Calcium supply in tropical soils is variable and frequently low. In spite of the heterogeneous Ca supply, some plant species, such as figs, maintain high Ca concentrations in their tissues. Figs are keystone species with more than proportional importance for the functioning of a tropical rain forest. High Ca concentrations in fig fruits may render them particularly attractive for frugivorous vertebrates. We propose to study the whole Ca cycling from soil through a selected fig species, Ficus insipida Willd. and frugivorous bats, their main dispersers, back to soil. The study will be conducted in Panama on sites differing in soil Ca status to assess the importance of soil Ca availability for fig fruit content and bat reproduction. We will quantify aboveground Ca fluxes for 16 trees along a gradient of Ca availability in soil. We will determine (1) Ca concentrations in soils, figs and leaves, (2) nutritional quality of fig and other bat-dispersed fruits and their importance for Ca balance in relation to reproduction of fruit-eating bats, (3) Ca fluxes with litterfall, throughfall, stemflow, bat pellets and faeces, (4) the importance of the contribution of bats to the Ca cycle of individual fig trees, and (5) the effect of fig trees on soil Ca concentrations.
The present-day configuration of Indonesia and SE Asia is the results of a long history of tectonic movements, volcanisms and global eustatic sea-level changes. Not indifferent to these dynamics, fauna and flora have been evolving and dispersing following a complicate pattern of continent-sea changes to form what are today defined as Sundaland and Wallacea biogeographical regions. The modern intraannual climate of Indonesia is generally described as tropical, seasonally wet with seasonal reversals of prevailing low-level winds (Asian-Australian monsoon). However at the interannual scale a range of influences operating over varying time scales affect the local climate in respect of temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall. Vegetation generally reflects climate and to simplify it is possible to distinguish three main ecological elements in the flora of Malaysia: everwet tropical, seasonally dry tropical (monsoon) and montane. Within those major ecological groups, a wide range of specific local conditions caused a complex biogeography which has and still attract the attention of botanists and biogeographers worldwide. Being one of the richest regions in the Worlds in terms of species endemism and biodiversity, Indonesia has recently gone through intensive transformation of previously rural/natural lands for intensive agriculture (oil palm, rubber, cocoa plantations and rice fields). Climate change represents an additional stress. Projected climate changes in the region include strengthening of monsoon circulation and increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall and drought events. The ecological consequences of these scenarios are hard to predict. Within the context of sustainable management of conservation areas and agro-landscapes, Holocene palaeoecological and palynological studies provide a valuable contribution by showing how the natural vegetation present at the location has changed as a consequence of climate variability in the long-term (e.g. the Mid-Holocene moisture maximum, the modern ENSO onset, Little Ice Age etc.). The final aim of my PhD research is to compare the Holocene history of Jambi province and Central Sulawesi. In particular: - Reconstructing past vegetation, plant diversity and climate dynamics in the two study areas Jambi (Sumatra) and Lore Lindu National Park (Sulawesi) - Comparing the ecological responses of lowland monsoon swampy rainforest (Sumatra) and everwet montane rainforests (Sulawesi) to environmental variability (vulnerability/resilience) - Investigating the history of human impact on the landscape (shifting cultivation, slash and burn, crop cultivation, rubber and palm oil plantation) - Assessing the impact and role of droughts (El Niño) and fires - Adding a historical perspective to the evaluation of current and future changes.
Lake Sevan, the only large water reservoir within the South Caucasus, is under severe ecological pressure, and understanding the species composition of the lake and especially the rivers of its drainage basin is of central importance to inform natural resource management decisions in Armenia. Due to the limited capacity in the area for exact and fast taxonomic identification of benthic invertebrates, we started to compile a DNA barcode reference database of aquatic arthropods from the Lake Sevan drainage basin, spearheaded by Dr. Marine Dallakyan from Yerevan's Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology (Armenian Academy of Sciences), whose first visit to ZFMK has been financed by DAAD. The project is closely linked to the efforts undertaken and planned within the GGBC(link is external) project. The project results are aimed at making future standardized assessment of aquatic biodiversity monitoring in Armenia and the Caucasus easier, faster, and more reliable.
Um die lückenhaft über große Flächen und oft unberechenbar verteilten Meeresressourcen zu nutzen, fliegen Albatrosse und Sturmvögel oft Hunderte von Kilometern pro Tag und füttern ihre Küken selten. In marinen Ökosystemen unter starkem anthropogenem Einfluss wird die Verfügbarkeit von Beute oft durch die Anwesenheit der Fischereifahrzeuge verändert, die große Mengen an Abfällen wie Innereien von verarbeitetem Fisch, Nichtzielarten und zu kleine Fische verwerfen. Dadurch erzeugen sie nicht nur eine vorhersehbare und reichliche Nahrungsquelle für Seevögel, sondern Fischerei-Abfälle erschließen Seevögeln auch den Zugriff auf demersale Organismen wie Bodenfische als neuartige Nahrungsquelle. In vielen fischreich genutzten Meeresgebieten stellen Abfälle daher einen großen Anteil der Nahrung von Seevögeln. Dies kann erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Ernährungsökologie der Seevögel haben. Das Ziel der geplanten Studie ist es, unser Verständnis von Verhaltensanpassungen als Reaktion auf Änderungen in der Verfügbarkeit von Beute zu vertiefen. Wir schlagen dazu eine Fallstudie an Sturmtauchern Calonectris diomedea im Mittelmeer vor, einer Art, die sowohl natürliche Beute als auch Fischereiabfälle als Nahrung nutzt. Um das Ausmaß und die Auswirkungen der Nahrungsquellen zu bewerten, werden wir eine Kombination aus GPS-Tracking, Messungen der Stoffwechselrate mit 2 Methoden (Beschleunigungsdaten und Schwerwassermethode) und nicht-invasive genetische Nahrungsbestimmung verwenden. Wir werden untersuchen, ob die Nutzung der Fischereiabfälle durch die Sturmtaucher als Reaktion auf geringe Verfügbarkeit von ihrer natürlichen Beute auftritt oder ob diese Art sich an die neue Nahrungsquelle angepasst hat, und sie unabhängig von der Verfügbarkeit ihrer natürlichen Beute regelmäßig nutzt. Darüber hinaus werden wir erfahren und neue Brutpaare vergleichen, um zu bewerten, wie die Qualität von Alttieren dieses Verhalten beeinflusst, sowie die Energiebilanz der natürlichen Beute und von Fischereiabfällen vergleichen.
Recent and predicted increases in extremely dry and hot summers emphasise the need for silvicultural approaches to increase the drought tolerance of existing forests in the short-term, before adaptation through species changes may be possible. We aim to investigate whether resistance during droughts, as well as the recovery following drought events (resilience), can be increased by allocating more growing space to individual trees through thinning. Thinning increases access of promoted trees to soil stored water, as long as this is available. However, these trees may also be disadvantaged through a higher transpirational surface, or the increased neighbourhood competition by ground vegetation. To assess whether trees with different growing space differ in drought tolerance, tree discs and cores from thinning experiments of Pinus sylvestris and Pseudotsuga menziesii stands will be used to examine transpirational stress and growth reduction during previous droughts as well as their subsequent recovery. Dendroecology and stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in tree-rings will be used to quantify how assimilation rate and stomatal conductance were altered through thinning. The results will provide crucial information for the development of short-term silvicultural adaptation strategies to adapt forest ecosystems to climate change. In addition, this study will improve our understanding of the relationship between resistance and resilience of trees in relation to extreme stress events.
In today's biodiversity crisis, there is an urgent need to monitor terrestrial and aquatic species in their natural habitats, especially those that may be endangered, invasive or elusive. Traditional species observation methods, based on acoustic or observational surveys are inefficient, costly and time consuming. On the other hand, DNA is continuously deposited in the environment from natural processes and this environmental DNA (eDNA) allows us to detect species and reconstruct their communities with a high level of sensitivity. These data can be used to obtain occurrence records and to collect more population information in field. Crucially, these data are necessary to inform management agencies about the current state of our biodiversity, and are especially urgent for species that are currently data deficient. The aims of this study are to firstly identify occurrence records from diverse sources (databases, literature) and generate a database of distributional data for species of crustacean and mollusks that are data deficient in Sweden. Secondly, we aim to detect threatened species in Swedish marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats using novel genomic methods (DNA metabarcoding, ddPCR). Finally, based on the new data, we will run species distribution and population models, to improve information on geographic range and population status for threatened invertebrates. The results will be integrated into current monitoring programmes (e.g. red-listing) and action plans.
Background and Objectives: The project area is located in the Ashanti Region of Ghana / West Africa in the transition zone of the moist semideciduous forest and tropical savannah zone. Main land use in this region is subsistence agriculture with large fallow areas. As an alternative land-use, forest plantations are under development by the Ghanaian wood processing company DuPaul Wood Treatment Ltd. Labourers from the surrounding villages are employed as permanent or casual plantation workers. Within three forest plantation projects of approximately 6,000 ha, DuPaul offers an area of 164 ha (referred to as Papasi Plantation) - which is mainly planted with Teak (Tectona grandis) - for research purposes. In return, the company expects consultations to improve the management for sustainable timber and pole production with exotic and native tree species. Results: In a first research approach, the Papasi Plantation was assessed in terms of vegetation classification, timber resources (in qualitative and quantitative terms) and soil and site conditions. A permanent sampling plot system was established to enable long-term monitoring of stand dynamics including observation of stand response to silvicultural treatments. Site conditions are ideally suited for Teak and some stands show exceptionally good growth performances. However, poor weed management and a lack of fire control and silvicultural management led to high mortality and poor growth performance of some stands, resulting in relative low overall growth averages. In a second step, a social baseline study was carried out in the surrounding villages and identified landowner conflicts between some villagers and DuPaul, which could be one reason for the fire damages. However, the study also revealed a general interest for collaboration in agroforestry on DuPaul land on both sides. Thirdly, a silvicultural management concept was elaborated and an improved integration of the rural population into DuPaul's forest plantation projects is already initiated. If landowner conflicts can be solved, the development of forest plantations can contribute significantly to the economic income of rural households while environmental benefits provide long-term opportunities for sustainable development of the region. Funding: GTZ supported PPP-Measure, Foundation
In many plant species, FLOWERING LOCUS T and related proteins are the mobile signal that communicates information on photoperiod from the leaves to the shoots, where the transition to flowering is realized. FT expression is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level so that it is restricted to leaves, occurs only in appropriate photoperiods, and integrates ambient temperature and developmental cues, as well as information on biotic and abiotic stress. We previously established that FT transcription in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana requires proximal promoter cis-elements and a distal enhancer, both evolutionary conserved among Brassicacea species. In addition, FT transcription is blocked prior vernalization in biannual accessions and vernalization-dependency of FT is controlled through a CArG-box located in the first intron that binds the transcriptional repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Chromatin-mediated repression by the Polycomb Group (PcG) pathway is required for photoperiod-dependent FT regulation and participates in FT expression level modulation in response to other cues.In this project, I propose to explore the available sequence data from the 1001 genome project in Arabidopsis to evaluate how often changes in regulatory cis-elements at FT have occurred and how these translate into an adaptive value. Allele-specific FT expression pattern will be measured in F1 hybrids of different accessions in response to varying environmental conditions. FT alleles that show cis-regulatory variation will be further analyzed to pinpoint the causal regulatory changes and study their effect in more detail. The allotetrapolyploid species Brassica napus is a hybrid of two Brassiceae species belonging to the A- and C-type genome, which are in turn mesopolyploid due to a genome triplication that occurred ca. 10x106 years ago. We will determine allele-specific expression of FT paralogs from both genomes of a collection of B. napus accessions. The plants will be grown in the field in changing environmental conditions to maximize the chance to detect expression variation of the paralogs. We will compare the contribution of the founder genomes to the regulation of flowering time and asses variation in this contribution. A particular focus will be to study the impact of chromatin-mediated repression on allele selection in B. napus.
Mikroorganismen sind im Boden, in kryptogamen Gemeinschaften und in der Atmosphäre von zentraler Bedeutung. Verschiedene Spezies von Bakterien, Pilzen, Flechten und Pollen wurden bereits als Eiskeime, welche eine Eisbildung bei relativ hohen Temperaturen initiieren können, identifiziert, und besonders biologische Bestandteile aus dem Boden sind eine vermutlich bedeutsame Quelle atmosphärischer Eiskeime. Die genauen Quellen biologischer Eiskeime in der Atmosphäre sind jedoch kaum bekannt, obwohl ein potentieller Beitrag dieser, zur Eis- und Niederschlagsbildung mittlerweile von verschiedenen Studien untermauert wird. Aktuelle Untersuchungen verschiedener Boden- und Luftproben zeigen Hinweise, dass verschiedene eisaktive Pilze unterschiedlicher Phyla nicht nur im Boden und in der Luft vorhanden sind, sondern auch häufig in der kultivierbaren Fraktion vorkommen können. Aus diesem Grund befasst sich das vorgeschlagene Projekt mit der Suche nach weiteren bisher unbekannten eisaktiven Mikroorganismen und Bestandteilen aus dem Boden, von Pflanzen und kryptogamen Gemeinschaften und mit der Erforschung ihres Einflusses auf die Eiskeimaktivität des Bodens. Die nötigen Methoden für ein Screening verschiedenster Kulturen z.B. von Cyanobakterien sind in unserem Labor gut etabliert. Zudem sollen die jeweiligen Eiskeime der neu gefundenen eisaktiven Organismen auf molekularer Ebene charakterisiert werden.
Die gegenwärtigen europäischen Vorschriften zur Zulassung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln sehen auf der ersten Stufe Einzelartentests unter Laborbedingungen vor. Sie sollen worst-case Szenarien der Exposition abbilden und können keinen Aufschluß über die vielfältigen Wechselbeziehungen sowie über Änderungen im strukturellen Gefüge der Bodenorganismen verschiedener trophischer Ebenen geben. Höherstufige Testverfahren sind mit Ausnahme des funktionellen Streubeuteltests nicht standardisiert. Nur großangelegte und damit kostenintensive Feldstudien liefern strukturelle Endpunkte und können zur adäquaten Beschreibung der komplexen Wirkzusammenhänge in der heterogenen Bodenmatrix beitragen. In der aktuellen Diskussion um die Revision der bestehenden EU-Richtlinien zeichnet sich ab, daß künftig zunehmend strukturelle Endpunkte, auch auf dem Niveau des Halbfreilandes, einbezogen werden sollen, um eine realitätsnahe Bewertungsgrundlage zu bilden. Im Kontext der bestehenden internationalen Leitlinien ist am Institut für Umweltforschung ein TME-System entwickelt worden, das unter natürlichen Witterungsbedingungen und über einen Zeitraum von bis zu einem Jahr artenreiche Gemeinschaften von Bodenorganismen weitgehend in ihrer ursprünglichen Zusammensetzung beherbergen kann. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei vier der abundantesten Gruppen der Meso- und Mikrofauna: Collembolen, Oribatiden, Enchytraeen und Nematoden. Diese Systeme sollen ausreichend empfindlich reagieren, um Effekte auf der Ebene von Organismengemeinschaften oder Populationen statistisch nachzuweisen. Umfangreiche Vorstudien befassen sich mit der Variabilität im Boden und der Stabilität der Biozönosen in TMEs, um das Design von Effektstudien den speziellen Gegebenheiten von Wiesenökosystemen anzupassen. Die TMEs bestehen aus großen, intakten und ungestörten Bodenkernen mit einer Höhe von 40 Zentimetern und einem Durchmesser von bis zu 47 Zentimetern. Sie werden unter natürlichen Witterungsbedingungen betrieben, bieten aber die Möglichkeit bei langandauernden Extremverhältnissen (vor allem Dürre) steuernd einzugreifen. Um möglichst empfindliche und diverse Lebensgemeinschaften vorzufinden, wurden die Bodenkerne nicht einem Agrarökosystem entnommen, sondern einer regelmäßig gemähten Wiese, die über Jahrzehnte nicht mit Pflanzenschutzmitteln behandelt worden sind. In Vorstudien im Freiland konnte gezeigt werden, daß die geklumpte Verteilung der Organismen über die Entnahmefläche Anpassungen bei der Gewinnung der Bodenkerne erfordert, welche die Variabilität in nachfolgenden Versuchen senken können. Nach dem Stechen der Bodenkerne werden die TMEs in die Versuchsanlage der RWTH Aachen transportiert, welche eine ausreichende Drainage in Verbindung mit einer intakten Wasserspannung gewährleisten soll, um sowohl Staunässe als auch ein Austrocknen der Kerne zu verhindern. U.s.w.
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