary patterns can be compared between the different lineages for convergencies. These comparisons might help to explain the convergent adaptation to similar ecological niches in different malacostracan groups, e.g., life in the deep sea, life on the sea bottom, evolution of metamorphosis or of predatory larvae.As the project requires the investigation of a large number of specimens in different groups, I will assign distinct sub-projects to three doctoral researchers. The results of this project will not only be published in peer-reviewed journals, but will also be presented to the non-scientific public, e.g., during fossil fairs or museum exhibitions with 3D models engraved in glass blocks.
In einer netzwerkfaehigen, benutzerfreundlichen, menuegesteuerten Datenbank, die auf einem Personalcomputer (Betriebssystem MS-DOS) lauffaehig ist, werden Informationen zu Betriebsschutz (Arbeitssicherheit), Umweltschutz (einschl Abfallentsorgung) sowie Transport, Lagerung und Erste Hilfe gespeichert. Insbesondere werden Stoffeigenschaften, Sicherheitsmassnahmen fuer den Umgang und gesetzlich vorgeschriebene Kennzeichnungen angegeben. Diese Angaben beziehen sich zum einen auf reine Chemikalien und zum anderen auf Versorgungsartikel (Produkte, Zubereitungen) der Bundeswehr (zB Reinigungsmittel, Klebstoffe, Lacke etc ). Die Liste der Gefahrstoffe ermoeglicht es jeder Dienststelle, Betriebsanweisungen nach Paragraph 20 der Gefahrstoffverordnung (GefStoffV) zu erstellen. Die GefStoffLBw enthaelt derzeit Daten zu ca 900 reinen Stoffen und ca 2000 Versorgungsartikeln.
In diesem EDV Dienstleistungsprojekt werden eine zentrale Quelltextverwaltung, ein zentrales Datenarchiv und ein zentraler Webserver eingerichtet. Die Funktionsfähigkeit und Wartung der Systeme erstreckt sich nach der Inbetriebnahme über die gesamte W2W Laufzeit. Gleichzeitig gehört die Definition moderner Programmierungsstandards zum einfachen Datenaustausch und zur gemeinsamen Nutzung von numerischen Wettervorhersagemodellen zu den Kernaufgaben von Z2. Sobald verfügbar, werden neu entwickelte statistische Nachbearbeitungsverfahren und Visualisierungswerkzeuge in die Quelltextverwaltung integriert, um von allen Forschungsprojekten genutzt werden zu können.
Hauptfragestellungen des IODP-Vorschlags 'Cenozoic climate, productivity, and sediment transport at the NW African continental margin' sind: i) das NW-Afrikanische Klima in einer wärmeren Welt und ii) die Reaktion hochproduktiver Ökosysteme auf andere Klimabedingungen als heute. Dazu sollen Sedimentkerne in sechs Gebieten vor NW-Afrika erbohrt werden. Eine zentrale Lokation für die Arbeiten liegt auf dem Kapverden Plateau in der Nähe der ODP-Bohrung 659. Für dieses Gebiet existieren jedoch keine modernen hochauflösenden seismischen Daten. Solche Daten werden im Rahmen der Meteor-Ausfahrt M155 im Zeitraum vom 26. Mai bis 30. Juni 2019 gesammelt. Hauptziel dieses DFG-Antrags ist die Bearbeitung und Interpretation der neuen seismischen Daten, um die Sedimente des Kapverden Plateaus seismisch-stratigraphisch einzuordnen. Die seismischen Untersuchungen zielen darauf ab, eine Lokation zu identifizieren, an dem das Plio-Pleistozän dünner und das Miozän mächtiger ist als in der ODP-Bohrung 659. Damit wäre es möglich mittels APC-XCB tiefer in das Miozän zu bohren, was von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Gewinnung von qualitativ hochwertigen Kernen für Paläoklimauntersuchungen ist.
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