Organische Schwefelkomponenten sind abundant in marinen Sedimenten. Diese Verbindungen werden v.a. durch die abiotische Reaktion anorganischer Schwefelverbindungen mit Biomolekülen gebildet. Wegen seiner Bedeutung für globale Stoffkreisläufe, für die Nutzung von Erdöllagerstätten und für die Erhaltung des Paleorecords, gibt es eine Vielzahl von Studien zum Thema. Sehr wenig Aufmerksamkeit wurde allerdings wasserlöslichen Komponenten geschenkt, die beim Prozess der Sulfurisierung entstehen und als gelöster organischer Schwefel (DOS) in die Meere gelangen können. Anhand der wenigen verfügbaren Informationen ist Schwefel vermutlich das dritthäufigste Heteroelement im gelösten organischen Material (DOM) der Meere, nach Sauerstoff und Stickstoff. Einige Schwefelverbindungen, insbesondere Thiole, sind für die Verbreitung von Schadstoffen aber auch essenzieller Spurenstoffe verantwortlich. Wichtige klimarelevante Schwefelverbindungen entstehen aus DOS. Daher spielt der marine DOS-Kreislauf eine Rolle für die Meere und Atmosphäre. Trotz seiner Bedeutung sind die Quellen marinen DOS, seine Umsetzung im Meer und Funktion für Meeresbewohner unbestimmt. Auch ist die molekulare Zusammensetzung von DOS unbekannt. In diesem Projekt werden wir Pionierarbeit in einem neuen Forschungsfeld der marinen Biogeochemie leisten. Wir wollen grundlegende Fragen bzgl. der Bildung und Verteilung von nicht-flüchtigem DOS im Meer beantworten. Unsere wichtigsten Hypothesen:* Bildung von DOS:(1) Sulfatreduzierende Sedimente sind wesentlich für die Bildung von DOS.(2) Reduzierte Schwefelverbindungen (v.a. Thiole) dominieren in Zonen der DOS-Entstehung.(3) DOS wird v.a. über abiotische Sulfurisierung in der Frühdiagenese gebildet.* Transport und Schicksal von DOS im Ozean:(4) DOS wird von sulfat-reduzierenden intertidalen Grundwässern an das Meer abgeben.(5) In der Wassersäule oxidiert DOS schnell (z.B. zu Sulfonsäuren).(6) DOS aus intertidalen Sedimenten ist in oxidierter Form auf den Kontintentalschelfen stabil.Neben dem wissenschaftlichen Ziel der Beantwortung dieser Hypothesen, wird das Projekt drei Promovierenden (eine in Deutschland und zwei in Brasilien) die außergewöhnliche Gelegenheit bieten, ihre Doktorarbeiten im Rahmen eines internationalen Projektes durchzuführen. Wir werden die Stärken beider Partner in Feld- und Laborstudien und Elementar-, Isotopen- und molekularen Analysen kombinieren. Wir werden unterschiedliche Regionen im deutschen Wattenmeer und in brasilianischen Mangroven (Rio de Janeiro and Amazonien) beproben, sowie die benachbarten Schelfmeere. Sulfurisierungsexperimente werden die Feldstudien ergänzen. Zur quantitativen Bestimmung und molekularen Charakterisierung von DOS werden wir neue Ansätze anwenden, die von den beiden Arbeitsgruppen entwickelt wurden. Dabei kommen u.a. ultrahochauflösende Massenspektrometrie (FT-ICR-MS), und andere massenspektrometrischen und chromatographischen Methoden zu Anwendung.
Fragmentation of the natural environment has contributed to major biodiversity loss in South East Asia. Reptiles represent a significant biomass and occupy important functions in our ecosystem. However, these organisms are highly sensitive to relatively minor changes in temperature and habitat alteration. In this study we will investigate the effects of habitat fragmentation and potentially climate change on agamids at several sites in Southeast Asia. We will identify the species richness of agamids, their habitat use, and their diet. By using morphometrics, we aim to correlate morphology and habitat use and diet to explore the ecological niches these lizards occupy. We will also test for microhabitat preferences and optima to understand the ecological impacts on these species caused by forest fragmentation. We hope to use this approach to lay the foundations for macro-ecological modelling proving insights into future distributions and the impact of habitat connectivity.
Changes in agroecosystem management (e.g. landscape diversity, management intensity) affect the natural control of pests. The effects of agricultural change on this ecosystem service, however, are not universal and the mechanisms affecting it remain to be understood. As biological control is effectively the product of networks of interactions between pests and their natural enemies, food web analysis provides a versatile tool to address this gap of knowledge. The proposed project will utilize a molecular food web approach and examine, for the first time, how changes in plant fertilisation and landscape complexity affect quantitative aphid-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid food webs on a species-specific level to unravel how changes in food web interactions affect parasitoid aphid control. Based on the fieldderived data, cage experiments will be conducted to assess how parasitoid diversity and identity affect parasitoid interactions and pest control, complementing the field results. The work proposed here will take research on parasitoid aphid control one step further, as it will provide a clearer understanding of how plant fertilization affects whole aphid-parasitoid food webs in both simple and complex landscapes, allowing for further improvements in natural pest control.
Flowering time (FTi) genes play a key role as regulators of complex gene expression networks, and the influence of these networks on other complex systems means that FTi gene expression triggers a cascade of regulatory effects with a broad global effect on plant development. Hence, allelic and expression differences in FTi genes can play a central role in phenotypic variation throughput the plant lifecycle. A prime example for this is found in Brassica napus, a phenotypically and genetically diverse species with enormous variation in vernalisation requirement and flowering traits. The species includes oilseed rape (canola), one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide. Previously we have identified QTL clusters related to plant development, seed yield and heterosis in winter oilseed rape that seem to be conserved in diverse genetic backgrounds. We suspect that these QTL are controlled by global regulatory genes that influence numerous traits at different developmental stages. Interestingly, many of the QTL clusters for yield and biomass heterosis appear to correspond to the positions of meta-QTL for FTi in spring-type and/or winter-type B. napus. Based on the hypothesis that diversity in FTi genes has a key influence on plant development and yield, the aim of this study is a detailed analysis of DNA sequence variation in regulatory FTi genes in B. napus, combined with an investigation of associations between FTi gene haplotypes, developmental traits, yield components and seed yield.
Background and Objectives: The project area is located in the Ashanti Region of Ghana / West Africa in the transition zone of the moist semideciduous forest and tropical savannah zone. Main land use in this region is subsistence agriculture with large fallow areas. As an alternative land-use, forest plantations are under development by the Ghanaian wood processing company DuPaul Wood Treatment Ltd. Labourers from the surrounding villages are employed as permanent or casual plantation workers. Within three forest plantation projects of approximately 6,000 ha, DuPaul offers an area of 164 ha (referred to as Papasi Plantation) - which is mainly planted with Teak (Tectona grandis) - for research purposes. In return, the company expects consultations to improve the management for sustainable timber and pole production with exotic and native tree species. Results: In a first research approach, the Papasi Plantation was assessed in terms of vegetation classification, timber resources (in qualitative and quantitative terms) and soil and site conditions. A permanent sampling plot system was established to enable long-term monitoring of stand dynamics including observation of stand response to silvicultural treatments. Site conditions are ideally suited for Teak and some stands show exceptionally good growth performances. However, poor weed management and a lack of fire control and silvicultural management led to high mortality and poor growth performance of some stands, resulting in relative low overall growth averages. In a second step, a social baseline study was carried out in the surrounding villages and identified landowner conflicts between some villagers and DuPaul, which could be one reason for the fire damages. However, the study also revealed a general interest for collaboration in agroforestry on DuPaul land on both sides. Thirdly, a silvicultural management concept was elaborated and an improved integration of the rural population into DuPaul's forest plantation projects is already initiated. If landowner conflicts can be solved, the development of forest plantations can contribute significantly to the economic income of rural households while environmental benefits provide long-term opportunities for sustainable development of the region. Funding: GTZ supported PPP-Measure, Foundation
The present-day configuration of Indonesia and SE Asia is the results of a long history of tectonic movements, volcanisms and global eustatic sea-level changes. Not indifferent to these dynamics, fauna and flora have been evolving and dispersing following a complicate pattern of continent-sea changes to form what are today defined as Sundaland and Wallacea biogeographical regions. The modern intraannual climate of Indonesia is generally described as tropical, seasonally wet with seasonal reversals of prevailing low-level winds (Asian-Australian monsoon). However at the interannual scale a range of influences operating over varying time scales affect the local climate in respect of temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall. Vegetation generally reflects climate and to simplify it is possible to distinguish three main ecological elements in the flora of Malaysia: everwet tropical, seasonally dry tropical (monsoon) and montane. Within those major ecological groups, a wide range of specific local conditions caused a complex biogeography which has and still attract the attention of botanists and biogeographers worldwide. Being one of the richest regions in the Worlds in terms of species endemism and biodiversity, Indonesia has recently gone through intensive transformation of previously rural/natural lands for intensive agriculture (oil palm, rubber, cocoa plantations and rice fields). Climate change represents an additional stress. Projected climate changes in the region include strengthening of monsoon circulation and increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall and drought events. The ecological consequences of these scenarios are hard to predict. Within the context of sustainable management of conservation areas and agro-landscapes, Holocene palaeoecological and palynological studies provide a valuable contribution by showing how the natural vegetation present at the location has changed as a consequence of climate variability in the long-term (e.g. the Mid-Holocene moisture maximum, the modern ENSO onset, Little Ice Age etc.). The final aim of my PhD research is to compare the Holocene history of Jambi province and Central Sulawesi. In particular: - Reconstructing past vegetation, plant diversity and climate dynamics in the two study areas Jambi (Sumatra) and Lore Lindu National Park (Sulawesi) - Comparing the ecological responses of lowland monsoon swampy rainforest (Sumatra) and everwet montane rainforests (Sulawesi) to environmental variability (vulnerability/resilience) - Investigating the history of human impact on the landscape (shifting cultivation, slash and burn, crop cultivation, rubber and palm oil plantation) - Assessing the impact and role of droughts (El Niño) and fires - Adding a historical perspective to the evaluation of current and future changes.
Durch stetig zunehmende globalisierte Verkehrsströme und den Klimawandel steigt auch weltweit die Problematik von Bio-Invasionen. Nicht jede Art, welche in eine neue Umgebung gelangt, verhält sich zwangsläufig als Invasor, zumindest nicht solange die natürlichen Mechanismen der Ausbreitungskontrolle noch wirksam sind. Die Invasivität einer Art wird durch ihre biologischen Charakteristika bestimmt (z.B. physiologische Toleranz, Reproduktionsstrategien). Die Invasibilität einer Region ist hingegen durch ihre physiko-chemischen (z.B. Klima und Beschaffenheit von Siedlungssubstrat) und biologischen (z.B. Anwesenheit von Fraßfeinden oder Konkurrenten) Rahmenbedingungen definiert. Invasive Großalgen haben das Potential, die Struktur und Funktion von Küstensystemen nachhaltig zu schädigen, oftmals verbunden mit einem dramatischen Rückgang der lokalen Biodiversität. Zur Einschleppung invasiver Großalgen in antarktische Küstengewässer liegen derzeit noch keine Berichte vor. Unterstützt durch den Klimawandel (verbunden mit Temperaturanstieg, aber auch mit einer Abschwächung des antarktischen Zirkumpolarstroms) und durch fortwährend ansteigenden touristischen wie wissenschaftlichen Schiffsverkehr in der Antarktis, nimmt die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Invasion jedoch stetig zu. Drei Arten von Großalgen etablierten sich kürzlich in der Region von Patagonien bis Feuerland und sind mögliche Kandidaten für eine weitere Ausbreitung bis in die Antarktis. Durch einen experimentellen ökophysiologischen Ansatz (um die Invasivität zu bestimmen) kombiniert mit Habitatkartierungen und Klimadaten (zur Charakterisierung der Invasibilität) werden wir Vorhersagemodelle zur zukünftigen geographischen Verbreitung dieser drei Arten erstellen. Damit wird dieses Projekt die Wahrscheinlichkeit der weiteren Ausbreitung von Großalgen, welche sich kürzlich in Patagonien und Feuerland etabliert haben, bis zu den Südshetland-Inseln und der westlichen antarktischen Halbinsel bestimmen. Als finales Produkt werden wir eine Vorhersage-Karte zur Etablierung neuer Arten von Großalgen an der westlichen antarktischen Halbinsel erstellen. Das Projekt leistet somit bedeutsame Beiträge zu zwei der übergreifenden inter-disziplinären Themenkomplexe innerhalb des Schwerpunktprogramms 1158 Antarktisforschung: Verknüpfung mit niederen Breiten (Gateway to lower latitudes) und Reaktionen auf den Umweltwandel (Response to environmental change).
In many plant species, FLOWERING LOCUS T and related proteins are the mobile signal that communicates information on photoperiod from the leaves to the shoots, where the transition to flowering is realized. FT expression is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level so that it is restricted to leaves, occurs only in appropriate photoperiods, and integrates ambient temperature and developmental cues, as well as information on biotic and abiotic stress. We previously established that FT transcription in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana requires proximal promoter cis-elements and a distal enhancer, both evolutionary conserved among Brassicacea species. In addition, FT transcription is blocked prior vernalization in biannual accessions and vernalization-dependency of FT is controlled through a CArG-box located in the first intron that binds the transcriptional repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Chromatin-mediated repression by the Polycomb Group (PcG) pathway is required for photoperiod-dependent FT regulation and participates in FT expression level modulation in response to other cues.In this project, I propose to explore the available sequence data from the 1001 genome project in Arabidopsis to evaluate how often changes in regulatory cis-elements at FT have occurred and how these translate into an adaptive value. Allele-specific FT expression pattern will be measured in F1 hybrids of different accessions in response to varying environmental conditions. FT alleles that show cis-regulatory variation will be further analyzed to pinpoint the causal regulatory changes and study their effect in more detail. The allotetrapolyploid species Brassica napus is a hybrid of two Brassiceae species belonging to the A- and C-type genome, which are in turn mesopolyploid due to a genome triplication that occurred ca. 10x106 years ago. We will determine allele-specific expression of FT paralogs from both genomes of a collection of B. napus accessions. The plants will be grown in the field in changing environmental conditions to maximize the chance to detect expression variation of the paralogs. We will compare the contribution of the founder genomes to the regulation of flowering time and asses variation in this contribution. A particular focus will be to study the impact of chromatin-mediated repression on allele selection in B. napus.
Calcium supply in tropical soils is variable and frequently low. In spite of the heterogeneous Ca supply, some plant species, such as figs, maintain high Ca concentrations in their tissues. Figs are keystone species with more than proportional importance for the functioning of a tropical rain forest. High Ca concentrations in fig fruits may render them particularly attractive for frugivorous vertebrates. We propose to study the whole Ca cycling from soil through a selected fig species, Ficus insipida Willd. and frugivorous bats, their main dispersers, back to soil. The study will be conducted in Panama on sites differing in soil Ca status to assess the importance of soil Ca availability for fig fruit content and bat reproduction. We will quantify aboveground Ca fluxes for 16 trees along a gradient of Ca availability in soil. We will determine (1) Ca concentrations in soils, figs and leaves, (2) nutritional quality of fig and other bat-dispersed fruits and their importance for Ca balance in relation to reproduction of fruit-eating bats, (3) Ca fluxes with litterfall, throughfall, stemflow, bat pellets and faeces, (4) the importance of the contribution of bats to the Ca cycle of individual fig trees, and (5) the effect of fig trees on soil Ca concentrations.
Research question: Agri-environment schemes play an increasingly important role in European CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) to support biodiversity and environment in agricultural landscapes. They have been implemented since 1992 and now cost a yearly 1.7 billion Euro. Still, there is no conclusive evidence that these schemes actually do contribute to the conservation of particularly biodiversity. The primary objective of this project is to evaluate the (cost-) effectiveness of European agri-environment schemes in protecting biodiversity and to determine the primary processes that determine their effectiveness. This project furthermore aims to determine how CAP may be introduced in candidate EU-members without unacceptable loss of biodiversity. It will provide simple guidelines how researchers, governmental authorities may efficiently evaluate agri-environmental measures. Aim: Agri-environment schemes have been used to protect biodiversity and environment in agricultural areas since 1992. Their effectiveness has never been reliably evaluated. This project aims to evaluate the (cost-)effectiveness of agri-environment schemes with respect to biodiversity conservation in five European countries. It will determine the proper scales that have to be addressed for conservation efforts for a range of species groups. It will determine the most important environmental factors that influence the effectiveness of the schemes. Based on this, recommendations will be made how the effectiveness of schemes may be improved and simple guidelines will be produced how ecological effects of agri-environment schemes can be evaluated efficiently by governmental authorities or other institutions. The ecological effects of the introduction of CAP in a candidate EU-member will be investigated to reduce negative side effects of anticipated land-use changes Scientific methods: We will examine the effectiveness of agri-environment schemes by surveying pairs of fields: a field with an agri-environment scheme and a nearby field that is conventionally managed. In five countries, in each country in three areas, and in each area on seven pairs of fields the species richness of birds, plants and three insect groups (pollinators, herbivores, predators) will be determined. Effects of schemes on pollination efficiency and pest control will be examined using indicator communities. Correlative studies will examine the effects of landscape structure, land-use intensity and species pool on the effectiveness of agri-environmental measures. The spatial scale that is relevant to nature conservation efforts will be investigated via the spatial distribution of species groups. The results will be used to formulate recommendations how to improve the effectiveness of agri-environment schemes and to construct a set of simple guidelines how schemes can be evaluated efficiently yet reliably.
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