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Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1294: Bereich Infrastruktur - Atmospheric and Earth system research with the 'High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft' (HALO), NAWDEX - North Atlantic Waveguide and Downstream Impact Experiment

The North Atlantic Waveguide and Downstream Impact Experiment (NAWDEX) aims to provide the foundation for future improvements in the prediction of high impact weather events over Europe. The concept for the field experiment emerged from the WMO THORPEX program and contributes to the World Weather Research Program WWRP in general and to the High Impact Weather (HIWeather) project in particular. An international consortium from the US, UK, France, Switzerland and Germany has applied for funding of a multi-aircraft campaign supported by enhanced surface observations, over the North Atlantic and European region. The importance of accurate weather predictions to society is increasing due to increasing vulnerability to high impact weather events, and increasing economic impacts of weather, for example in renewable energy. At the same time numerical weather prediction has undergone a revolution in recent years, with the widespread use of ensemble predictions that attempt to represent forecast uncertainty. This represents a new scientific challenge because error growth and uncertainty are largest in regions influenced by latent heat release or other diabatic processes. These regions are characterized by small-scale structures that are poorly represented by the operational observing system, but are accessible to modern airborne remote-sensing instruments. HALO will play a central role in NAWDEX due to the unique capabilities provided by its long range and advanced instrumentation. With coordinated flights over a period of days, it will be possible to sample the moist inflow of subtropical air into a cyclone, the ascent and outflow of the warm conveyor belt, and the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of the downstream ridge. NAWDEX will use the proven instrument payload from the NARVAL campaign which combines water vapor lidar and cloud radar, supplemented by dropsondes, to allow these regions to be measured with unprecedented detail and precision. HALO operations will be supported by the DLR Falcon aircraft that will be instrumented with wind lidar systems, providing synergetic measurements of dynamical structures. These measurements will allow the first closely targeted evaluation of the quality of the operational observing and analysis systems in these crucial regions for forecast error growth. They will provide detailed knowledge of the physical processes acting in these regions and especially of the mechanisms responsible for rapid error growth in mid-latitude weather systems. This will provide the foundation for a better representation of uncertainty in numerical weather predictions systems, and better (probabilistic) forecasts.

Sklerochronologie und Isotopie von Korallen in Belize, Zentralamerika

Vom größten Riffkomplex des Atlantischen Ozeans vor der Küste von Belize (Zentralamerika) liegen bislang keine historischen Klimadaten aus Korallen vor. In dem hier beantragten Projekt sollen 18 bereits vorliegende Bohrkerne aus massiven Korallen von Belize sklerochronologisch und geochemisch untersucht werden. Variationen der Wachstumsraten und Schwankungen in der isotopischen Zusammensetzung von Kohlenstoff und Sauerstoff in den Korallenskeletten sollen ermittelt werden, um eine Klimageschichte der letzten 150-200 Jahre für die Region aufzustellen. Da die Kerne in unterschiedlichen Rahmenbedingungen (offenmarine, lagunäre und landnahe Position; unterschiedliche Wassertiefen) genommen wurden, sollte es weiterhin möglich sein, Einflüsse lokaler Variationen von Umweltparametern wie Temperatur, Salinität, Nährstoffgehalten und Licht zu entziffern. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie sollen mit publizierten historischen Klimadaten des COADS (comprehensive ocean-atmosphere data set) Datensatzes verglichen werden. Weiterhin ist geplant, die Daten mit anderen im Atlantik im Bereich der Sklerochronologie tätigen Arbeitsgruppen auszutauschen, um einen Beitrag zur Rekonstruktion der Veränderlichkeiten von Meeresströmungen und Klima im karibisch-atlantischen Raum zu leisten.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1889: Regional Sea Level Change and Society (SeaLevel), Untersuchungen zur Reaktion von Meeresspiegel und Hydrographie in der Arktis auf Veränderungen des hydrologischen Regimes über borealen Einzugsgebieten

Der Süßwassereintrag in den Arktischen Ozean stellt einen wichtigen Antriebsmechanismus für regionale Meeresspiegeldynamik in der Arktis dar. Salzarmes Oberflächenwasser erzeugt und unterhält eine starke Schichtung im Arktischen Ozean. Diese Halokline schirmt größtenteils das kalte polare Oberflächenwasser und das Meereis von wärmerem Tiefenwasser atlantischen Ursprungs ab und verhindert so vertikale Wärmeflüsse. Veränderungen des Süßwassergehalts werden wahrscheinlich den regionalen Meeresspiegel direkt beeinflussen, aber ebenso wird eine modifizierte Ozeandynamik durch Massentransporte innerhalb der Arktis den Meeresspiegel verändern. Das hydrologische Regime des kontinentalen Abflusses unterliegt Schwankungen. Leider sind kontinuierliche Aufzeichnungen von kontinentalem Abfluss in den Arktischen Ozean zu selten, um wichtige wissenschaftliche Fragen über das Langzeitverhalten und die Entwicklung von arktischem Meeresspiegel und Klima zu bearbeiten. Neben in-situ Beobachtungen und hydrologischen Modellen eröffnen Satellitengravimetrie (GRACE) und Satellitenaltimetrie neue Möglichkeiten, die Hydrologie von großen Einzugsgebieten zu beobachten. Dies geschieht, im dem man mit diesen Fernerkundungsmethoden die Größe von Wasserspeichern in den Einzugsgebieten und Pegelstände entlang von Flüssen misst, die dann auf verschieden Arten in Abfluss umgerechnet werden können. Für Meereis-Ozeanmodelle bedeutet die Seltenheit von Abflussinformationen in der Arktis, dass der Jahresgang des Abflusses als stationär angenommen wird. In unserem Projekt werden wir diese Annahme aufheben und ein Meereis-Ozeanmodell benutzen, um den Einfluss von zeitlich variablem Abfluss auf die arktische Ozeanzirkulation und das Süßwasserbudget zu untersuchen. Das Hauptziel der Projektes ist es, die Reaktion von Meeresspiegel und Hydrographie in der Arktis auf Veränderungen des hydrologischen Regimes über borealen Einzugsgebieten abzuschätzen und zu quantifizieren. Die Projektziele tragen zur Strategie des Schwerpunktprogramms 1889 bei, indem 1)die Datensätze und Zeitreihen von hydrologischen Parametern über borealen Einzugsgebieten durch den Einsatz von geodätischen satellitengestützten Fernerkundungsmethoden (zeitliche auflösenden Gravimetrie, Satellitenaltimetrie) verbessert werden und lange und hochauflösende Zeitserien für alle großen Einzugsgebiete, die in den Arktische Ozean entleeren, erstellt werden. 2) Sensitivität von Meereis- und Ozeandynamik auf Veränderungen des Süßwasserantriebs (u.a. Abfluss) analysiert wird. 3) Modellergebnisse über Veränderungen des kontinentalen Abflusses verglichen werden mit seit 1990 beobachteter Variabilität von flüssigen Süßwassergehalt (und damit verbundenen sterischen Meeresspiegeländerungen) im Arktischen Ozean und im Nordatlantik. Nicht nur dienen diese Vergleiche der Modellbewertung, sondern sie unterstützen auch die Interpretation relativ seltener ozeangraphischer in-situ Beobachtungen.

Forschergruppe (FOR) 1740: Ein neuer Ansatz für verbesserte Abschätzungen des atlantischen Frischwasserhaushalts und von Frischwassertransporten als Teil des globalen Wasserkreislaufs, The Atmospheric Side of the Freshwater Budget

The focus of this project is to analyse the observed surface freshwater fluxes through improved estimates of evaporation and precipitation and their individual error characteristics in the HOAPS climatology and its ground validation in climate-related hotspots of the Atlantic Ocean. To enable that in a consistent manner we propose to establish an error characterization of the HOAPS evaporation data by triple collocations with ship and buoy measurements and between individual satellites and to improve the error characterization of the HOAPS precipitation by analysing available shipboard disdrometer data using point to area statistics. After these improvements, an analysis of the spatio-temporal variability of the surface fresh water balance E-P over the Atlantic Ocean is planned, especially with respect to the Hadley circulation and the hotspot regions of interest to related WPs. Also the atmospheric water transport shall be analysed in order to find the source or target region of local fresh water imbalances. And finally, a consistent inter-comparison of the upcoming global ocean surface salinity fields from SMOS with freshwater fluxes from the HOAPS climatology is proposed.

Untersuchung, Datierung und paläoklimatische Interpretation von lössartigen Talfüllungen am Hoanib-Rivier (Namib-Ostrand/Namibia)

Am Namib-Ostrand sind in verschiedenen Talzügen und in Beckensituationen bis über 10 m mächtige lößartige bzw. schwemmlößartige Ablagerungen anzutreffen, die durch die lokalen ephemeren, zum Atlantik orientierten Abflüsse rezent zerschnitten werden und daher gut aufgeschlossen sind. Besonders mächtig treten diese landschaftsgeschichtlichen Archive am Hoanib und seinen Tributären (NW-Namibia) auf. Vorarbeiten weisen auf eine Bildung während des Jungpleistozäns und Holozäns. Erstmals sollen diese Feinsedimente am Hoanib-Rivier zusammenhängend vom Oberlauf bis in die Küstenwüste sedimentologisch untersucht und datiert werden (OSL, AMS-14C). Damit werden punktuelle, eher zufällig sich ergebende Daten ausgeschlossen und geomorphogenetische sowie hochauflösende Aussagen zur wechselnden Intensität des Sommermonsuns am Namib-Ostrand während des Jungquartärs möglich.

Total sediment thickness of the world's oceans and marginal seas, version 3 (GlobSed)

NCEI's global ocean sediment thickness grid of Divins (2003) updated by Whittaker et al. (2013) has been updated again for the NE Atlantic, Arctic, Southern Ocean, and Mediterranean regions. The new global 5‐arc‐minute total sediment thickness grid, GlobSed, incorporates new data and several regional oceanic sediment thickness maps, which have been compiled and published for the, (1) NE Atlantic (Funck et al., 2017; Hopper et al., 2014), (2) Mediterranean (Molinari & Morelli, 2011), (3) Arctic (Petrov et al., 2016), (4) Weddell Sea (Huang et al., 2014), and (5) the Ross Sea, Amundsen Sea, and Bellingshausen Sea sectors off West Antarctica (Lindeque et al., 2016; Wobbe et al., 2014). This version also includes updates in the White Sea region based on the VSEGEI map of Orlov and Fedorov (2001). GlobSed covers a larger area than NCEI's previous global grids (Divins, 2003; Whittaker et al. 2013), and the new updates results in a 29.7% increase in estimated total oceanic sediment volume. This dataset has been archived in the framework of the PANGAEA US data rescue initiative 2025.

Dissolved major element (Ca, Sr, Mg, K, Li) concentration data of the western Atlantic Ocean meridional section GA02 (GEOTRACES) and Arctic Ocean cruise JR271 (BODC)

This dataset presents salinity-normalized dissolved major element (Ca, Mg, K, Sr, Li) concentrations in the western Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean. Atlantic samples were collected along the western meridional GEOTRACES section GA02 comprised of cruises JR057 (Punta Arenas (Chile) 02-03-2011 to Las Palmas (Spain) 06-04-2011 ), PE321 (Bermuda 11-06-2010 to Fortaleza (Brazil) 08-07-2010), PE319 (Scrabster 28-04-2010 to Bermuda 25-05-2010), and PE358 (Reykjavik (Iceland) 29-07-2012 to Texel (Netherlands) 19-08-2012). Samples for dissolved major ions were sub-sampled from trace metal sample collection stored at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ). Samples for the Arctic Ocean were collected on BODC cruise JR271 (Immingham 01-06-2012 to Reykjavik 02-07-2012). Samples were analysed for Na, Ca, Mg, K, Li and Sr using a Varian-720 ES ICP-OES. Samples were diluted by a factor of 78-82 in 0.12 M HCl to the same final salinity. Multiple spectral lines were selected for each element, and samples were corrected for instrumental drift by sample-standard bracketing with IAPSO P157 diluted to the same final salinity. Calibration was performed on 7 dilutions of IAPSO P157. Element-to-sodium ratios were calculated for all combinations of spectral lines. Assuming a constant Na-to-salinity (PSU)=35 ratio, the element/Na ratios were multiplied by 0.46847 µmol kg-1 to obtain the salinity (PSU)-normalized element concentration, and by the ratio of practical to absolute salinity (TEOS-10). The TEOS-10 absolute salinities were calculated from EOS-80 values using the Gibb's Oceanographic Toolbox using the R package 'gsw' (v 1.1-1).

(Table A1) Raw data for both AMT20 Atlantic Ocean transect samples and western Pacific Ocean transect (SO228 and SO256) samples

Sea surface salinity (SSS) is the least constrained major variable of the past (paleo) ocean but is fundamental in controlling the density of seawater and thus large-scale ocean circulation. The hydrogen isotopic composition (δD) of non-exchangeable hydrogen of algal lipids, specifically alkenones, has been proposed as a promising new proxy for paleo SSS. The δD of surface seawater is correlated with SSS, and laboratory culture studies have shown the δD of algal growth water to be reflected in the δD of alkenones. However, a large-scale field study testing the validity of this proxy is still lacking. Here we present the δD of open-ocean Atlantic and Pacific surface waters and coincident δD of alkenones sampled by underway filtration. Two transects of approximately 100° latitude in the Atlantic Ocean and more than 50° latitude in the Western Pacific sample much of the range of open ocean salinities and seawater δD, and thus allow probing the relationship between δD of seawater and alkenones. Overall, the open ocean δD alkenone data correlate significantly with SSS, and also agree remarkably well with δD water vs δD alkenone regressions developed from culture studies. Subtle deviations from these regressions are discussed in the context of physiological factors as recorded in the carbon isotopic composition of alkenones. In a best-case scenario, the data presented here suggest that SSS variations as low as 1.2 can be reconstructed from alkenone δD.

Compilation of stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios of marine biota from the central and Northeast Atlantic, and the Mediterranean Sea

Bulk stable isotope ratios, primarily of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N), are increasingly used to examine predator-prey interactions and food web structure. We compiled δ13C and δ15N values of marine taxa from 56 published sources to support investigations on trophic interactions in mesopelagic food webs and assess the importance of mesopelagic organisms in the marine ecosystem. A total of 2095 records were collected, representing 8716 individual organisms from 349 unique species or genera sampled across the central and Northeast Atlantic, and the Mediterranean Sea, between 1905 and 2020. Records include 185 benthic and pelagic fish, 47 cephalopods, 31 marine mammals, 30 crustaceans, 26 elasmobranchs, 16 seabirds, 4 marine turtles, 4 jelly fish, 3 copepods, 2 salps, in addition to data from several organisms only identified to higher taxonomic ranks (family or above). The dataset includes isotopic ratios measured in the tissues or in the whole body of individual organisms, or mean values (and standard deviations) from pooled samples. Because lipids have more negative δ13C values relative to other major biochemical compounds in plant and animal tissues (DeNiro & Epstein, 1977), many studies correct for the lipid effect by extracting lipids from samples before analysis, or a posteriori, through mathematical corrections (Post, 2002). Therefore, δ13C values were reported as uncorrected, lipid-extracted, or mathematically-corrected. When available, the total organic carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) was included. For each data record, we also provided the sampling location, geographic coordinates, month and year of sample collection, method of sample collection, taxonomic ranks (phylum, class, order, family), number and size (or size range) of sampled organisms, as well as the reference and DOI of the original data source, for further details on the samples analysed and/or the analytical techniques used.

GTS Bulletin: FEAE75 EDZW - Forecast (details are described in the abstract)

The FEAE75 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (F): Forecast T1T2 (FE): Extended A1A2 (AE): South-East Asia (Remarks from Volume-C: FORECAST (5 DAYS) FOR THE EASTERN ATLANTIC (IN ENGLISH))

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