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Analytical data from stepped thermal analysis of agricultural soils in Saxony

The continuous agricultural soil monitoring program (BDF) by the Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture, and Geology (LfULG) is operational since 1995, collecting and analysing samples periodically from 60 monitoring sites across Saxony, Germany. Stepped thermal analysis allows for the fast and cost-effective determination of different carbon fractions of ground soil samples. This dataset reports the analysis of 902 archive samples from the Soil Monitoring Program of the State Office for Environment, Agriculture, and Geology (LfULG) collected between 1995 and 2023, and 462 samples collected during a sampling campaign in September 2023. We report the thermal soil carbon fractions TOC400, ROC (ROC600), and TIC900 measured in air-dried and ground samples according to DIN19539 / DIN EN 17505 using an Elementar soliTOC cube. This dataset is part of a mid-infrared soil spectral library for agricultural soils in Saxony, Germany.

Ecology and Population Biology of Armillaria mellea s.l.

The basidiomycete Armillaria mellea s.l. is one of the most important root rot pathogens of forest trees and comprises several species. The aim of the project is to identify the taxa occurring inSwitzerland and to understand their ecological behaviour. Root, butt and stem rots caused by different fungi are important tree diseases responsible for significant economic losses. Armillaria spp. occur world-wide and are important components of many natural and managed forest ecosystems. Armillaria spp. are known saprothrophs as well as primary and secondary pathogens causing root and butt rot on a large number of woody plants, including forest and orchard trees as well as grape vine and ornamentals. The identification of several Armillaria species in Europe warrants research in the biology and ecology of the different species. We propose to study A. cepistipes for the following reasons. First, A. cepistipes is dominating the rhizomorph populations in most forest types in Switzerland. This widespread occurrence contrasts with the current knowledge about A. cepistipes, which is very limited. Second, because the pathogenicity of A. cepistipes is considered low this fungus has the potential for using as an antagonist to control stump colonising pathogenic fungi, such as A. ostoyae and Heterobasidion annosum. This project aims to provide a better understanding of the ecology of A. cepistipes in mountainous Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests. Special emphasis will be given to interactions of A. cepistipes with A. ostoyae, which is a very common facultative pathogen and which often co-occurs with A. cepistipes. The populations of A. cepistipes and A. ostoyae will be investigated in mountainous spruce forests were both species coexist. The fungi will be sampled from the soil, from stumps and dead wood, and from the root system of infected trees to determine the main niches occupied by the two species. Somatic incompatibility will be used to characterise the populations of each species. The knowledge of the spatial distribution of individual genets will allow us to gain insights into the mode of competition and the mode of spreading. Inoculation experiments will be used to determine the variation in virulence expression of A. cepistipes towards Norway spruce and to investigate its interactions with A. ostoyae.

Wadden Sea carbon stock dynamics during thirty years of summer polder restoration

Salt marshes along the Wadden Sea coast are often shaped by anthropogenic alterations to their hydrology and sedimentation. To investigate the effects of hydrological restoration through summer dike openings on soil carbon storage capacities, soil samples were collected from four study sites along the Lower Saxony Wadden Sea coast, Germany. Each site featured restored areas, i.e., former summer polders reconnected to tidal exchange, and reference salt marshes adjacent to the polders. The polders varied in restoration age, i.e., 0 (control, not restored), 8, 14, and 28 years, forming a chronosequence for temporal analysis, while the reference salt marshes remained unchanged. Soil samples were taken along transects that represented different marsh zones, including pioneer, lower salt marsh, and upper salt marsh. The soil samples covered soil layers down to a depth of 100 cm and were collected in five sections of 20 cm using an Edelman corer. Total carbon, organic carbon, and inorganic carbon were analyzed using CN-elementary analysis and calcimeter methods. This dataset provides valuable insights into the potential of hydrological restoration measures to enhance soil carbon sequestration in salt marshes.

Diffuse reflectance spectra of agricultural soils in Saxony

The continuous agricultural soil monitoring program (BDF) by the Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture, and Geology (LfULG) is operational since 1995, collecting and analysing samples periodically from 60 monitoring sites across Saxony, Germany. Mid-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (mid-DRIFTS) is a promising analysis technique that allows for the determination of several soil properties simultaneously using chemometric models. For the calibration of such models, a Soil Spectral Library (SSL) including both soil spectra and analytical reference data is required. This dataset consists of soil spectra of 902 archive samples from the Soil Monitoring Program of the State Office for Environment, Agriculture, and Geology (LfULG), which were collected between 1995 and 2023, as well as soil spectra of 462 samples collected during an intensive sampling campaign in September 2023. Mid-IR spectra were recorded from 7500 cm⁻¹ to 400 cm⁻¹ at a resolution of 1 cm⁻¹ from air-dried and ground fine soil samples, using a Bruker Alpha II DRIFT with 32 device-internal replicate scans and averaging the spectra of four sample replicates. This dataset is part of a mid-infrared soil spectral library for agricultural soils in Saxony, Germany.

Prozesse der Lößbildung und Landschaftsgenese im Pleiser Hügelland nahe Bonn

Das Vorhaben soll sedimentologische, diagenetische, Umlagerungs- und Formungs-Prozesse der z.T. mächtigen Lößbedeckung des Pleiser Hügellandes unter wechselnden Umweltbedingungen in verschiedenen Zeitscheiben des letzten Glazials rekonstruieren. Materialherkunft und äolische Formung einerseits und erosiv-dendative Überformung andererseits, sowie deren zeitliche Einordnung stehen im Vordergrund; hingegen wird die Modellierung von aktuellen und subrezenten Stoffumsätzen in Teilprojekten des SFB 350 (B13, B15) bearbeitet. Geomorphologische, boden- und sedimentologische, isotopengeochemische und feinstratigraphische Untersuchungen sowie Lumineszenz-Datierungen (TL,OSL) stellen das methodische Inventar. Die Profilaufnahmen und Probennahmen sind abhängig von der erwarteten einzigartigen Aufschlußsituation entlang der ICE-Trasse Köln-Frankfurt. Die Untersuchung soll auch anthropogeographische und geoarchäologische Aspekte der Relief- und Sedimentbildung einbeziehen.

Assessment and Prediction of the Mechanical Impact on the Subsoil by the Installation of Gas Pipelines in Agricultural Soils

Heavy machinery used for the construction or transport gas pipelines can cause severe and persistent subsoil compaction of agricultural land, depending on various factors among which soil wetness plays a key role. In this project, several field experiments were carried out to investigate the stress propagation under heavy construction machines (40 t and more) during operation on selected plot areas under controlled moisture conditions, to assess the resulting mechanical deformation of the subsoil and to investigate changes of soil properties in particular infiltration patterns of a dye tracer analyzed by computer image analysis. In the laboratory , oedometric compressibility and other properties, in particular bulk density and coarse porosity, of soil samples taken before and after the impact by the machines were determined and compared to measurements of control samples. Furthermore, we investigated the moisture-dependence of the precompression stress by a series of oedometer tests and also performed some shear tests for the purpose of model parameter estimation. Using only a priori parameter values determined from such independent soil tests or just best estimates, the critical-state soil-mechanical model CRISP was used to interpret the results. As far as field observations were available they agreed well with the model simulations. The results lend support to the hypothesis that preconsolidation stress provides a suitable criterion to protect soils against overloading. However, the moisture-dependence of this parameter needs to be better known. Given that homogeneity of the experimental field sites had been a prime criterion of selection, spatial variability between trafficked and untrafficked test plots was still surprisingly large and limiting the detectability of compaction effects more than anticipated.

Forschergruppe (FOR) 1320: Crop Sequence and Nutrient Acquisition from the Subsoil, Plant induced weathering of minerals in the subsoil - release of 'non-exchangeable' potassium from 2:1 layer minerals (TransMinK)

The proposal addresses the potential of subsoil to contribute to K nutrition of crops. More specifically we will address the processes controlling release of K from interlayer of 2:1 clay minerals as this is expected to be the dominant K fraction in the subsoil. While it has been shown in the past that this so called 'non-exchangeable' K can be released due to root activity, there are controversial results concerning the role of soil solution K concentration in the rhizosphere required to trigger the process. Likewise little information is available about the concentration dynamics of other cations (NH4, Ca) in the rhizosphere and their impact on K release and vermiculitization supposed to be associated with this process. Model studies with substrate from the central field trial will be conducted in compartment systems equipped with micro suction cups. The measurement of dynamic changes of soil solution composition with increasing distance from the root surface will be combined with investigations of changes in mineralogy by XRD, TEM and SEM-EDX. Changes of mineralogy as a result of plant induced K release from interlayer will also be studied on bulk soil and rhizosphere samples collected within the central field and the central microcosm experiment and with mineral bags exposed in the field during a cropping cycle. Finally, X-ray CT will be used to access changes in soil texture, i.e. clay distribution around roots and the temporal spread of roots in biopores which is a prerequisite for K uptake from such structures.

Monsunvariabilität in SE-China - der Huguang-Maarsee (Huguangyan)

Südchina, insbes. die Provinz Guandong, ist eines der am dichtesten besiedelten Gebiete der Erde. Positive Konsequenz dieser Ballung ist eine äußerst dynamische Wirtschaftsentwicklung, aber gerade diese von subtropischem Monsunklima geprägte Region ist auch immer wieder Ausgangspunkt für sich schnell und zunehmend global ausbreitende epidemische Krankheiten wie zuletzt SARS. Mit der globalen Erwärmung einhergehende Klimaveränderungen könnten sich für diese Region insbesondere durch Veränderungen der Häufigkeit und Intensität tropischer Wirbelstürme, aber auch Änderungen der Niederschlagsmenge- und Intensität bemerkbar machen. Im Gegensatz zu den schon recht umfangreichen Datensätzen aus der Südchinesischen See (SCS) gibt es bisher jedoch nur sehr wenige terrestrische Paläoklimaarchive aus der Region, die Klimaveränderungen während des Holozäns, des Spätglazials oder Glazials hochauflösend dokumentieren. Wir haben deshalb einen an der nördlichen Küste der SCS gelegenen Maarsee ausgewählt, um über die Analyse von Proxydaten aus Seesedimenten solche Paläo-Klimavariationen zu untersuchen. Aus dem Sediment des Huguang-Maarsees wurden mittels Usinger-Präzisionsstechtechnik von einem Floss aus insgesamt 7 Sedimentsequenzen gewonnen, von denen die tiefste bis 57 m unter den Seeboden reicht. Die zeitliche Einstufung der Profile wurde mit Hilfe von 17 Radiokohlenstoff-Datierungen vorgenommen und ergab ein extrapoliertes Maximalalter von ca. 78.000 Jahren. Ein breites Spektrum aus sedimentologischen, geochemischen, paläo- und gesteinsmagnetischen sowie palynologischen Methoden kam sodann zum Einsatz, um die Paläo-Umweltbedingungen, die natürlich immer das entsprechende Klima widerspiegeln, während dieses Zeitraumes zu rekonstruieren. Überraschenderweise ergab sich ein von vielen bekannten Klimaprofilen der Nordhemisphäre (insbes. des Atlantikraumes, aber auch mariner Kerne aus dem Indik und Südostasien) abweichendes Muster. Im Gegensatz zu dem bekannten Grundmuster eines vergleichsweise stabilen Klimas während des Holozäns und stärkerer Schwankungen während des letzten Glazials weisen die Daten aus dem Huguang-Maarsee für das letzte Glazial im Zeitraum zwischen 15.000 und 40.000 Jahren auf relativ stabile Umweltbedingungen hin. Die älteren Bereiche zwischen 40.000 und ca. 78.000 Jahren haben durch Eintrag von umgelagertem Torf eine eher lokale Komponente und sind somit für den regionalen und globalen Vergleich ungeeignet. Das Holozän hingegen zeichnet sich durch hohe Schwankungsamplituden vieler Proxydaten (Karbonatgehalt, magnetische Suszeptibilität, organischer Kohlenstoff, Trockendichte, gesteinsmagnetische Parameter, Redox-Verhältnisse) aus, die auf ein recht variables Klima hinweisen. Besonders interessant ist die Übergangsphase vom Glazial zum Holozän, die bei etwa 15.000 Jahren vor heute in etwa zeitgleich mit dem beobachteten stärksten Meeresspiegelanstieg der Südchinesischen See einsetzt und eine abrupte Intensitätszunahme des Sommermonsuns anzeigt

Soil physical data of agricultural soils in Saxony

The continuous agricultural soil monitoring program (BDF) by the Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture, and Geology (LfULG) is operational since 1995, collecting and analysing samples periodically from 60 monitoring sites across Saxony, Germany. This dataset contains additional soil physical data for 441 samples collected during a sampling campaign in September 2023. Samples were collected from four sites across Saxony using different sampling devices (split spoon push core, steel syringe, sampling spade, soil rings) to evaluate their suitability for true-to-volume sampling. Total bulk density, fine soil bulk density and the fine soil stock were calculated using both air-dry and oven-dry weights. Particle size distribution was determined by wet sieving and the integral suspension pressure method (ISP+) using the Meter Pario+ system. This dataset is part of a mid-infrared soil spectral library for agricultural soils in Saxony, Germany.

Ressortforschungsplan 2024, Charakterisierung der Belastung von Böden mit PFAS (Per- und Polyfluorierte Alkylsubstanzen) in Verdichtungsräumen und an ausgewählten Schadensfällen

Das Projekt soll einen Beitrag zur Erfassung der Belastung der Böden Deutschlands mit PFAS leisten und damit die Erkenntnisse aus bisherigen Messkampagnen der Bundesländer sowie des Bundes ergänzen. In einem vorangegangenen REFOPLAN-Projekt wurden bereits flächenrepräsentativ Bodenproben von 400 Acker- und 200 Grünland-Standorten im ländlichen Raum Deutschlands auf ihre PFAS-Gehalte analysiert. Im Rahmen dieses Projektes soll nun eine (i) Beschreibung der PFAS-Hintergrundbelastung von Oberböden in urbanen Verdichtungsräumen Deutschlands sowie (ii) eine Charakterisierung der PFAS-Bodenbelastung an einer Auswahl von für Deutschland typischen PFAS-Schadensfällen (Hot Spots) erfolgen. Für diese beiden Teilaufgaben sind jeweils folgende Arbeiten vorgesehen: (1) Bestandsaufnahme existierender Daten und Erarbeitung des Untersuchungsprogramms, (2) Vorbereitung und Durchführung von Probenahmen an den ausgewählten Standorten bzw. Organisation von Probenmaterial, (3) Probenaufbereitung und PFAS-Analytik sowie (4) Auswertung der Rohdaten, Ergebnisdarstellung und Berichterstellung.

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