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DavisShip system (DShip) measurements in NetCDF format including weather station, thermosalinograph, ferrybox and navigation system gathered during Polarstern cruise PS147

The ship campaign PS147 (Atlantic Transit) with the German research vessel Polarstern took place from 12 March to 14 April 2025. The transit proceeded from Stanley, Falkland Islands, to Bremerhaven, Germany, with a stopover in Mindelo, Cape Verde, dividing the campaign into two sections, PS147/1 and PS147/2. During the voyage, several climate zones were crossed, including the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Here, we present data from the ship-integrated instruments within the DavisShip system (DShip), including meteorological parameters from the weather station as well as ship position and orientation from the navigation system. These data form part of a series of standardized datasets of atmospheric observations collected during the PS147 campaign.

Sonderforschungsbereich Transregio 165 (SFB TRR): Wellen, Wolken, Wetter; Waves to Weather - A Transregional Collaborative Research Center, Teilprojekt C03: Multiskalige Dynamik und Vorhersagbarkeit von Medicanes und atlantischen subtropischen Zyklonen

Eine ensemblebasierte Multiskalenanalyse der Dynamik und Vorhersagbarkeit von Medicanes wird durchgeführt und mit Fällen tropischer Umwandlung von subtropischen Zyklonen im Nordatlantik verglichen. Die Analyse reicht von vorhergehende Rossbywellen bis zu Antriebsmechanismen für Konvektion auf der Mesoskala. Visualisierungsmethoden helfen dabei, die komplexen Wechselwirkungen zwischen verschiedenen Prozessen und das damit verbundene Anwachsen der Vorhersageunsicherheit zu beleuchten. Die Auswertung von Ensembledaten erlaubt die Untersuchung von konsistenten Entwicklungen der relativ seltenen Medicanes.

Supporting metadata for multiple oceanographic cruises with RV SONNE (SO254, SO245, SO248) and RV POLARSTERN (PS79), Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study and Hawaii Ocean Time-series

The data presented here include the metadata (cruise, station number, geographic coordinates, water depth, temperature, salinity and solid-phase extracted dissolved organic carbon concentrations (SPE-DOC)) for multiple oceanographic cruises in the Atlantic, Pacific and Southern oceans (HOTS, BATS, SO254, SO245, SO248, ANT 28-II, ANT 28-IV, and 28-V) between 2009 and 2017. These metadata were used in conjunction with the accompanying dataset to assess the role of deep ocean mixing in the molecular composition of dissolved organic matter was compiled from the CTD bottle data of multiple cruises, some of which are available on PANGAEA at the following links: SO248: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.864673, SO245: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.890394, SO254: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.890453.

Dissolved organic matter molecular composition data for multiple oceanographic cruises with RV SONNE (SO254, SO245, SO248) and RV POLARSTERN (PS79), Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study and Hawaii Ocean Time-series

This data includes the dissolved organic matter (DOM) molecular composition data obtained via Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for multiple oceanographic cruises collected in the Atlantic, Pacific and Southern oceans (HOTS, BATS, SO254, SO245, SO248, ANT 28-II, ANT 28-IV, and 28-V) between 2009 and 2017. This analysis was conducted to assess the molecular composition of DOM in the context of ocean mixing. DOM was extracted and desalted using the solid phase extraction method as described in Dittmar et al. 2008. The extracts were stored frozen in methanol until analysis in 2019, when aliquots of the extracts were mixed with 50% ultrapure water (50:50 v/v) and diluted to a final carbon concentration of 2.5 ppm. DOM composition was determined on a SolariX XR FT-ICR-MS (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany) equipped with a 15 Tesla superconducting magnet and an electrospray ionization source (ESI; Bruker Apollo II ion source) in negative ion mode, as described in (Bercovici, Dittmar, and Niggemann 2022). Subsequent data processing and molecular formula assignment was conducted in ICBM-OCEAN, as described in (Merder et al. 2020).

Modeled environmental data-layers and changes predicted under RCP2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 for the deep Atlantic Ocean

The data layers provided show current values for seawater temperature, pH, calcite and aragonite saturation (%), oxygen concentration, and particulate organic carbon (POC) flux to the seafloor at different depths (500, 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000m) at the present day (1951-2000) and changes in these variables expected between 2041-2060 and 2081-2100 under different RCP scenarios. The data layers were generated following the methods described in Levin et al. (2020). In short, in 2019, we obtained the present day and future ocean projections for the different years which were compiled from all available data generated by Earth Systems Models as part of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Three Earth System Models, including GFDL‐ESM‐2G, IPSL‐CM5A‐MR, and MPI‐ESM‐MR were collected and multi-model averages of temperature, pH, O2 , export production at 100-m depth (epc100), carbonate ion concentration (co3), and carbonate ion concentration for seawater in equilibrium with aragonite (co3satarg) and calcite (co3satcalc) were calculated. The epc100 was converted to export POC flux at the seafloor using the Martin curve (Martin et al., 1987) following the equation: POC flux = export production*(depth/export depth)0.858. The export depth was set to 100 m, and the water depth using the ETOPO1 Global Relief Model (Amante and Eakins, 2008). Seafloor aragonite and calcite saturation were computed by dividing co3 by co3satarg and co3satcalc. All variableswere reported as the inter-annual mean projections between 1951-2000, 2041-2060, and 2081-2100. The data for calcite and aragonite saturation can be found in Morato et al. (2020).

Langfristige Veränderungen von Ozeangezeiten – Prozessverständnis und Vorhersagen

Langfristige Veränderungen von Gezeiten zählen zu den bemerkenswertesten Facetten der Ozeandynamik. Zur Entschlüsselung dieser Signale wird im vorliegenden Projekt ein mehrschichtiger Modellierungsansatz auf globalen und regionalen Skalen entwickelt, der Meeresspiegelvariationen, Veränderungen der ozeanischen Dichtestruktur und Migrationsbewegungen von antarktischem Schelfeis in klassische Gezeitensimulationen einflechtet. Die Reaktion primärer Partialtiden auf diese Antriebsmechanismen wird in einer ersten Ausbaustufe von ~1970 bis 2015 erarbeitet, wobei hochauflösende barokline (3D) Simulationen im Nordostatlantik und um Australien rigoros in globale barotrope (2D) Vorwärtsläufe eingebettet werden. Die Validierung der Simulationsergebnisse gegenüber robusten und großräumigen Gezeitentrends aus Wasserstandsbeobachtungen legt den Grundstein für konkrete Projektionen von Ozeangezeiten bis zum Jahr 2100 unter Annahme realistischer Emissionsszenarien. Veränderte Randbedingungen in globalen und regionalen Gezeitenläufen einhergehend mit Meeresspiegelanstieg, Ozeanerwärmung und ausdünnendem Schelfeis werden hierzu in konsistenter Weise aus gekoppelten Klimamodellen abgeleitet. Erweiterte barokline und globale Sensitivitätsexperimente liefern einen Überblick über Küstenabschnitte, in denen mit nennenswerten Gezeitenentwicklungen durch großflächige Veränderungen der Dichtestruktur zu rechnen ist. Neben dem reinen Prozessverständnis soll auch Augenmerk auf die Abschätzung von Unsicherheiten der numerisch modellierten Tidenvariabilität in den kommenden Dekaden gelegt werden. Das Projekt ebnet in seiner Gesamtheit den Weg für eine verlässlichere Quantifizierung von säkularen Gezeitensignalen in Anwendungsbereichen (z.B. Küstenschutz) und der Ozeanographie nahestehenden Wissenschaftsdisziplinen.

Seawater carbonate chemistry and growth, survival and Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters of Fucus vesiculosus L.(Phaeophyceae) in a seasonally fluctuating environment

Global change exposes brown algal Fucus vesiculosus populations to increasing temperature and pCO2, which may threaten individuals, in particular the early life-stages. Genetic diversity of F. vesiculosus populations is low in the Baltic compared to Atlantic populations. This might jeopardise their potential for adaptation to environmental changes. Here, we report on the responses of early life-stage F. vesiculosus to warming and acidification in a near-natural scenario maintaining natural and seasonal variation (spring 2013–2014) of the Kiel Fjord in the Baltic Sea, Germany (54°27ʹN, 10°11ʹW). We assessed how stress sensitivity differed among sibling groups and how genetic diversity of germling populations affected their stress tolerance. Warming increased growth rates of Fucus germlings in spring and in early summer, but led to higher photoinhibition in spring and decreased their survival in late summer. Acidification increased germlings' growth in summer but otherwise showed much weaker effects than warming. During the colder seasons (autumn and winter), growth was slow while survival was high compared to spring and summer, all at ambient temperatures. A pronounced variation in stress response among genetically different sibling groups (full-sib families) suggests a genotypic basis for this variation and thus a potential for adaptation for F. vesiculosus populations to future conditions. Corroborating this, survival in response to warming in populations with higher diversity was better than the mean survival of single sibling groups. We conclude that impacts on early life-stages depend on the combination of stressors and season and that genetic variation is crucial for the tolerance to global change stress.

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (Atlas Hydrosweep DS 3 echo sounder entire dataset) of RV POLARSTERN during cruise PS116, Atlantic Ocean

Multibeam data were collected during RV Polarstern cruise PS116 (2018-11-11 to 2018-12-11). Multibeam sonar system was Atlas Hydrographic Hydrosweep DS 3 multibeam echo sounder. Data are processed with Caris HIPS, including sound velocity correction with SV data from SVPs, UCTDs and World Ocean Atlas 13 (https://doi.org/10.7289/v5f769gt), tidal correction with TPXO9_atlas_v5 (https://www.tpxo.net), and manual cleaning. The soundings are combined in daily files, the format is XYZ ASCII (<Lon> <Lat> <Depth in meters, positive up, relative to mean sea level>). Additional blockmedian grids have been computed with depth dependent cell size to visualize the data. These grids are not meant for scientific analysis or navigation, but for overview purposes only.

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (Atlas Hydrosweep DS 2 echo sounder entire dataset) of RV POLARSTERN during cruise ANT-XVIII/1 (PS58), Atlantic Ocean

Multibeam data were collected during RV Polarstern cruise ANT-XVIII/1 (2000-09-29 to 2000-10-23). Multibeam sonar system was Atlas Hydrographic Hydrosweep DS 2 multibeam echo sounder. Data are processed with Caris HIPS, including sound velocity correction by cross fan calibration, tidal correction with TPXO9_atlas_v5 (https://www.tpxo.net), and manual cleaning. The soundings are combined in daily files, the format is XYZ ASCII (<Lon> <Lat> <Depth in meters, positive up, relative to mean sea level>). Additional grids have been computed with depth dependent cell size to visualize the data. These grids are not meant for scientific analysis or navigation, but for overview purposes only.

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (Atlas Hydrosweep DS 3 echo sounder entire dataset) of RV POLARSTERN during cruise PS127, Atlantic Ocean

Multibeam data were collected during RV Polarstern cruise PS127 (2021-12-04 to 2022-01-02). Multibeam sonar system was Atlas Hydrographic Hydrosweep DS 3 multibeam echo sounder. Data are processed with Caris HIPS, including sound velocity correction with SV data from SVPs, CTDs, UCTDs and World Ocean Atlas 13 (https://doi.org/10.7289/v5f769gt), tidal correction with TPXO9_atlas_v5 (https://www.tpxo.net), and manual cleaning. The soundings are combined in daily files, the format is XYZ ASCII (<Lon> <Lat> <Depth in meters, positive up, relative to mean sea level>). Additional blockmedian grids have been computed with depth dependent cell size to visualize the data. These grids are not meant for scientific analysis or navigation, but for overview purposes only.

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