Experimental study on the performance of the common starfish Asterias rubens subjected to heatwaves of different duration and amplitude (No, Present-day, Extended, Amplified and Amplified & Extended heatwave) followed by a hypoxic upwelling. The study was conducted at GEOMAR, Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (54.329979 N, 10.148013 E) in the Indoor Benthocosms (Pansch and Hiebenthal 2019) over 63 days from July 10th until September 10th, 2018. The implemented treatments are based on a climatological analysis of a 15-year long data set (Pansch et al. 2018). The temperature was measured over the entire experimental period (TTX 110 type T, Ebro, Ingolstadt, Germany). Salinity, pH, and oxygen concentration were measured along with the simulated upwelling event (Multi 3630 IDS, WTW, Kaiserslautern, Germany).
Experimental study on the performance of the common starfish Asterias rubens subjected to heatwaves of different duration and amplitude (No, Present-day, Extended, Amplified and Amplified & Extended heatwave) followed by a hypoxic upwelling. The study was conducted at GEOMAR, Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (54.329979 N, 10.148013 E) in the Indoor Benthocosms (Pansch and Hiebenthal 2019) over 63 days from July 10th until September 10th, 2018. The implemented treatments are based on a climatological analysis of a 15-year long data set (Pansch et al. 2018). Starfish survival was checked every three days of the experiment.
Experimental study on the performance of the common starfish Asterias rubens subjected to heatwaves of different duration and amplitude (No, Present-day, Extended, Amplified and Amplified & Extended heatwave) followed by a hypoxic upwelling. The study was conducted at GEOMAR, Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (54.329979 N, 10.148013 E) in the Indoor Benthocosms (Pansch and Hiebenthal 2019) over 63 days from July 10th until September 10th, 2018. The implemented treatments are based on a climatological analysis of a 15-year long data set (Pansch et al. 2018). The temperature was measured over the entire experimental period (TTX 110 type T, Ebro, Ingolstadt, Germany).
Experimental study on the performance of the common starfish Asterias rubens subjected to heatwaves of different duration and amplitude (No, Present-day, Extended, Amplified and Amplified & Extended heatwave) followed by a hypoxic upwelling. The study was conducted at GEOMAR, Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (54.329979 N, 10.148013 E) in the Indoor Benthocosms (Pansch and Hiebenthal 2019) over 63 days from July 10th until September 10th, 2018. The implemented treatments are based on a climatological analysis of a 15-year long data set (Pansch et al. 2018). Starfish feeding rate was quantified by measuring the shell length of consumed blue mussels (Dial Caliper DialMax Metric, Wiha Division KWB Switzerland).
Experimental study on the performance of the common starfish Asterias rubens subjected to heatwaves of different duration and amplitude (No, Present-day, Extended, Amplified and Amplified & Extended heatwave) followed by a hypoxic upwelling. The study was conducted at GEOMAR, Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (54.329979 N, 10.148013 E) in the Indoor Benthocosms (Pansch and Hiebenthal 2019) over 63 days from July 10th until September 10th, 2018. The implemented treatments are based on a climatological analysis of a 15-year long data set (Pansch et al. 2018). Starfish individuals were weighed at the start of the experiment, during the heatwaves, in between heatwaves and the upwelling event, directly after the upwelling event and at the end of the experiment.
Experimental study on the performance of the common starfish Asterias rubens subjected to heatwaves of different duration and amplitude (No, Present-day, Extended, Amplified and Amplified & Extended heatwave) followed by a hypoxic upwelling. The study was conducted at GEOMAR, Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (54.329979 N, 10.148013 E) in the Indoor Benthocosms (Pansch and Hiebenthal 2019) over 63 days from July 10th until September 10th, 2018. The implemented treatments are based on a climatological analysis of a 15-year long data set (Pansch et al. 2018). Starfish activity was measured as righting response (i.e., time needed for the starfish to turn back onto their oral side after being placed on their aboral side) before the beginning of the heatwave treatments, at the end of the heatwaves, before, during and at the end of the upwelling event, and at the end of the experiment.
Experimental study on the performance of the common starfish Asterias rubens subjected to heatwaves of different duration and amplitude (No, Present-day, Extended, Amplified and Amplified & Extended heatwave) followed by a hypoxic upwelling. The study was conducted at GEOMAR, Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (54.329979 N, 10.148013 E) in the Indoor Benthocosms (Pansch and Hiebenthal 2019) over 63 days from July 10th until September 10th, 2018. The implemented treatments are based on a climatological analysis of a 15-year long data set (Pansch et al. 2018). The temperature was measured over the entire experimental period (TTX 110 type T, Ebro, Ingolstadt, Germany). Salinity, pH, and oxygen concentration were measured along with the simulated upwelling event (Multi 3630 IDS, WTW, Kaiserslautern, Germany). Starfish feeding rate was quantified by measuring the shell length of consumed blue mussels (Dial Caliper DialMax Metric, Wiha Division KWB Switzerland). Based on a previously described relationship between shell size and tissue dry weight for mussels in the study area (Moron et al. 2020), the dry weight of consumed mussels was estimated. Starfish individuals were weighed at the start of the experiment, during the heatwaves, in between heatwaves and the upwelling event, directly after the upwelling event and at the end of the experiment. Starfish activity was measured as righting response (i.e., time needed for the starfish to turn back onto their oral side after being placed on their aboral side) before the beginning of the heatwave treatments, at the end of the heatwaves, before, during and at the end of the upwelling event, and at the end of the experiment.
Aim: Experimental simulation of near‐future ocean acidification (OA) has been demonstrated to affect growth and development of echinoderm larval stages through energy allocation towards ion and pH compensatory processes. To date, it remains largely unknown how major pH regulatory systems and their energetics are affected by trans‐generational exposure to near‐future acidification levels. Methods: Here, we used the common sea star Asterias rubens in a reciprocal transplant experiment comprising different combinations of OA scenarios, to study trans‐generational plasticity using morphological and physiological endpoints. Results: Acclimation of adults to pHT 7.2 (pCO2 3500 μatm) led to reductions in feeding rates, gonad weight and fecundity. No effects were evident at moderate acidification levels (pHT 7.4; pCO2 2000 μatm). Parental pre‐acclimation to pHT 7.2 for 85 days reduced developmental rates even when larvae were raised under moderate and high pH conditions, whereas pre‐acclimation to pHT 7.4 did not alter offspring performance. Microelectrode measurements and pharmacological inhibitor studies carried out on larval stages demonstrated that maintenance of alkaline gastric pH represents a substantial energy sink under acidified conditions that may contribute up to 30% to the total energy budget. Conclusion: Parental pre‐acclimation to acidification levels that are beyond the pH that is encountered by this population in its natural habitat (eg, pHT 7.2) negatively affected larval size and development, potentially through reduced energy transfer. Maintenance of alkaline gastric pH and reductions in maternal energy reserves probably constitute the main factors for a reduced juvenile recruitment of this marine keystone species under simulated OA.
Experimental study on the performance of the common sea star Asterias rubens subjected to heatwaves of different duration and frequency (No, Interrupted, Present-day, and Extended). Treatments are based on the climatological analysis of 22-year long temperature data. The study was conducted at GEOMAR, Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (54.329979 N, 10.148013 E) in the Kiel Indoor Benthocosms (Pansch and Hiebenthal 2019) over 68 days from July 5th to September 10th, 2019. The temperature was measured with a handheld thermometer at least every three days (TTX 110 type T, Ebro, Ingolstadt, Germany). Salinity, pH, and oxygen concentration were also measured over the experimental period (Multi 3630 IDS, WTW, Kaiserslautern, Germany).
Experimental study on the performance of the common sea star Asterias rubens subjected to heatwaves of different duration and frequency (No, Interrupted, Present-day, and Extended). Treatments are based on the climatological analysis of 22-year long temperature data. The study was conducted at GEOMAR, Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (54.329979 N, 10.148013 E) in the Kiel Indoor Benthocosms (Pansch and Hiebenthal 2019) over 68 days from July 5th to September 10th, 2019. Sea star feeding rate was quantified by measuring the shell length of consumed blue mussels (Dial Caliper DialMax Metric, Wiha Division KWB Switzerland). Based on a previously described relationship between shell size and tissue dry weight for mussels in the study area (Morón Lugo et al. 2020), the dry weight of consumed mussels was estimated. Sea star individuals were weighed at the start of the experiment, right before the heatwaves started, before the Present day heatwave started to decline, before the Extended heatwave started to decline, and at the end of the experiment. Sea star activity was measured as the time an individual needed to fully turn back to their oral side after being placed on its aboral side (i.e., righting time). These measurements were taken at the start of the experiment, right before the heatwaves started, before the Present day heatwave started to decline, before the Extended heatwave started to decline, and at the end of the experiment.
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