The basidiomycete Armillaria mellea s.l. is one of the most important root rot pathogens of forest trees and comprises several species. The aim of the project is to identify the taxa occurring inSwitzerland and to understand their ecological behaviour. Root, butt and stem rots caused by different fungi are important tree diseases responsible for significant economic losses. Armillaria spp. occur world-wide and are important components of many natural and managed forest ecosystems. Armillaria spp. are known saprothrophs as well as primary and secondary pathogens causing root and butt rot on a large number of woody plants, including forest and orchard trees as well as grape vine and ornamentals. The identification of several Armillaria species in Europe warrants research in the biology and ecology of the different species. We propose to study A. cepistipes for the following reasons. First, A. cepistipes is dominating the rhizomorph populations in most forest types in Switzerland. This widespread occurrence contrasts with the current knowledge about A. cepistipes, which is very limited. Second, because the pathogenicity of A. cepistipes is considered low this fungus has the potential for using as an antagonist to control stump colonising pathogenic fungi, such as A. ostoyae and Heterobasidion annosum. This project aims to provide a better understanding of the ecology of A. cepistipes in mountainous Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests. Special emphasis will be given to interactions of A. cepistipes with A. ostoyae, which is a very common facultative pathogen and which often co-occurs with A. cepistipes. The populations of A. cepistipes and A. ostoyae will be investigated in mountainous spruce forests were both species coexist. The fungi will be sampled from the soil, from stumps and dead wood, and from the root system of infected trees to determine the main niches occupied by the two species. Somatic incompatibility will be used to characterise the populations of each species. The knowledge of the spatial distribution of individual genets will allow us to gain insights into the mode of competition and the mode of spreading. Inoculation experiments will be used to determine the variation in virulence expression of A. cepistipes towards Norway spruce and to investigate its interactions with A. ostoyae.
The heat waves and droughts of 2018 / 2019 and in 2020 have had a devastating impact on the functioning of ecosystems and have led to an increasing vulnerability beyond the duration of heat waves (e.g. degradation and increased erosion, reduced carbon uptake by vegetation, modulated energy balance). Such impacts also include loss of agricultural production. A better understanding of the progression and the consequences of heatwaves and droughts is essential for the development and improvement of adaptation and protection measures. The airborne remote sensing event campaign performed in the agricultural area of the 'Magdeburger Boerde' in Central Germany aimed at providing remote sensing data sets from different platforms to derive high quality data for improving the understanding of influences and lag effects on hydrologic, biological/biogeochemical and atmospheric processes induced by the summer drought 2020. Multiple recurrences of drought periods in previous years may have led to irreversible changes in structure, composition and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems reducing ecosystem services and resilience. A second goal of the campaign with different available sensors in terms of an inter-calibration is to provide comprehensive and reliable data to ensure future campaign inter-comparability. The acquired data set includes airborne remote sensing data covering variable land cover types obtained by optical, thermal and multispectral sensors (see supplementary material: Schulz et al. (2020), Milewski et al. (2021) ). Furthermore, extensive data from various ground-truthing activities are available such as field spectrometer measurements, soil temperature mapping and soil moisture mapping via Cosmic Ray rovering and TDR-measurements. To complete the data set, micrometeorological time series, soil samples and vegetation characteristics were also taken.
'Solling-Projekt' der DFG. Oekosystemanalyse naturnaher Waelder und ihrer Ersatzgesellschaften. Stoff- und Energieumsatz von Bodentieren (insbes. Curculioniden, Acari, Collembola, Enchytraeidae). Arbeiten an dominanten Arthropoden (Ermittlung populationsdynamischer Parameter wie Fluktuationen, Biomassen, Abundanzen, Phaenologien). Methodenverbesserungen bei Probenahme, Extraktion von Bodenproben.
Cosmic Ray neutron sensing (CRNS) is an emerging technology which is used to close the scaling gap between point measurements, such as TDR or soil samples, and the airborne remote sensing data. CRNS estimates the area-average soil water content by the detection of soil-reflected cosmic-ray neutrons in air. This method is characterized by an non-linearly shaped horizontal footprint of hundreds of meters and a vertical footprint of tens of centimetres (Köhli et al. 2015). During the campaign, a portable sensor (the so-called CRNS Rover) was used to study the spatial soil moisture variability in the target area in Hordorf. The rover was equipped with a CRNS-RV unit from Hydroinnova LLC (HI-RC01 detector) and a polyethylene shield below the detector to better reduce local effects of the field track. Neutron count data were processed including several physical, soil, and terrain corrections (see Schrön 2020, cfg file and the software <https://git.ufz.de/CRNS/cornish_pasdy>) to obtain the spatial soil moisture distribution at the Hordorf ground truthing site.
Belasteter Boden wird in der Regel verbrannt oder deponiert. Durch spezielle Bakterien und Hefen koennen die Belastungen zum Teil sehr erheblich abgebaut werden. Im Vordergrund dieses Projektes steht die Analyse der Boeden. Eine Pilotanlage ist in Planung. Der erste Abschnitt der Forschungsarbeit umfasst die Analyse von Boeden auf Mineraloelkohlenwasserstoffen in ihrer Konzentration und Zusammensetzung. Die Sanierung der Bodenproben stellte sich je nach Art der Kohlenwasserstoffe unterschiedlich dar. Der zweite Schritt der Forschungsarbeit umfasst die Analyse von Boeden auf Ruestungs- und Sprengstoffrueckstaende. Erste Erkenntnisse der Sanierungserfolge sind fruehestens Ende 1996 zu erwarten.
Als "röntgenamorph" gelten Feststoffe mit extrem kleinen Kristallgrößen, ausgeprägten Gitterstörungen oder einer ausschließlich vorhandenen atomarer Nahordnung, welche im Vergleich zu kristallinen Feststoffen häufig nur über diffuse Röntgenbeugungsmuster verfügen. In Röntgenbeugungsdiagrammen bleiben diese Feststoffe als erhöhter Signaluntergrund "sichtbar". In Böden existieren anorganische röntgenamorphe Feststoffe (ARF) als Glasphasen, Mineralkristalle mit einer zu geringen Anzahl von sich wiederholenden Struktureinheiten ("schlecht kristalline bzw. "nanokristalline" Minerale) sowie Feststoffen variabler chemischer Zusammensetzung und atomarer Nahordnung ("Mineraloide"). Aufgrund ihrer großen spezifischen Oberflächen und reaktiven Oberflächengruppen steuern ARF in Böden wichtige Prozesse wie etwa Kohlenstoffumsatz, Mineralverwitterung sowie Sorptionsreaktionen von Nähr- und Schadstoffen. Trotz ihrer ökologischen Relevanz sind ARF in Böden unzureichend erforscht. Wissensdefizite existieren hinsichtlich ihrer Natur, Gesamtgehalte, chemischen Zusammensetzung und Verteilung in Böden sowie ihrer Quantifizierbarkeit mit Hilfe nasschemischer Extraktionsverfahren. Um diese Wissenslücken zu schließen, quantifizieren wir ARF in der Feinerde (<2 mm) sowie in Partikelgrößenfraktionen von vier Bodentypen (Braunerde, Parabraunerde, Podsol, Schwarzerde) mittels quantitativer Röntgendiffraktometrie (Rietveld Verfahren). Die chemische Zusammensetzung der ARF wird über Massenbilanzierungen auf Basis der Rietveld-Ergebnisse und chemischer Analysen der Bodenproben ermittelt ("balance sheet method"). Auf dieser Grundlage überprüfen wir, in wie fern gängige selektive Extraktionsverfahren zur Bestimmung "röntgenamorpher" Bodenfestphasen geeignet sind, deren absolute Gehalte und chemische Zusammensetzung in Böden quantitativ zu erfassen. Zusätzlich untersuchen wir röntgenamorphe anorganische Feststoffe (<1 µm) aus ausgewählten Partikelgrößenfraktionen mit Hilfe der analytischen Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie. Insgesamt liefert das Forschungsvorhaben grundlegende Informationen (1) zu Gesamtgehalten von ARF in Böden, ihrer Natur und chemischen Zusammensetzung sowie tiefenabhängigen Verteilung sowie (2) zur Quantifizierbarkeit von ARF mittels selektiver Extraktionsverfahren. Damit bildet dieses Projekt die Grundlage dafür, den Einfluss von ARF auf Bodenfunktionen und -eigenschaften zukünftig detailliert erforschen zu können.
Biogeochemical interfaces shape microbial community function in soil. On the other hand microbial communities influence the properties of biogeochemical interfaces. Despite the importance of this interplay, basic understanding of the role of biogeochemical interfaces for microbial performance is still missing. We postulate that biogeochemical interfaces in soil are important for the formation of functional consortia of microorganisms, which are able to shape their own microenvironment and therefore influence the properties of interfaces in soil. Furthermore biogeochemical interfaces act as genetic memory of soils, as they can store DNA from dead microbes and protect it from degradation. We propose that for the formation of functional biogeochemical interfaces microbial dispersal (e.g. along fungal networks) in response to quality and quantity of bioavailable carbon and/or water availability plays a major role, as the development of functional guilds of microbes requires energy and depends on the redox state of the habitat.To address these questions, hexadecane degradation will be studied in differently developed artificial and natural soils. To answer the question on the role of carbon quantity and quality, experiments will be performed with and without litter material at different water contents of the soil. Experiments will be performed with intact soil columns as well as soil samples where the developed interface structure has been artificially destroyed. Molecular analysis of hexadecane degrading microbial communties will be done in vitro as well as in situ. The corresponding toolbox has been successfully developed in the first phase of the priority program including methods for genome, transcriptome and proteome analysis.
We surveyed dike grasslands of the river Danube in south-east Germany between 2017 and 2021 with 41 plots (25 m²) at 12 sites. The dike grasslands had an age of 4-19 years. The dikes were raised and restored and our main aim was the monitoring of the vegetation development. In this dataset are the measured local site characteristics like soil samples, landscape factors (using GIS) and historical factors (e.g. information from practitioners).
It is well established that reduced supply of fresh organic matter, interactions of organic matter with mineral phases and spatial inaccessibility affect C stocks in subsoils. However, quantitative information required for a better understanding of the contribution of each of the different processes to C sequestration in subsoils and for improvements of subsoil C models is scarce. The same is true for the main controlling factors of the decomposition rates of soil organic matter in subsoils. Moreover, information on spatial variabilities of different properties in the subsoil is rare. The few studies available which couple near and middle infrared spectroscopy (NIRS/MIRS) with geostatistical approaches indicate a potential for the creation of spatial maps which may show hot spots with increased biological activities in the soil profile and their effects on the distribution of C contents. Objectives are (i) to determine the mean residence time of subsoil C in different fractions by applying fractionation procedures in combination with 14C measurements; (ii) to study the effects of water content, input of 13C-labelled roots and dissolved organic matter and spatial inaccessibility on C turnover in an automatic microcosm system; (iii) to determine general soil properties and soil biological and chemical characteristics using NIRS and MIRS, and (iv) to extrapolate the measured and estimated soil properties to the vertical profiles by using different spatial interpolation techniques. For the NIRS/MIRS applications, sample pretreatment (air-dried vs. freeze-dried samples) and calibration procedures (a modified partial least square (MPLS) approach vs. a genetic algorithm coupled with MPLS or PLS) will be optimized. We hypothesize that the combined application of chemical fractionation in combination with 14C measurements and the results of the incubation experiments will give the pool sizes of passive, intermediate, labile and very labile C and N and the mean residence times of labile and very labile C and N. These results will make it possible to initialize the new quantitative model to be developed by subproject PC. Additionally, we hypothesize that the sample pretreatment 'freeze-drying' will be more useful for the estimation of soil biological characteristics than air-drying. The GA-MPLS and GA-PLS approaches are expected to give better estimates of the soil characteristics than the MPLS and PLS approaches. The spatial maps for the different subsoil characteristics in combination with the spatial maps of temperature and water contents will presumably enable us to explain the spatial heterogeneity of C contents.
An Hand vorliegender Bodenproben aus dem Roten Meer (unter visueller Kontrolle mit dem U-Boot aufgesammelt) und aus dem Atlantik (Proben des Projektes Prosper) sollen die Kleinforaminiferen identifiziert und nach funktionsmorphologischen Kriterien geordnet werden. Ihre Verbreitungsmuster sollen korreliert werden mit den Mustern oekologischer Faktoren, soweit in Situ. beobachtet oder gemessen, insbesondere nach Hart- oder Weich-Substrat im Roten Meer und nach chemischen Parametern in der Wassersaeule (Atlantik). Spezifische Fragestellungen sind Identifikation und Dichte der Infauna, Identifikation und funktionell-morphologische Eigenschaften der sessilen und vagilen Epifauna, O2-Abhaengigkeit und Stellung der Foraminiferen in der Futterkette.
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