As part of PhytOakmeter (www.phytoakmeter.de), time-domain transmission, soil moisture and -temperature sensors with custom-made logger systems were used to measure time series of soil state variables. The aim of these investigations was to provide data on environmental properties used in a cross-disciplinary approach. The measurement device consisted of two sensors at three different depths. The dataset contains the values of time (UTC), relative permittivity, soil moisture (in % vol) derived from permittivity and soil temperature (in °C). Determination of soil moisture was done using the formula of Topp et al. (1980). As sensors, the SMT100 soil moisture sensors with integrated temperature measurement were used. All sensors were installed within the upper 50cm below ground. The exact depths for each sensor are listed in the dataset and parameter comment.
As part of PhytOakmeter (www.phytoakmeter.de), time-domain transmission, soil moisture and -temperature sensors with custom-made logger systems were used to measure time series of soil state variables. The aim of these investigations was to provide data on environmental properties used in a cross-disciplinary approach. The measurement device consisted of two sensors at three different depths. The dataset contains the values of time (UTC), relative permittivity, soil moisture (in % vol) derived from permittivity and soil temperature (in °C). Determination of soil moisture was done using the formula of Topp et al. (1980). As sensors, the SMT100 soil moisture sensors with integrated temperature measurement were used. All sensors were installed within the upper 50cm below ground. The exact depths for each sensor are listed in the dataset and parameter comment.
The weather station was set up in the beginning of the sampling period in August 2019 and ran the entire sampling period with an interruption between 30th January 2020 and 11th June 2020. Air and soil temperatures, relative humidity and photosynthetic flux density were measured on hourly intervals. Please note that the ground temperature sensor was situated 20 above the ground and therefore the measured medium depends on the conditions of the field site. Before rewetting, the medium was air, but after rewetting, when the area was usually inundated with water it indicates water temperatures.
CH4 and CO2 fluxes (stations 0-7) were calculated from online gas concentrations measurements using laser-based analyzers and manual closed chambers (Livingston, GP, & Hutchinson, G, 1995). Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK).
Äthiopien erhält den Großteil seiner Niederschläge durch Winde aus dem Süden die der Ostafrikanische Sommermonsun in den Nordhemisphärischen Sommermonaten bringt. Die Stärke der Ostafrikanischen Monsunniederschläge variierte jedoch zum Teil erheblich im Verlaufe des Quartärs und auch der Anteil von Niederschlägen durch die Westerlies könnte in der Vergangenheit sehr variabel gewesen sein. Während der vergangenen Jahre entwickelten sich einige neue Biomarker- und Stabilisotopenmethoden zu hochinnovativen und viel versprechenden (semi-)quantitativen Paläoklima-Proxies. Durch die Entwicklung und Anwendung solcher Biomarker- und Stabilisotopenmethoden zielt das beantragte Projekt darauf ab, einen Beitrag zur (semi-)quantitativen Paläoklimarekonstruktion der Bale Mountains in Äthiopien zu leisten. Im Speziellen sollen Temperatur, relative Luftfeuchte, Niederschlagsmenge und Änderungen im Quellgebiet der Niederschläge rekonstruiert werden.Im Rahmen eines der Arbeitspakete wird der rezente Niederschlag räumlich und zeitlich aufgelöst auf seine Isotopensignatur (2H/1H and 18O/16O) untersucht. Diese Daten sollen u.a. helfen die für die Bale Mountains relevanten atmosphärischen Zirkulationssysteme und deren spezifische Isotopensignaturen besser zu verstehen. In einem zweiten Arbeitspaket wird untersucht wie akkurat sich die Isotopensignatur des Niederschlags wie auch die relative Luftfeuchte und Temperatur in den Biomarker- und Stabilisotopensignaturen von Pflanzen und Böden widerspiegeln. Hierzu werden Klimagradienten entlang von Höhentransekten auf die Bale Mountains untersucht. Der methodische Schwerpunkt wird auf der Untersuchung von komponenten-spezifischen 2H-Analysen von Pflanzenwachs-bürtigen n-Alkan- und Fettsäurebiomarkern, auf komponenten-spezifischen 18O-Analysen von Hemizellulose-bürtigen Zuckerbiomarkern und auf Bodenbakterien-bürtigen Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraether (GDGT) Lipidbiomarkern liegen. Das dritte Arbeitspaket trägt zur Gewinnung von Sedimentbohrkernen und Aufstellung von dazugehörigen Chronostratigraphien bei. Diese Sedimentbohrkerne werden gemeinsam mit den Teilprojekten P2-Antrosole und P4-Paläoökologie als Archive genutzt um die menschliche Besiedelungsgeschichte wie auch die Spätquartäre Klima- und Landschaftsgeschichte der Bale Mountains zu rekonstruieren. Das Teilprojekt P5-Paläoklimatologie wird hierzu die oben spezifizierten Biomarker- und Stabilisotopenmethoden anwenden.
Our long term activities aim at a functional understanding of alpine plant life. Overall our research shifted gradually from studying resource acquisition (e.g. photosynthesis) toward resource investment and questions of developement. As with treeline, sink activity seems to be the major determinant of growth. A common misconception associated with alpine plant life finds its expression in the use of the terms 'stress' and 'limitation'. See the critique in: Körner C (1998) Alpine plants: stressed or adapted? In: Press MC, Scholes JD, Barker MG (eds.) Physiological Plant Ecology. Blackwell Science , 297-311. Ongoing experimental work: The influence of photoperiod on growth and development in high elevation taxa (Ph.D. by Franziska Keller in cooperation with the Dept. of Geography, University of Fribourg). We test, whether and which species are responsive to earlier snow melt. It appears there exists a suite of different sensitivities, suggesting biodiversity shifts. We also tested the influence of nutrient addition on high elevation pioneer plants and run a longer term project on the interactive effect on sheep tramplng, nitrogen deposition and warming as part of the Swiss National Project NFP 48. A Europe-wide assessment of ground temperatures in alpine grassland is part of ALPNET (see associated organisations). The assessment provides a basis for comparing biodiversity in alpine biota from 69 to 37 degree of northern latitude. (Nagy et al. (2003) Ecological Studies, Vol. 167. 577 p. Springer, Berlin). A synthesis of research in functional ecology of alpine plants over the past 100 years was published in 1999.
Atmospheric gas concentrations of CH4 and CO2 were measured with Picarro G2301-f analyser during AL561 cruise onboard RV Alkor (02.-12.08.2021). The gas inlet was placed at the bow of RV Alkor, at 6 m above sea level, to identify natural and anthropogenic methane anomalies near the sea surface (Schmidt et al., 2021). Concentration data are correlated with GPS-position and weather data (DSHIP) using time stamps (UTC); calculated in 1-3s averages.
As part of the hydro-meteorological measurement campaign SwabianMOSES 2023 time-domain transmission (TDT) soil moisture sensors and temperature sensors with custom-made logger systems were used to measure time series of these soil state variables. In addition, a stationary cosmic-ray neutron sensor was deployed at the KITcube site near Villingen-Schwenningen to provide continuous soil moisture data for an area of between 10 and 20 hectares. For mapping the spatial distribution of soil moisture, several mobile CRNS campaigns have been conducted with a car across the Lindach catchment and beyond before and after prospective rain events. During these mobile CRNS measurements, in-situ soil moisture measurements were conducted, using a handheld time-domain reflectometry soil moisture sensor. The aim of these investigations was to provide data on physical soil properties used in a cross-disciplinary approach for a better understanding of hydro-meteorological extremes (such as high precipitation events and droughts). Regarding the TDT-sensors, each measurement site consisted of sensors at three depths with two sensors each. Logger systems were installed at six different observation sites which were distributed across the whole campaign target area in the vicinity of the Swabian Jura in Germany. Decisions on the specific installation depths were made during the installation at the respective sites based on the constitution of the local soil profiles. Installation protocols with a brief soil profile description and photos are part of this dataset. The dataset contains the values of location and time (UTC), soil temperature (in °C), relative permittivity and soil moisture (in % vol) derived from permittivity. Determination of soil moisture was done using the formula of Topp et al. (1980). As sensors, the SMT100 soil moisture sensor with integrated temperature measurement were used. All sensors were installed within the upper 50cm below ground. The exact depths for each sensor are listed in the comments.
The rewetting of drained peatlands is a promising measure to mitigate carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by preventing the further mineralization of the peat soil through aeration. While freshwater rewetted peatlands can be significant methane (CH4) sources in the short-term, in coastal ecosystems the input of sulfate-rich seawater could potentially mitigate these emissions. The purpose of the data collection was to examine whether the presence of sulfate, known as an alternative electron acceptor, can cause lower CH4 production and thus, emissions by favoring the growth of sulfate-reducers, which outcompete methanogens for substrate. We therefore investigated underlying variables such as the methane-cycling microbial community along with CH4 fluxes and set them in context with CO2 fluxes along a transect in a coastal peatland before and directly after rewetting. In this way, a conclusion about the short-term greenhouse gas mitigation potential of brackish water rewetting of coastal peatlands could be drawn. This data collection consists of six data sets, with direct comparisons before and after rewetting of CO2 and CH4 fluxes (Tab. 2) and associated microbial communities (Tab. 1) being the main data. Pore water geochemistry (Tab. 1 and 3) and surface water parameters (Tab. 4) were collected simultaneously to provide potential explanatory variables. The sampling of continuous water level (Tab. 5) within wells and atmospheric weather data (air and soil temperature, relative humidity, photosynthetic photon flux density; Tab. 6) from a weather station was done in addition. Measurements started in June/July/August 2019 after field installation was finalized and were conducted on the drained coastal fen "Polder Drammendorf" on the island of Rügen in North-East Germany. On 26th November 2019, the dike was opened and channeled in order to rewet the peatland with brackish water. Before, the dike separated the peatland from the adjacent bay "Kubitzer Bodden", which is part of a brackish lagoon system connected to the Baltic Sea. Therefore, the peatland was nearly completely flooded and now resembles a shallow lagoon with high fluctuating water levels. We measured along a humidity (pre-rewetting)/water level (post-rewetting) gradient (stations 0-8) towards and across the main North-South oriented drainage ditch, including four stations on the Eastern side of the ditch (1–4), two ditch stations (0, 5) and two stations (6, 7) on the Western side of the ditch. Station 8 was chosen as an additional station farther towards the adjacent bay on the Western side, but was only accessible before rewetting. CH4 and CO2 fluxes (stations 0-7) were calculated from online gas concentrations measurements using laser-based analyzers and manual closed chambers (Livingston, G. P., & Hutchinson, G. (1995). Enclosure-based measurement of trace gas exchange: Applications and sources of error. In P.A. Matson, & R.C. Harriss (Eds.). Biogenic trace gases: Measuring emissions from soil and water (pp. 14–51). Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK). Soil cores for microbial, dissolved gas concentrations and isotopic analysis were taken using a Russian type peat corer (De Vleeschouwer, F., Chambers, F. M., & Swindles, G. T. (2010). Coring and sub-sampling of peatlands for palaeoenvironmental research. Mires and Peat, 7, 1–10) before and after rewetting. Each time, we took duplicates at stations 1-8 for this rather labor-intensive process and divided the core into four depth sections: surface, 5–20, 20–40 and 40–50 cm. Subsamples for dissolved gases and stable carbon isotope analyses were taken with tip-cut syringes with a distinct volume of 3 ml (Omnifix, Braun, Bad Arolsen, Germany) and immediately placed into NaCl-saturated vials (20 ml, Agilent Technologies, 5182-0837, Santa Clara, USA) leaving no headspace and closed gas-tight using rubber stoppers and metal crimpers (both: diameter 20 mm, Glasgerätebau Ochs, Bovenden, Germany). Absolute abundances of specific functional target genes, including methane- and sulfate-cycling microorganisms, were measured with quantitative PCR (qPCR) after DNA was extracted (GeneMATRIX Soil DNA Purification Kit, Roboklon, Berlin, Germany) and quantified (Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer, ThermoFisher Scientific, Darmstadt, Germany). Surface and pore water parameters were measured in parallel to the gas measurements and soil coring for microbial analyses. Most surface water variables (pH, specific conductivity, salinity, nutrients, oxygen, sulfate and chloride concentrations, DOC/DIC) were measured in-situ using a multiparameter digital water quality meter or taken to the laboratory as water samples for further analysis. Likewise, pore water/soil variables (pH, specific conductivity, nutrients, metals, sulfate and chloride concentrations, CNS) were either measured in-situ or taken to the laboratory as soil samples. While surface water analysis was only conducted in the drainage ditch before rewetting, it was done along the entire transect after rewetting. In contrast, pore water/soil analysis was mostly conducted before rewetting and only repeated occasionally after rewetting where possible.
ICON-EPS 0.5º x 0.5º regular lat/lon grid, up to +180h every 6h, runs 00/12 UTC varios parameter, varios level, varios threshold
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