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Maps resulting from Spatial Prioritisation carried out for iAtlantic - Systematic Conservation Planning reported in D5.3 and included in MS25

This data publication contains maps resulting from spatial prioritisations conducted for the iAtlantic D5.3 report on Systematic Conservation Planning of the wider Atlantic Ocean based on results generated by the iAtlantic project. The maps were produced using the prioritizr R package (Hanson et al. 2023), which identifies priority areas for achieving specific conservation goals while minimising costs. The various prioritisations were developed to address multiple research questions related to: (1) identifying priority areas for conservation and restoration, (2) transboundary conservation, (3) climate-smart conservation planning, and (4) protecting 30% of the Atlantic Ocean, including 10% under strict protection. The results are organised into subfolders based on the research questions addressed and further categorised into data-rich and data-poor regions, along with aggregate results for each region. Further, the results are organised into subfolders representing multiple scenarios executed using various cost layers, including area-based, Global Fishing Watch (GFW, 2023) benthic, GFW total fishing, Global Fisheries Landings (GFL, Watson 2019) v4.0 benthic, and GFL v4.0 total landings. Each map filename provides descriptive information about the executed scenario.

Electron Transport System (ETS) Assay in the Atlantic Ocean

This dataset comprises measurements of microbial community respiration, derived from electron transport system (ETS) activity assays, in discrete water samples collected with Niskin bottles. ETS activity (mmol O2 m⁻³ d⁻¹) was determined enzymatically as a proxy for aerobic microbial and planktonic respiration, and respiratory oxygen consumption (RO2, mmol O2 m⁻³ d⁻¹) was subsequently calculated by applying respiration-to-ETS conversion factors of 0.75 for samples from the epipelagic zone and 0.086 for samples from the mesopelagic zone. Each of the 219 sampling stations was additionally assigned to an open-ocean biogeochemical province following the classification of Reygondeau et al. (2018). Samples were collected at depths ranging from 5 m to 4539 m water depth during thirteen research cruises carried out between November 2006 and April 2025: RODA-I (2006), RODA-II (2007), CAIBEX and CAIBOX (2009), HOTMIX and PUMP (2014), FLUXES I (2017), TRATLEQ1/M158 (2019), e-IMPACT1 and e-IMPACT2 (2022), APERO (2023), MICOLOR2 (2024) and OceanICU (2025). The combined geographical coverage extends across the eastern boundary upwelling system off northwest Africa (Canary Upwelling System, Cape Blanc, Canary Eddy Corridor), the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre, the equatorial Atlantic, and a transect across the eastern South Atlantic and equatorial Atlantic between Walvis Bay (Namibia) and the Canary Islands; the HOTMIX cruise additionally sampled the eastern Mediterranean Sea before transiting into the Atlantic.

Forschergruppe (FOR) 1740: Ein neuer Ansatz für verbesserte Abschätzungen des atlantischen Frischwasserhaushalts und von Frischwassertransporten als Teil des globalen Wasserkreislaufs, Variation of the fresh water in the western Nordic Seas

The goal of this project is to capture and analyse fluctuations of the fresh water in the western Nordic Seas and to understand the related processes. The East Greenland Current in the Nordic Seas constitutes an important conduit for fresh water exiting the Arctic Ocean towards the North Atlantic. The Arctic Ocean receives huge amounts of fresh water by continental runoff and by import from the Pacific Ocean. Within the Arctic Ocean fresh water is concentrated at the surface through sea ice formation. The East Greenland Current carries this fresh water in variable fractions as sea ice and in liquid form; part of it enters the central Nordic Seas, via branching of the current and through eddies. It controls the intensity of deep water formation and dilutes the water masses which result from convection. The last decades showed significant changes of the fresh water yield and distribution in the Nordic Seas and such anomalies were found to circulate through the North Atlantic. In this project the fresh water inventory, its spatial distribution and its pathways between the East Greenland Current and the interior Greenland and Icelandic seas shall be captured by autonomous glider missions. The new measurements and existing data will, in combination with the modeling work of the research group, serve as basis for understanding the causes of the fresh water variability and their consequences for the North Atlantic circulation and deep water formation.

Forschergruppe (FOR) 1740: Ein neuer Ansatz für verbesserte Abschätzungen des atlantischen Frischwasserhaushalts und von Frischwassertransporten als Teil des globalen Wasserkreislaufs, Freshwater budget and salinity variability in the subpolar and subtropical gyres of the North Atlantic

Up to recent years, the study of trends and variability of the salinity (and freshwater) distributions was hampered by the lack of temporal and spatial resolution of the available observations (Wang DFG form 54.011 - 1/12 page 3 of 6 et al., 2010). With the onset of the Argo programme, the number of observed salinity profiles have significantly increased. The many Argo profiles distributed evenly over the year provide not only the means to calculate seasonally averaged salinity (and freshwater) distributions, but they can also be used to calculate regional Gravest Empirical Modes (GEMs) parameterized by pressure and dynamic height. Dynamic height is measured by altimetry and high quality altimeter data are available since 1992. GEMs will be used to construct from altimetry high resolution (in time and space) salinity, temperature and density fields. The objectives of the proposal are to - combine Argo/CTD profiles and altimetry to calculate temporal and spatial high resolution salinity fields in the mixed layer and in the upper 1500-2000m for the time period 1992 - 2013 for the subpolar and the subtropical Atlantic. - Construct regional freshwater budgets for the mixed layer and the upper 1500-2000m and estimate the contributions of the main processes to the observed change - Follow salinity anomalies from their origin along their circulation pathways, and study involved mechanisms (for instance role of eddies, mean circulation) for shallow, intermediate and deep water masses - Investigate changes in the formation of North Atlantic mode waters in the subpolar and subtropical gyre

Modeled environmental data-layers and changes predicted under RCP2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 for the deep Atlantic Ocean

The data layers provided show current values for seawater temperature, pH, calcite and aragonite saturation (%), oxygen concentration, and particulate organic carbon (POC) flux to the seafloor at different depths (500, 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000m) at the present day (1951-2000) and changes in these variables expected between 2041-2060 and 2081-2100 under different RCP scenarios. The data layers were generated following the methods described in Levin et al. (2020). In short, in 2019, we obtained the present day and future ocean projections for the different years which were compiled from all available data generated by Earth Systems Models as part of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Three Earth System Models, including GFDL‐ESM‐2G, IPSL‐CM5A‐MR, and MPI‐ESM‐MR were collected and multi-model averages of temperature, pH, O2 , export production at 100-m depth (epc100), carbonate ion concentration (co3), and carbonate ion concentration for seawater in equilibrium with aragonite (co3satarg) and calcite (co3satcalc) were calculated. The epc100 was converted to export POC flux at the seafloor using the Martin curve (Martin et al., 1987) following the equation: POC flux = export production*(depth/export depth)0.858. The export depth was set to 100 m, and the water depth using the ETOPO1 Global Relief Model (Amante and Eakins, 2008). Seafloor aragonite and calcite saturation were computed by dividing co3 by co3satarg and co3satcalc. All variableswere reported as the inter-annual mean projections between 1951-2000, 2041-2060, and 2081-2100. The data for calcite and aragonite saturation can be found in Morato et al. (2020).

Seawater carbonate chemistry and growth, survival and Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters of Fucus vesiculosus L.(Phaeophyceae) in a seasonally fluctuating environment

Global change exposes brown algal Fucus vesiculosus populations to increasing temperature and pCO2, which may threaten individuals, in particular the early life-stages. Genetic diversity of F. vesiculosus populations is low in the Baltic compared to Atlantic populations. This might jeopardise their potential for adaptation to environmental changes. Here, we report on the responses of early life-stage F. vesiculosus to warming and acidification in a near-natural scenario maintaining natural and seasonal variation (spring 2013–2014) of the Kiel Fjord in the Baltic Sea, Germany (54°27ʹN, 10°11ʹW). We assessed how stress sensitivity differed among sibling groups and how genetic diversity of germling populations affected their stress tolerance. Warming increased growth rates of Fucus germlings in spring and in early summer, but led to higher photoinhibition in spring and decreased their survival in late summer. Acidification increased germlings' growth in summer but otherwise showed much weaker effects than warming. During the colder seasons (autumn and winter), growth was slow while survival was high compared to spring and summer, all at ambient temperatures. A pronounced variation in stress response among genetically different sibling groups (full-sib families) suggests a genotypic basis for this variation and thus a potential for adaptation for F. vesiculosus populations to future conditions. Corroborating this, survival in response to warming in populations with higher diversity was better than the mean survival of single sibling groups. We conclude that impacts on early life-stages depend on the combination of stressors and season and that genetic variation is crucial for the tolerance to global change stress.

Column water vapour (CWV) measurements in NetCDF format retrieved from GNSS antenna gathered during Polarstern cruise PS147

The ship campaign PS147 (Atlantic Transit) with the German research vessel Polarstern took place from 12 March to 14 April 2025. The transit proceeded from Stanley, Falkland Islands, to Bremerhaven, Germany, with a stopover in Mindelo, Cape Verde, dividing the campaign into two sections, PS147/1 and PS147/2. During the voyage, several climate zones were crossed, including the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Here, we present the column water vapour retrieved from GNSS data. These data form part of a series of standardized datasets of atmospheric observations collected during the PS147 campaign.

DavisShip system (DShip) measurements in NetCDF format including weather station, thermosalinograph, ferrybox and navigation system gathered during Polarstern cruise PS147

The ship campaign PS147 (Atlantic Transit) with the German research vessel Polarstern took place from 12 March to 14 April 2025. The transit proceeded from Stanley, Falkland Islands, to Bremerhaven, Germany, with a stopover in Mindelo, Cape Verde, dividing the campaign into two sections, PS147/1 and PS147/2. During the voyage, several climate zones were crossed, including the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Here, we present data from the ship-integrated instruments within the DavisShip system (DShip), including meteorological parameters from the weather station as well as ship position and orientation from the navigation system. These data form part of a series of standardized datasets of atmospheric observations collected during the PS147 campaign.

Mean Deep Ocean volume-weighted stacks

Mean Deep Ocean stacked records weighted by ocean basin volume are also provided for: benthic δ18O, MDOT and δ18Oseawater and compiled from records described for the non-weighted stacks. The weighted stacks were created using basin weights defined using fixed deep ocean volume fractions following the volumetric approach of Lisiecki and Stern (2016) (see their Table S2), and renormalised to unity at each time step to reflect the ocean volume represented by the available records.

Atlantic, Pacific and Mean Deep Ocean temperature and δ¹⁸Oseawater stacks

Stacked deep-water (>2500m) deconvolved benthic Mg/Ca–δ18O records spanning the past 1.5 Myr for: the North Atlantic comprising IODP Site U1385 [Uvigerina peregrina and Globobulimina affinis] and DSDP Site 607 [Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, Oridorsalis umbonatus, and Uvigerina spp.] (Sosdian and Rosenthal, 2009; Ford et al., 2016); the Pacific incorporating ODP Sites 1123 [Uvigerina spp.] (Elderfield et al., 2012) and Site 1208 [Uvigerina spp.] (Ford and Raymo, 2020); and, Mean Deep Oceans including all of the above plus ODP Site 1094 [Melonis pompilioides] (Hasenfratz et al., 2019). To investigate changes in abyssal ocean density stratification across the Middle Pleistocene Transition estimates of deep-water temperature and δ18Oseawater were generated with error propagation using PSU Solver in MATLAB (Thirumalai, Quinn and Marino, 2016). PSU Solver-derived δ18O, temperature and δ18Oseawater records for each site were interpolated on a 3 kyr interval and bootstrapped. Stacks were manually created by first identifying gaps in each site's original data and then averaging the means and errors across each age interval.

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