Das australische Umweltministerium sieht die Artenvielfalt in Australien durch verwilderte Katzen bedroht. Deshalb verkündete der australische Umweltminister Greg Hunt am 16. Juli 2015 auf einer nationalen Konferenz für bedrohte Tierarten, dass u.a. in den nächsten 5 Jahren 2 Millionen verwilderte Hauskatzen getötet werden sollen. Nach Angaben des Umweltministerium sind Katzen für das Aussterben von 27 einheimischen Tierarten mitverantwortlich, 120 weitere Tierarten seien bedroht. Die heimische Tierwelt müsse vor einem vom Menschen eingeschleppten Raubtier geschützt werden, sagte Hunt. Fünf Inseln sowie zehn Gebiete auf dem Festland sollen als Sicherheitszonen ganz von Katzen befreit werden. Die Katzen kamen im 17. Jahrhundert mit den Siedlern nach Australien. Rund 30 Millionen wilde Katzen sollen frei in der australischen Wildnis leben.
Systemraum: Gewinnung als Nebenprodukt bei der Kupfergewinnung bis Rohmetall Geographischer Bezug: Weltmix Zeitlicher Bezug: 2004 Weitere Informationen: Fällt als Nebenprodukt bei der Gewinnung von Kupfer an. Ausnahme: China Die Bereitstellung von Investionsgütern wird in dem Datensatz nicht berücksichtigt. Allgemeine Informationen zur Förderung und Herstellung: Art der Förderung: Gewinnung aus Anodenschlamm Roherz-Förderung: USA 7,9% Australien 5,7% Chile 35,5% China 5,9% Indonesien 5,4% Peru 6,9% Kupfererz im Jahr 2006 Rohmetall-Herstellung (As2O3): China 50,2% Chile 19,7% Marokko 11,5% Peru 5,9% Abraum: k.A. Produktionsmenge: 59800t As2O3 Reserven: 1196000t As2O3 Statische Reichweite: 20a
Systemraum: Erzgewinnung Tantalit und Niobit und Aufkonzentrierung Geographischer Bezug: Weltmix Zeitlicher Bezug: 2000 - 2004 Weitere Informationen: Niob- und Tantalkonzentrat mit 57,6% Nb2O5 und 1,88% Ta2O5 Die Bereitstellung von Investionsgütern wird in dem Datensatz nicht berücksichtigt. Allgemeine Informationen zur Förderung: Art der Förderung: Tagebau/Untertagebau Roherz-Förderung: Brasilien 88,0% Kanada 10,2%; Australien 61,4% Brasilien 18,1% Mosambik 5,8% Äthiopien 5,1% Nb im Jahr 2004; Ta im Jahr 2006 Abraum: k.A.t/t Fördermenge: 33900; 1384,1t Nb-Gehalt; t Ta-Gehalt Reserven: 4400000; 43000t Nb-Gehalt; t Ta-Gehalt Statische Reichweite: 129,8; 31,1a
Within the framework of the research project SINDBAD (Seismic and Geoacoustic Investigations Along the Sunda-Banda Arc Transition) marine geophysical investigations have been carried out with RV SONNE from October 9th, 2006, to November 9th, 2006, off the eastern Sunda Arc and at the transition to the Banda Arc in Indonesia. The research cruise SO190 Leg 1 started in Jakarta, Indonesia and ended in Darwin, Australia. During this cruise, multichannel seismics (MCS), magnetics (M), and gravimetry (G) measurements have been carried out. Simultaneously, SIMRAD (multibeam echosounder) and PARASOUND (sediment echosounder) data have been collected using RV SONNEs onboard systems. During the expedition, a total of 4,933 km of profiles with MCS, M, and G have been acquired. Six of the 20 profiles are long overview profiles perpendicular to the deformation front and cover the entire forearc from the forearc basin across the outer arc high, the deformation front onto the oceanic lithosphere. Additional profiles have been acquired along strike in the Lombok forearc basin and in the Savu Basin. The main goal of the project SINDBAD is to investigate the relation between the variability of the lower plate and the tectonic evolution of the overriding plate (formation of an outer arc high, development of forearc basins, and accretion and erosion processes of the overriding plate). The "raw materials" – seafloor sediments, oceanic crust (at the Banda Arc also continental crust) and mantle lithosphere – are carried into the subduction system at the trench. The influence of these "raw materials" on the overriding plate is controlled by a number of factors: e.g. the convergence rate, the obliqueness of convergence and the physical and chemical properties of the lower plate (e.g. its age, its sediment-cover and –thickness, its fluid content and the composition of the crust). Forearc basins are today attracting increased attention because of their hydrocarbon potential. The forearc basins of the eastern Sunda Arc are still frontier areas which are almost unexplored. An additional goal of this project is therefore the assessment of the hydrocarbon potential of the Lombok Basin. In contrast to the Sumatra subduction zone, only a small amount of pelagic sediment is carried into the subduction system offshore East Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa and Sumba. This results e.g. in a less pronounced development of the outer arc high, which is subaerial off Sumatra, but entirely below the sea surface in the eastern Sunda Arc. The Roo Rise, which is subducting off East Java, is a morphological high that lies about 1500 m higher than the Argo Abyssal Plain which is subducting further to the east. Despite of these pronounced differences, the deformation front in both areas shows similarities. While the foot of the slope shows lower dip than the upper slope, both areas are characterized by landward dipping thrust sheets. In both areas the outer arc high is characterized by active faults (the recent activity is indicated by deformed basin sediments on the outer arc high) and therefore no indications for a static backstop have been found. The accretionary character of the deformation front is clearly indicated in both areas, while subrosion in association with the subsidence of the Lombok Basin can not be excluded based on the preliminary interpretations. The trench in both areas is devoid of sediments, which indicates erosional processes caused by currents along the trench strike. However, a depocenter for these sediments could not be localized yet. While a forearc basin is not clearly developed off East Java, the Lombok forearc basin with water depths of more than 4000 m extends from off Bali to off Sumbawa. On the southern slope of the basin prograding sedimentary sequences indicate uplift, probably caused by the subducting Roo Rise or a growth of the outer arc high. Additionally, carbonate platforms on the acoustic basement indicate phases of rapid subsidence of the basin. The sediment thickness reaches a total of about 3.5 sec TWT. A few seismic "bright spots", but no bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) have been identified in the basin. The profiles striking along the basin axis indicate paleo-depocenters in the western part of the profile, while the recent depocenter is located in the eastern part of the basin. On the northern flank of the Lombok basin, indications for submarine volcanism (recent activity is unknown) are indicated by a seamount reaching above the seafloor associated with a clear magnetic anomaly. East of the Lombok Basin the island of Sumba is located, which is regarded as a microcontinent that has been attached to the island arc during the Late Oligocene. Sumbas geographical location in front of the island arc is usually characterized by the location of a forearc basin and correlates with the seaward displacement of the deformation front (Roti Basin) at the transition from ocean/island arc subduction of the Sunda Arc to continent/island arc collision of the Banda Arc. An uplift of about 0.5 cm/a is reported for Sumba, associated with the underplating of the continental Scott Plateau. The uplift is especially evident in the MCS data. To the east of the Lombok Basin depocenter, a transition zone with deep reaching faults is observed, associated with eastward dipping sedimentary and basement structures. This transition zone is also indicated by anomalies in the magnetic and gravity data, the latter indicating isostatic undercompensation. On the western flank of Sumba, deformed sedimentary sequences indicate gravitational gliding in association with the uplift of Sumba. East of Sumba, two profiles into the Savu Basin have been acquired. Here the uplift of Sumba is indicated by the erosion of sedimentary sequences which have been deposited in the basin followed by uplift and subsequent erosion. Further indications of "inversion structures" are given by a reactivated thrust fault that in the past has served as the southern boundary of the Savu Basin und indicates recent activity by associated deformed basin sediments. The oceanic crust of the Argo Abyssal Plain and the Roo Rise is characterized by thin sediments. On a connection profile between two long profiles on the Argo Abyssal Plain a basin with about 1.4 sec TWT of sediment has been observed, that, indicated by a magnetic anomaly, can be correlated with an age jump of about 15 Ma, thereby indicating a paleo plate boundary.
In the period from October 16, 1978 to December 9, 1978 geophysical investigations have been carried out on SONNE cruises SO-7A and SO-7B on the Lord Howe Rise off eastern Australia and in the northern Coral Sea by the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (Hannover) in co-operation with the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology & Geophysics (Canberra), Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (Wellington), Geological Survey of Papua New Guinea (Port Moresby). A total of 10,500 km of bathymetric, magnetic and gravity profiles, 7,000 km of digital seismic reflection profiles and 50 sonobuoy refraction profiles were recorded during this survey. Objective of cruise SO-7A was to determine the depth and nature of the basement of the Lord Howe Rise, the configuration of the early rift basin, and the thickness and internal structure of the enclosed sediments. A new sea-mount in the southern Norfolk Basin rising some 2200 m above sea floor characterized by a free air anomaly of about 80 mgal and by a magnetic anomaly of some 500 nT was found. A complex horst and graben zone often associated with volcanic intrusions underlies the western flank of the Lord Howe Rise. Within some grabens the "breakup"-unconformity seems to exist, supporting the model that the Lord Howe Rise and the Dampier Ridge were once part of the Australian continent. The thickness of pre-breakup sediments is normally small on the Lord Howe Rise. Only in some grabens the thickness of these sediments exceeds 1 second reflection time. The Oligocene/Eocene unconformity and a Miocene unconformity are clearly recognizable in all our seismic records. Best explanation of these unconformities seems to be relative falls in sea level due to swelling and subsidences of oceanic crust. Strong variations in the character of the acoustic basement have been observed. Besides blocks with flat-lying acoustic basement zones with hummocky and irregular basement surface exist which may relate to areas of stretched continental basement contaminated by basaltic intrusions. The eastern edge of the Lord Howe Rise is characterized by an edge anomaly rising to +1000 nT. The general magnetic and gravity features of the western flank of Lord Howe Rise and the Dampier Ridge are: A generally quiet magnetic field with isolated large anomalies, consistent with the faulted acoustic basement of low or moderate susceptibility, with low susceptibility, dense intrusives in places, and also high susceptibility intrusions or flows. Gravimetric/magnetic "edge anomalies" between the outer and western edge of the Lord Howe/Dampier Ridge and the Tasman Sea are apparently absent. The objective of cruise SO-7B was to search for marginal graben zones off the Queensland and Papuan Plateaus associated with the initial rifting of the Coral Sea Basin. In the seismic records at least two regional unconformities are recognizable which represent periods of erosion or non-deposition during Oligocene/Eocene respectively in Miocene time. Further an older unconformity exists in block-faulted regions of the Queensland and Papuan Plateaus. Beneath the present continental slopes the Miocene and Oligocene/Eocene unconformities lie close together and are sometimes coincident. The transition from oceanic crust of the Coral Sea Basin to continental crust of the Queensland and Papuan Plateaus occurs in the surveyed area over a narrow ( 50 km) zone and is associated with a sediment filled graben. The graben-zone observed beneath the present slope of the Queensland and Papuan Plateaus contains more than 2 sec (reflection time) thick sediments of pre-Oligocene/Eocene age. The oceanic crust, as it approaches the plateaus, either rapidly deepens or abruptly stops and/or changes its seismic character so as not to be recognizable. In the seismic records from the outer part and slope of the Queensland and Papuan Plateaus, 5 to 10 km wide, convex, reflectionless zones exist. These features are interpreted as drowned fossil reefs. All observed reefs lie beneath the Oligocene/Eocene unconformity indicating these present deep-water areas were at shallow depths in pre-Eocene time. In the surveyed area post-Oligocene fossil reefs do not exist suggesting these areas were already at upper bathyal depths in the Oligocene. Assuming a seismic velocity for reefal material of 4000 m/s, the reefs on the outer Papuan Plateau have an approximate thickness of 3000 meters. Assuming a reef-growth rate of 25 m/m.y. the growth of the reefs started in upper Jurassic time (120 m.y. + 29 m.y. (assumed age of the Oligocene/Eocene unconformity) yields to 149 m.y.). The basement of the Papuan and Queensland Plateaus is probably crystalline Paleozoic rocks. This is suggested for the Queensland Plateau in particular by their relatively shallow depth, refraction velocities of 6.0 - 6.3 km/s (Ewing et al.) and 5.0 (this survey) and high intensity magnetics. A complex system of horst and graben structures exist on the Queensland and Papuan Plateaus. A larger graben appears to trend in an East-West direction on the southern Papuan Plateau. This graben is about 1 second (reflection time) deep and varies in width from 5 to 20 km.
On the first leg of SONNE cruise SO-36 in the period from 11th February to 12th March 1985, geophysical investigations have been carried out on the Lord Howe Rise off eastern Australia by the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) in co-operation with the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Canberra. A total of 3,660 km of digital seismic reflection profiles, 6,740 km of gravity, magnetics, multibeam echosounder and sub-bottom profiler profiles, as well as 8 sonobuoy refraction profiles were recorded during this survey. A geomagnetic monitoring station of the BGR was operated during a part of the cruise on Lord Howe Island under the supervision of the BMR. These measurements provided a detailed picture of the structures of the survey area of the Lord Howe Rise. The samples proved that the Lord Howe Rise and the Dampier Ridge west of it consist of continental crust. Indications for structures rich in hydrocarbons were not observed. The 2nd and 3rd leg of SONNE cruise SO-36 were designed to investigate the structure, geological development and hydrocarbon potential of two frontier areas, the western and southwestern continental margin of Tasmania and the South Tasman Rise. On the 2nd leg (12.03.-12.04.1985) multichannel seismic reflection measurements were carried out in parallel with magnetic, gravimetric, sea-beam and 3.5 kHz subbottom profiler measurements on 19 lines with a total length of 3,820 km. In addition, 2,140 km were surveyed with magnetics, gravity meter, sea-beam and 3.5 kHz subbottom profiler in transit from and to Sydney, respectively. On the 3rd leg, which started in Sydney on 12th April 1985 and ended in Suva/Fiji one month later, 63 stations were sampled by dredging and coring with the aim (a) to provide lithology and biostratigraphic information about the seismic sequences mapped during leg 2, and (b) to obtain geochemical evidence of hydrocarbon generation from the character of gases absorbed onto the surficial sediment. Samples came from 33 stations off Western Tasmania, from 23 stations on the South Tasman Rise, and from 7 stations in the region of the Lord Howe Rise and the Dampier Ridge. In transit to the sampling sites, 11 single channel seismic lines with a total length of 470 km were surveyed, and in addition, 4,230 km were surveyed with magnetics, gravity meter, sea-beam, and subbottom profiler. Seven regional seismic unconformities were recognized and sampled, and the structural style of both areas was established. Thermogenic hydrocarbons in substantial concentration were found in the surface sediments at the western Tasmanian slope.
Die 6. Vertragskonferenz fand vom 13. bis zum 24. November 2000 in Den Haag, Niederlande statt. Die Erwartungen an die sechste Vertragsstaatenkonferenz waren groß. In den Details des Kyoto-Protokolls, die auf COP 6 hätten geklärt werden sollen, kam es zwischen der so genannten "umbrella group" (USA, Australien, Kanada, Japan, Russland u. a.), der Gruppe der Entwicklungsländer und der Europäischen Union nicht zu einer Einigung. Daraufhin wurde eine Fortsetzung der Konferenz geplant, auf der ein halbes Jahr später ein neuer Einigungsversuch gestartet werden sollte.
Am 16. August 2010 starteten vier Teams aus Deutschland, Australien, Südkorea und der Schweiz am Sitz der Vereinten Nationen in Genf zu einer Reise mit Elektrofahrzeugen „in 80 Tagen rund um die Welt“. Etwa 30 000 Kilometer fahren die Elektromobile durch 16 Länder und besuchen auf ihrer Tour 150 Städte, um für alternative Energien und saubere Mobilität zu werben. Während der 16. UN-Klimakonferenz in Mexico ist auch ein Zwischenstopp in Cancun vorgesehen. Zielort ist im Januar 2011 dann wieder Genf. Organisator des emissionsfreien Rennens ist der Schweizer Louis Palmer, der 2008 mit seinem Solar-Taxi die Welt umrundet hat. Während der Tour beziehen die Elektrofahrzeuge ihren Strom aus der Steckdose. Zum Ausgleich mussten die Teams vorab genau diejenige Menge an Elektrizität aus erneuerbaren Energiequellen ins jeweilige Heimatnetz einspeisen, die dem Verbrauch des E-Mobils während der Reise entspricht. Schirmherren der Tour sind der Chef des UN- Umweltprogramms, Achim Steiner, und der Direktor des Internationalen Klimarats IPCC, Rajendra Pachauri.
Ökonomen haben die Wirtschaftsleistung des Great Barrier Riffs berechnet. Die Studie erfasste den wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Wert des Great Barrier Reef für das Land Australien. Das Ergebnis: "Zu groß, um zu scheitern", schreiben die Autoren der Great Barrier Reef Foundation in ihrem Bericht "Deloitte Access Economics", der am 26. Juni 2017 veröffentlicht wurde. "Mit 56 Milliarden australischen Dollar ist das Riff mehr als zwölf Sydney Opernhäuser wert", heißt es in einem Vergleich mit dem ebenso berühmten architektonischen Wahrzeichen der Millionenstadt Sydney. Allein für den Tourismus schlage das Great Barrier Reef mit einem Wert von 29 Millionen australischen Dollar zur Buche. Etwa 64.000 Arbeitsplätze seien an das Ökosystem gekoppelt.
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