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Counts of seabirds, marine mammals and other megafauna during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXIX/1

Please note: Abstract created by PANGAEA data editor using Jungblut et al. (2017). Marine top predators (seabirds, marine mammals and other megafauna) were counted during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXIX/1 passing the east Atlantic from Bremerhaven to Cape Town in fall 2012. Continuous half-hour transect counts were conducted by two observers from the bridge, situated approximately 18 meters above sea level, throughout daylight hours and while the vessel maintained its traveling speed (see Joiris & Falck 2011). Due to the width of the bridge, observations were limited to a 90° angle from the bow to one side, as it was impractical for one observer to simultaneously cover both sides. Species were initially identified with the naked eye and confirmed using binoculars (8 – 10 times magnification). Photos were used in retrospect to help identify rare or hard to classify specimens. Individuals following or circling around the ship were only counted once in a 30 min interval (i.e. during one 'transect count'). Water temperature and salinity were continuously and automatically recorded by a thermo-salinometer installed at the keel of the Polarstern (approximately 10 meters below sea level). Depth data were obtained either from the vessel's echosounder or hydrosweep. Data extraction was carried out from the DShip data system on board.

Electron Transport System (ETS) Assay in the Atlantic Ocean

This dataset comprises measurements of microbial community respiration, derived from electron transport system (ETS) activity assays, in discrete water samples collected with Niskin bottles. ETS activity (mmol O2 m⁻³ d⁻¹) was determined enzymatically as a proxy for aerobic microbial and planktonic respiration, and respiratory oxygen consumption (RO2, mmol O2 m⁻³ d⁻¹) was subsequently calculated by applying respiration-to-ETS conversion factors of 0.75 for samples from the epipelagic zone and 0.086 for samples from the mesopelagic zone. Each of the 219 sampling stations was additionally assigned to an open-ocean biogeochemical province following the classification of Reygondeau et al. (2018). Samples were collected at depths ranging from 5 m to 4539 m water depth during thirteen research cruises carried out between November 2006 and April 2025: RODA-I (2006), RODA-II (2007), CAIBEX and CAIBOX (2009), HOTMIX and PUMP (2014), FLUXES I (2017), TRATLEQ1/M158 (2019), e-IMPACT1 and e-IMPACT2 (2022), APERO (2023), MICOLOR2 (2024) and OceanICU (2025). The combined geographical coverage extends across the eastern boundary upwelling system off northwest Africa (Canary Upwelling System, Cape Blanc, Canary Eddy Corridor), the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre, the equatorial Atlantic, and a transect across the eastern South Atlantic and equatorial Atlantic between Walvis Bay (Namibia) and the Canary Islands; the HOTMIX cruise additionally sampled the eastern Mediterranean Sea before transiting into the Atlantic.

Mean Deep Ocean volume-weighted stacks

Mean Deep Ocean stacked records weighted by ocean basin volume are also provided for: benthic δ18O, MDOT and δ18Oseawater and compiled from records described for the non-weighted stacks. The weighted stacks were created using basin weights defined using fixed deep ocean volume fractions following the volumetric approach of Lisiecki and Stern (2016) (see their Table S2), and renormalised to unity at each time step to reflect the ocean volume represented by the available records.

Atlantic, Pacific and Mean Deep Ocean temperature and δ¹⁸Oseawater stacks

Stacked deep-water (>2500m) deconvolved benthic Mg/Ca–δ18O records spanning the past 1.5 Myr for: the North Atlantic comprising IODP Site U1385 [Uvigerina peregrina and Globobulimina affinis] and DSDP Site 607 [Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, Oridorsalis umbonatus, and Uvigerina spp.] (Sosdian and Rosenthal, 2009; Ford et al., 2016); the Pacific incorporating ODP Sites 1123 [Uvigerina spp.] (Elderfield et al., 2012) and Site 1208 [Uvigerina spp.] (Ford and Raymo, 2020); and, Mean Deep Oceans including all of the above plus ODP Site 1094 [Melonis pompilioides] (Hasenfratz et al., 2019). To investigate changes in abyssal ocean density stratification across the Middle Pleistocene Transition estimates of deep-water temperature and δ18Oseawater were generated with error propagation using PSU Solver in MATLAB (Thirumalai, Quinn and Marino, 2016). PSU Solver-derived δ18O, temperature and δ18Oseawater records for each site were interpolated on a 3 kyr interval and bootstrapped. Stacks were manually created by first identifying gaps in each site's original data and then averaging the means and errors across each age interval.

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (Atlas Hydrosweep DS 3 echo sounder entire dataset) of RV POLARSTERN during cruise PS127, Atlantic Ocean

Multibeam data were collected during RV Polarstern cruise PS127 (2021-12-04 to 2022-01-02). Multibeam sonar system was Atlas Hydrographic Hydrosweep DS 3 multibeam echo sounder. Data are processed with Caris HIPS, including sound velocity correction with SV data from SVPs, CTDs, UCTDs and World Ocean Atlas 13 (https://doi.org/10.7289/v5f769gt), tidal correction with TPXO9_atlas_v5 (https://www.tpxo.net), and manual cleaning. The soundings are combined in daily files, the format is XYZ ASCII (<Lon> <Lat> <Depth in meters, positive up, relative to mean sea level>). Additional blockmedian grids have been computed with depth dependent cell size to visualize the data. These grids are not meant for scientific analysis or navigation, but for overview purposes only.

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (EM 1002 echosounder entire dataset) of RV MARIA S. MERIAN during cruise MSM32

Bathymetry data was acquired during R/V MARIA S. MERIAN cruise MSM32 in the northeastern Atlantic between 25.09.2013 and 30.10.2013. The cruise aimed to gain a better understanding of the Agadir Canyon. To investigate why some submarine landslides remain as coherent blocks of sediment throughout their passage downslope, while others mix and disintegrate almost immediately after initial failure MSM32 combined seismic, hydroacoustic and sidescan surveys [DOI: 10.2312/cr_msm32]. CI Citation: Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de) as responsible party for bathymetry raw data ingest and approval. During the MSM32 cruise, the moonpooled KONGSBERG EM1002 multibeam echosounder (MBES) was utilized to perform bathymetric mapping in shallow depths. 111 beams are formed for each ping while the seafloor is detected using amplitude and phase information for each beam sounding. For further information on the system, consult https://www.km.kongsberg.com/. During the cruise, the swath width was adjusted manually to get the best compromise between coverage and data quality with changing water depth and sea state [DOI: 10.2312/cr_msm32]. Responsible person during this cruise / PI: P. Feldens. Postprocessing and products were conducted by the Seafloor-Imaging & Mapping group of MARUM/FB5, responsible person Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de). The open source software MB-System (Caress, D. W., and D. N. Chayes, MB-System: Mapping the Seafloor, https://www.mbari.org/products/research-software/mb-system, 2017) was utilized for this purpose. A sound velocity correction profile was applied to the MSM32 data; there were no further corrections for roll, pitch and heave applied during postprocessing. A tide correction was applied, based on the Oregon State University (OSU) tidal prediction software (OTPS) that is retrievable through MB-System. CTD measurements during the cruise were sufficient to represent the changes in the sound velocity throughout the study area. Using Mbeditviz, artefacts were cleaned manually. NetCDF (GMT) grids of the edited data as well as statistics were created with mbgrid. The published bathymetric EM1002 grid of the cruise MSM32 has a resolution of 35 m. No total propagated uncertainty (TPU) has been calculated to gather vertical or horizontal accuracy. A higher resolution is, at least partly, achievable. The grid extended with _num represents a raster dataset with the statistical number of beams/depths taken into account to create the depth of the cell. The extended _sd -grid contains the standard deviation for each cell. The DTMs projections are given in Geographic coordinate system Lat/Lon; Geodetic Datum: WGS84.

GTS Bulletin: FEAE55 EDZW - Forecast (details are described in the abstract)

The FEAE55 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (F): Forecast T1T2 (FE): Extended A1A2 (AE): South-East Asia (Remarks from Volume-C: FORECAST (5 DAYS) FOR THE EASTERN ATLANTIC (IN GERMAN))

Multi Element- und Isotopenanalyse geochemischer/klimatologischer Archive

Die zeitliche und räumliche Rekonstruktion der Intensitätsschwankungen der Klimaphänomene mit Fernwirkung wie die El Nino/La Nina-Ereignisse, der Nordatlantischen Oszillation und des Monsun-Phänomens, die einen nachhaltigen Einfluss auf das globale Klima/Wettergeschehen haben, sind von großem sozio-ökonomischen Interesse. Jedoch sind die Intensitätsschwankungen bisher weder zeitlich noch räumlich ausreichend erfasst, um eindeutige Aussagen über die Bedeutung dieser Phänomene für die Vergangenheit und die Zukunft des globalen Klimageschehens zu machen. Die Ursache ist u.a. darin zu suchen, dass die notwendigen 'Proxie-Daten' zur zeitlichen und räumlichen Charakterisierung dieser Phänomene weder simultan noch in ausreichender zeitlicher und räumlicher Dichte aufgenommen werden konnten. Die neueren instrumentell-analytischen Fortschritte in der Massenspektrometrie durch die Kombination von Thermionenmassenspektrometrie (TIMS) mit der ICPMS-Technik erlaubt nun die simultane und präzise Messung von Element- und Isotopenverhältnissen bei hohem Probendurchsatz. Hinzu kommt, dass jetzt Element- und Isotopenverhältnisse gemessen werden können, die sich bisher nur mit hohem analytischem Aufwand oder gar nicht haben bestimmen lassen. Mit Hilfe dieser neuen Technik wollen wir räumlich hochaufgelöste Zeitreihen simultan gemessener 'Proxies' für den westlichen und östlichen Indischen Ozean aufnehmen, um die Perioden und Intensitätsschwankungen der großen klimatischen Phänomene mit Fernwirkung zu studieren und zu vergleichen.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1266: Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), Schwerpunktprogramm SPP 1266: Integrierte Analyse zwischeneiszeitlicher Klimadynamik (Interdynamik)

Das Schwerpunktprogramm setzt sich zum Ziel, das Verständnis der Klimadynamik anhand quantitativer Untersuchungen des Paläoklimas im Hinblick auf zukünftige Klimaprognosen zu verbessern. INTERDYNAMIK verfolgt einen integrativen Ansatz der Paläoklimaforschung, in dem alle verfügbaren Paläoklimaarchive (terrestrische und marine sowie Eisbohrkerne) miteinander verknüpft werden sollen, um zu einer möglichst umfassenden, quantitativen Analyse globaler Umweltvariationen zu gelangen. Darüber hinaus wird eine enge Verzahnung von Paläoklimarekonstruktionen mit Ergebnissen aus der Erdsystemmodellierung weitreichende Einblicke in die Dynamik von Klimavariationen liefern, die von großer Relevanz für eine Abschätzung zukünftiger Klimaveränderungen sind. Die Untersuchungen sollen auf spätpleistozäne Warmzeiten (inklusive deren Beginn und Ende) im vorindustriellen Zeitraum bis circa eine Million Jahre vor heute beschränkt sein. Im Hinblick auf die globalen Aspekte des Klimawandels wird der Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen in INTERDYNAMIK auf globalen und überregionalen (z. B. kontinent- und beckenweiten) Skalen liegen. Die folgenden Schlüsselfragen werden im Zentrum der Untersuchungen stehen: (1) Welche Amplitude haben natürliche Klimavariationen auf Zeitskalen von einigen Jahren bis Jahrtausenden? (2) Wie verändern sich Klimavariabilitätsmuster in Zeit und Raum? (3) Treten abrupte Änderungen der großskaligen Ozeanzirkulation im Atlantik in Interglazialen auf? (4) Welche biogeochemischen Rückkopplungsmechanismen bestimmen die natürlichen Grenzen der atmosphärischen Treibhausgas- und Aerosolkonzentration? (5) Welche Wechselwirkungen existieren zwischen Klima und vorindustriellen Kulturen?. Grundlage für die Bearbeitung dieser Fragestellungen bildet die Kombination zeitlich hochauflösender Klimainformationen aus Eisbohrkernen, marinen und terrestrischen Archiven mit einer modernen Erdsystemmodellierung. INTERDYNAMIK sieht ausschließlich sogenannte Dual+-Verbundprojekte vor, in denen mindestens zwei der Forschungsfelder Eisbohrkerne, marine Archive, terrestrische Archive und Erdsystemmodellierung vertreten sein müssen. Über die Dual+-Projekte wird eine enge disziplinen- und ortsübergreifende Zusammenarbeit von universitären und außeruniversitären Arbeitsgruppen angestrebt.

Modeled environmental data-layers and changes predicted under RCP2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 for the deep Atlantic Ocean

The data layers provided show current values for seawater temperature, pH, calcite and aragonite saturation (%), oxygen concentration, and particulate organic carbon (POC) flux to the seafloor at different depths (500, 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000m) at the present day (1951-2000) and changes in these variables expected between 2041-2060 and 2081-2100 under different RCP scenarios. The data layers were generated following the methods described in Levin et al. (2020). In short, in 2019, we obtained the present day and future ocean projections for the different years which were compiled from all available data generated by Earth Systems Models as part of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Three Earth System Models, including GFDL‐ESM‐2G, IPSL‐CM5A‐MR, and MPI‐ESM‐MR were collected and multi-model averages of temperature, pH, O2 , export production at 100-m depth (epc100), carbonate ion concentration (co3), and carbonate ion concentration for seawater in equilibrium with aragonite (co3satarg) and calcite (co3satcalc) were calculated. The epc100 was converted to export POC flux at the seafloor using the Martin curve (Martin et al., 1987) following the equation: POC flux = export production*(depth/export depth)0.858. The export depth was set to 100 m, and the water depth using the ETOPO1 Global Relief Model (Amante and Eakins, 2008). Seafloor aragonite and calcite saturation were computed by dividing co3 by co3satarg and co3satcalc. All variableswere reported as the inter-annual mean projections between 1951-2000, 2041-2060, and 2081-2100. The data for calcite and aragonite saturation can be found in Morato et al. (2020).

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