technologyComment of iron ore beneficiation (IN): Milling and mechanical sorting. Average iron yield is 65% . The process so developed basically involves crushing, classification, processing of lumps, fines and slimes separately to produce concentrate suitable as lump and sinter fines and for pellet making. The quality is essentially defined as Fe contents, Level of SiO2 and Al2O3 contamination. The process aims at maximizing Fe recovery by subjecting the rejects/tailings generated from coarser size processing to fine size reduction and subsequent processing to recover iron values. technologyComment of iron ore beneficiation (RoW): Milling and mechanical sorting. Average iron yield is 84%. technologyComment of iron ore mine operation and beneficiation (CA-QC): Milling and mechanical sorting. Average iron yield is 75%. Specific data were collected on one of the two production site in Quebec. According to the documentation available, the technologies of the 2 mines seems similar. Uncertainity has been adjusted accordingly. technologyComment of niobium mine operation and beneficiation, from pyrochlore ore (BR, RoW): Open-pit mining is applied and hydraulic excavators are used to extract the ore with different grades, which is transported to stockpiles awaiting homogenization through earth-moving equipment in order to attain the same concentration. Conveyor belts (3.5 km) are utilized to transport the homogenized ore to the concentration unit. Initially, the ore passes through a jaw crusher and moves to the ball mills, where the pyrochlore grains (1 mm average diameter) are reduced to diameters less than 0.104 mm. In the ball mills, recycled water is added in order to i) granulate the concentrate and ii) remove the gas from the sintering unit. The granulated ore undergoes i) magnetic separation, where magnetite is removed and is sold as a coproduct and ii) desliming in order to remove fractions smaller than 5μm by utilizing cyclones. Then the ore enters the flotation process - last stage of the beneficiation process – where the pyrochlore particles come into contact with flotation chemicals (hydrochloric & fluorosilic acid, triethylamene and lime), thereby removing the solid fractions and producing pyrochlore concentrate and barite as a coproduct which is also sold. The produced concentrate contains 55% Nb2O5 and 11% water and moves to the sintering unit, via tubes or is transported in bags while the separated and unused minerals enter the tailings dam. In the sintering unit, the pyrochlore concentrate undergoes pelletizing, sintering, crushing and classification. These units not only accumulate the material but are also responsible for removing sulfur and water from the concentrate. Then the concentrate enters the dephosphorization unit, where phosphorus and lead are removed from the concentrate. The removal of sulphur and phosphorus have to be executed because of the local pyrochlore ore composition. Then the concentrate undergoes a carbothermic reduction by using charcoal and petroleum coke, producing a refined concentrate, 63% Nb2O5 and tailings with high lead content that are disposed in the tailings dam again. technologyComment of rare earth element mine operation and beneficiation, bastnaesite and monazite ore (CN-NM): Firstly, open pit, mining (drilling and blasting) is performed in order to obtain the iron ore and a minor quantity of rare earth ores (5−6 % rare earth oxide equivalent). Then, a two-step beneficiation process is applied to produce the REO concentrate. In the first step, ball milling and magnetic separation is used for the isolation of the iron ore. In the second step, the resulting REO tailing (containing monazite and bastnasite), is processed to get a 50% REO equivalent concentrate via flotation. technologyComment of rare earth oxides production, from rare earth oxide concentrate, 70% REO (CN-SC): This dataset refers to the separation (hydrochloric acid leaching) and refining (metallothermic reduction) process used in order to produce high-purity rare earth oxides (REO) from REO concentrate, 70% beneficiated. ''The concentrate is calcined at temperatures up to 600ºC to oxidize carbonaceous material. Then HCl leaching, alkaline treatment, and second HCl leaching is performed to produce a relatively pure rare earth chloride (95% REO). Hydrochloric acid leaching in Sichuan is capable of separating and recovering the majority of cerium oxide (CeO) in a short process. For this dataset, the entire quantity of Ce (50% cerium dioxide [CeO2]/REO) is assumed to be produced here as CeO2 with a grade of 98% REO. Foreground carbon dioxide CO2 emissions were calculated from chemical reactions of calcining beneficiated ores. Then metallothermic reduction produces the purest rare earth metals (99.99%) and is most common for heavy rare earths. The metals volatilize, are collected, and then condensed at temperatures of 300 to 400°C (Chinese Ministryof Environmental Protection 2009).'' Source: Lee, J. C. K., & Wen, Z. (2017). Rare Earths from Mines to Metals: Comparing Environmental Impacts from China's Main Production Pathways. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(5), 1277-1290. doi:10.1111/jiec.12491 technologyComment of scandium oxide production, from rare earth tailings (CN-NM): See general comment. technologyComment of vanadium-titanomagnetite mine operation and beneficiation (CN): Natural rutile resources are scarce in China. For that reason, the production of titanium stems from high-grade titanium slag, the production of which includes 2 processes: i) ore mining & dressing process and ii) titanium slag smelting process. During the ore mining and dressing process, ilmenite concentrate (47.82% TiO2) is produced through high-intensity magnetic separation of the middling ore, which is previously produced as a byproduct during the magnetic separation sub-process of the vanadium titano-magnetite ore. During the titanium slag smelting process, the produced ilmenite concentrate from the ore mining & dressing process is mixed with petroleum coke as the reducing agent and pitch as the bonding agent. Afterwards it enters the electric arc furnace, where it is smelted, separating iron from the ilmenite concentrate and obtaining high-grade titanium slag.
Information about acute fish toxicity is routinely required in many jurisdictions for environmental risk assessment of chemicals. This information is typically obtained using a 96-hour juvenile fish test for lethality according to OECD test guideline (TG) 203 or equivalent regional guidelines. However, TG 203 has never been validated using the criteria currently required for new test methods including alternative methods. Characterization of the practicality and validity of TG 203 is important to provide a benchmark for alternative methods. This contribution systematically summarizes the available knowledge on limitations and uncertainties of TG 203, based on methodological, statistical, and biological considerations. Uncertainties stem from the historic flexibility (e.g., use of a broad range of species) and constraints of the basic test design (e.g., no replication). Other sources of uncertainty arise from environmental safety extrapolation based on TG 203 data. Environmental extrapolation models, combined with data from alternative methods, including mechanistic indicators of toxicity, may provide at least the same level of environmental protection. Yet, most importantly, the 3R advantages of alternative methods allow a better standardization, characterization, and an improved basic study design. This can enhance data reliability and thus facilitate the comparison of chemical toxicity, as well as the environmental classifications and prediction of no-effect concentrations of chemicals. Combined with the 3R gains and the potential for higher throughput, a reliable assessment of more chemicals can be achieved, leading to improved environmental protection. Source: https://www.altex.org
Die zunehmende Nutzung von abgestorbenem Holz aus den Wäldern zum Heizen schont die Vorräte an fossilen Brennstoffen, aber sie reduziert den natürlichen Lebensraum für viele wichtige und auch seltene Organismen. Um auf dieses Dilemma hinzuweisen, hat die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Mykologie (DGfM) die Becherkoralle zum Pilz des Jahres 2015 gewählt. Die besonders schöne und ungewöhnliche Pilzart aus der Gruppe der Korallenpilze mit dem wissenschaftlichen Namen Artomyces pyxidatus braucht das Totholz von abgestorbenen Baumstämmen zum Überleben. Die Gesellschaft warnt, dass die Konsequenzen des Mehrbedarfs an Holz zur biologischen Verarmung der Wälder führen und damit über den positiven Effekt einer neutralen CO2-Bilanz weit hinausgehen.
Our paper first outlines the delimitation of environmental employment used in these studies, relating it to Eurostat’s CEPA and CReMA classifications. It then describes the approaches used to estimate environmental employment. Environmental employment originating from the production of environmental goods is estimated by a demand side approach based on environmental protection expenditure using Input-Output techniques. Environmental employment stemming from the provision of services is quantified by a supply side approach based on a large number of data sources on employment in establishments offering services which are beneficial for the environment. The paper explains which dimensions of environmental employment are presented in the above mentioned studies and concludes with some reflections on additional dimensions which may be of interest in further studies. Veröffentlicht in Umwelt, Innovation, Beschäftigung | 01/2015.
DWD’s fully automatic MOSMIX product optimizes and interprets the forecast calculations of the NWP models ICON (DWD) and IFS (ECMWF), combines these and calculates statistically optimized weather forecasts in terms of point forecasts (PFCs). Thus, statistically corrected, updated forecasts for the next ten days are calculated for about 5400 locations around the world. Most forecasting locations are spread over Germany and Europe. MOSMIX forecasts (PFCs) include nearly all common meteorological parameters measured by weather stations. For further information please refer to: [in German: https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/met_verfahren_mosmix/met_verfahren_mosmix.html ] [in English: https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/met_application_mosmix/met_application_mosmix.html ]
Die akute lymphoblastische Leukämie (ALL) ist eine bösartige Erkrankung des Knochenmarks, bei der lymphoide Vorläuferzellen aus weitestgehend unbekannter Ursache in einem frühen Differenzierungsstadium in ihrer Ausreifung blockiert sind. In diesem Vorhaben wurden mittels neuer Sequenziertechnologien in zehn ausgewählten ALLs - fünf Proben mit einer chromosomalen Translokation t(17;19) mit einer Fusion des Hepatic leukemia factor (HLF)-Gens mit dem TCF3-Gen sowie fünf mit einer chromosomalen Translokation t(1;19), die zu einer Fusion des Pre-B cell leukemic homeobox1 (PBX1)-Gens mit dem TCF3-Gen führt - Veränderungen des Genoms, Exoms, Transkriptoms, Methyloms und miRNoms umfassend systematisch analysiert. Rekurrente detektierte Veränderungen sind in weiteren ALL-Patientenproben validiert worden. TCF3-HLF-positive ALLs zeichneten sich in diesen Analysen durch eine Häufung an strukturellen Aberrationen in Genen mit Bedeutung für die lymphoide Differenzierung und aktivierende RAS-Signalweg-Mutationen aus, die in TCF3-PBX1-positiven ALLs nahezu abwesend waren. Weiterhin zeichnete sich die TCF3-HLF-positive ALL durch eine stammzellnahe Transkriptsignatur gegenüber der TCF3-PBX1-positiven ALL aus. In beiden Gruppen konnten Aberrationen des nicht-translozierten TCF3-Allels als neues rekurrentes Merkmal der ALL im Kindesalter beschrieben werden. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass neue Sequenziertechnologien detaillierte Einblicke in das Zusammenspiel molekularer Aberration bei der ALL im Kindesalters erlauben und damit eine Grundlage für ein besseres Verständnis ihrer Pathobiologie schaffen //ABSTRACT// Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a malignant disease of the bone marrow, characterised by a poorly understood early-stage differentiation block of lymphoid progenitor cells. In this project employing new sequencing technologies, ten selected ALLs - five ALLs with a chromosomal translocation t(17;19), leading to a gene fusion of hepatic leukaemia factor (HLF) with TCF3, and five with a chromosomal translocation t(1;19), leading to a gene fusion of the pre-B homeobox 1 (PBX1) gene with TCF3 gene - were analysed for changes in the genome, exome, transcriptome, methylome, and miRNom. Recurrent changes were validated in additional ALL patient samples. TCF3-HLF-positive ALLs were characterised by an accumulation of structural aberrations affecting genes with importance for lymphoid differentiation and activating RAS pathway mutations - both of which were almost absent in TCF3-PBX1-positive ALLs. Furthermore, TCF3-HLF-positive ALL was characterised by a stem cell-like transcript signature when compared to TCF3-PBX1-positive ALL. In both subgroups aberrations of the non-translocated TCF3 allele were detected as a new recurrent lesion in pediatric ALL. Overall, the results indicate that new sequencing technologies allow detailed insight into the interplay of molecular aberrations in childhood ALL and, thus, provide a basis for a better understanding of their pathobiology.
EDC is produced industrially by the chlorination of ethylene, either directly with chlorine or by using hydrogen chloride (HCl). In practice, both routes are carried out together, the HCl stems from the cracking of EDC to vinyl chloride. HCl from other processes can also be used. The major outlet is for the production of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM). There are both integrated EDC / VCM plants as well as stand-alone EDC plants. In 1997, European production of EDC was 9.4 million tons, according to (IPPC Chemicals, 2002). This makes it Europe’s most produced halogenated product. Global demand is expected to grow at roughly 6% per year in the short run, while future growth depends on the global demand for PVC. Major plants with capacities greater than 600’000 tons per year are located in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Norway, the US, Canada, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Japan and Taiwan. Available data from production sites often refer to the entire EDC/VCM chain and do not differentiate between the production lines. There is some information on stand-alone sites, however, and this data forms the basis for part of the inventory developed in this report. EDC can be produced by two routes, both involving the chlorination of ethylene. One route involves direct chlorination, the other is carried out with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and oxygen. In practice, both routes are carried out together. This study includes an average of the available literature data from both routes. EDC by direct chlorination of ethylene: C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2 Yield on ethylene 96-98% / on chlorine 98% Liquid chlorine and pure ethylene are reacted in the presence of a catalyst (ferric chloride). The chlorination reaction can be carried out at low or high temperature. In the low-temperature process takes place at 20 ºC – 70 ºC. The reaction is exothermic and heat exchangers are needed. The advantage of this process is that there are few by-products. The high-temperature process takes place at 100 ºC – 150 ºC. The heat generated is used to distill the EDC, which conserves energy. the reaction product consists of more than 99% EDC, the rest being chlorinated hydrocarbons that are removed with the light ends and then combusted or sold. EDC by direct chlorination of ethylene: C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2 Yield on ethylene 96-98% / on chlorine 98% Liquid chlorine and pure ethylene are reacted in the presence of a catalyst (ferric chloride). The chlorination reaction can be carried out at low or high temperature. In the low-temperature process takes place at 20 ºC – 70 ºC. The reaction is exothermic and heat exchangers are needed. The advantage of this process is that there are few by-products. The high-temperature process takes place at 100 ºC – 150 ºC. The heat generated is used to distill the EDC, which conserves energy. Tthe reaction product consists of more than 99% EDC, the rest being chlorinated hydrocarbons that are removed with the light ends and then combusted or sold. EDC by chlorination and oxychlorination: C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2 (1) C2H4 + 1/2 O2 + 2HCl C2H4Cl2 + H2O (2) Yield on ethylene 93-97% / on HCl 96-99% Pure ethylene and hydrogen chloride are heated and mixed with oxygen. The reaction occurs at 200 ºC – 300 ºC at 4-6 bar in the presence of a catalyst (cupric chloride). After reaction the gases are quenched with water. The acid and water are removed, the gases are cooled and the organic layer is washed and dried. If air is used instead of oxygen, the reaction is easier to control. However, oxygen-based processes operate at lower temperatures, reducing vent gas volume. By-products are ethyl chloride, 1,1,2-trichloromethane and chloral (trichloroacetaldehyde). Thermal cracking of EDC: Thermal cracking of dry, pure EDC produces VCM and HCl. Often all the HCl generated in the cracking section is reused in producing EDC by oxychlorination. Plants that exhibit this characteristic and also do not export EDC are called “balanced”. The balanced process is the common process used as a Best Available Technology benchmark. C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2 (Chlorination of ethylene to EDC) C2H4Cl CH2CHCl + HCl (Cracking of EDC to form VCM) C2H4 + 1/2 O2 + 2HCl C2H4Cl2 + H2O (Oxychlorination route to EDC) Reference: IPPC Chemicals, 2002 European Commission, Directorate General, Joint Research Center, “Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Large Volume Organic Chemical Industry”, February 2002 Wells, 1999 G. Margaret Wells, “Handbook of Petrochemicals and Processes”, 2nd edition, Ashgate, 1999
From February onwards, the Bundesgesellschaft für Endlagerung (BGE) is expanding its exploratory work east of the Asse II mine. The two new boreholes will represent an important step towards the retrieval of radioactive waste, which is expected to begin in 2033. The BGE will use these boreholes to make a more detailed examination of the subsurface to the east of the Asse II mine, where it plans to build the retrieval mine. This will include the new Asse 5 shaft, which will then be used to bring the radioactive waste to the surface as part of retrieval operations. “The newly launched exploration programme will provide us with further insights into the conditions present deep underground. This will allow us to firm up our plans and provide the necessary factual basis for the licensing documents,” says Dr Thomas Lautsch, Technical Managing Director of the BGE. These insights into the deep underground will help to improve safety. For example, the BGE needs to know where water-bearing structures are located in order to deliberately avoid them in its future work. 1,000 metres of depth: data and facts relating to the new Asse boreholes The two new exploratory boreholes have been given the project names Remlingen 15-S1 (R15-S1) and Remlingen 15-S2 (R15-S2) and will each reach a length of around 1,100 metres. The planned depth is around 1,000 metres below the surface of the ground. The names of the boreholes stem from the fact that they will be formed as deviations (at a depth of around 265 metres) from the existing R15 exploratory borehole. The first deviation (R15-S1) will run towards the south-east at an angle of around 30 degrees, while the second (R15-S2) will be constructed from R15-S1 and run towards the north-east. Both boreholes will be constructed using the “core drilling” technique following successful orientation of the drilling tracks. The purpose of this core drilling is to obtain rock samples (drilling cores) for inspection, which will provide more precise information about the geological conditions deep underground. The BGE needs this vital information for its further planning work. What happens next: drilling schedule at the Asse mine The drilling and inspection programme is planned to take around six months. Preparatory work at the drilling site has been underway since 11 January 2021. In the first step, the working area has been set up at the existing drilling site of the exploratory borehole R15. The drilling rig will be delivered and assembled from 25 January 2021 onwards. The actual drilling work is expected to take place from 1 February 2021 onwards and will be accompanied by a comprehensive measurement programme. The BGE believes that it will be possible to complete the measurement programme in mid-2021. Background The BGE is currently preparing for the retrieval of radioactive waste from the Asse II mine. The necessary retrieval mine, including the new Asse 5 shaft, is to be constructed to the east of the existing mine. The location to the east of the Asse II mine is the only one at which it is possible to construct the necessary underground infrastructure for the legally required retrieval of radioactive waste from the Asse II mine, as it is the only location with sufficient space. The area was inspected in 2013 and 2014 using the R15 exploratory borehole. Following the completion of a comprehensive measurement and inspection programme, the borehole was backfilled in 2016. The results from R15 revealed a geological situation that contrasted with existing knowledge of the geology. The BGE is therefore carrying out an extended exploratory programme by means of the R15-S1 and R15-S2 boreholes. At the end of 2020, the BGE asked the Lower Saxony Ministry for the Environment to commence the licensing procedure for the retrieval of radioactive waste. An initial application complex addresses the construction of the new shaft as well as the connection to the Asse II mine. The special operating plan for the boreholes was approved by the competent state mining office on 22 December 2020.
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