Projekt Mikroklima Technische Datenerfassung, Auswertung u. Visualisierung Ansprechpartner: E. Schulz (schulz.bk@gmail.com)
Die Nachfrage nach zuverlässigen Klimaprognosen in verschiedenen sozioökonomischen Sektoren wird in der Zukunft steigen. Untersuchungen der Vorhersagbarkeit des Klimasystems auf zwischenjährlichen bis dekadischen Zeitskalen zeigen, dass eine Initialisierung der Erdsystemmodelle (ESM) mit Ozean- und Atmosphärenbeobachtungen die Vorhersage regionaler Klimagrößen verbessert. Jedoch leiden dekadische Klimaprognosen unter Initialisierungsschocks und systematischen Modellfehlern, welche die Vorhersagefähigkeit einschränken. Die Größe des Problems ist jedoch unbekannt. Zur Reduktion von Initialisierungsschocks in dekadischen Klimaprognosen sind ESM-Assimilationen, die Anfangsbedingungen dynamisch konsistent abschätzen können, ein möglicher Ansatz. Das vorliegende Projekt zielt darauf ab, den Einfluss von dynamisch konsistenten Anfangsbedingungen auf die Vorhersagegüte dekadischer Klimaprognosen zu quantifizieren.Unter einer Vielzahl von gekoppelten Datenassimilationsmethoden (GDA) ist die adjungierte Methode eine der vielversprechendsten. Da ihr Resultat die dynamischen ESM-Gleichungen respektiert, kann man damit eine dynamisch selbstkonsistente räumliche und zeitliche Evolution des Klimazustands erstellen, die für die Initialisierung der dekadischen Klimaprognosen anwendbar ist. Zu diesem Zweck wird das gekoppelte adjungierte Modell mittlerer Komplexität CESAM (Centrum für Erdsystemforschung und Nachhaltigkeit Erd-System Assimilations-Modell) verwendet werden, um eine gekoppelte Ozean-Atmosphäre-Reanalyse zu erzeugen. Die Reanalyse wird als Anfangsbedingung für retrospektive Klimasimulationen dienen. Die Klimasimulationen werden mit verfügbaren Beobachtungen des Erdsystems verglichen werden, um die Vorhersagegüte des CESAMs zu evaluieren. Das in der CESAM implementierte dekadische Vorhersagekonzept wird sich auf die mehrjährige Variabilität der großskaliger Prozesse und Feedbacks innerhalb des gekoppelten Klimasystems konzentrieren. Der Vorteil des Vorhabens liegt in der Verfügbarkeit und der rechnerischen Effizienz des adjungierten CESAM-Modells. Da die Programmierung der adjungierten Codes für ESMs jedoch keine triviale Aufgabe ist, hat die adjungierte GDA-Methode im dekadischen Klimaprognosebereich bisher keine weitverbreitete Anwendung gefunden. Daher ist die Nützlichkeit adjungierter GDA für die Initialisierung der dekadischen Klimaprognosen noch zu verstehen und zu demonstrieren; dies ist das Hauptziel dieses Forschungsvorhabens. Innerhalb des modellkonsistenten Ansatzes werden Initialisierungsmethoden verglichen werden, die sowohl auf der gekoppelten Reanalyse als auch auf der einzelnen Ozean und Atmosphäre Reanalysen (einer weit verbreiteten Strategie) basieren. Diese Ergebnisse werden als Richtschnur für zukünftige Initialisierungsentwicklungen in komplexeren ESMs dienen.
The Tropical Glaciology Group's research on Kilimanjaro started in 2002 and is in progress. Central aspects of our research plan are: 1) Development of the working hypothesis: From a synopsis of (i) proxy data indicating changes in East African climate since ca. 1850, (ii) 20th century instrumental data (temperature and precipitation), and (iii) the observations and interpretations made during two periods of fieldwork (June 2001 and July 2002) a scenario of modern glacier retreat on Kibo is reconstructed. This scenario offers the working hypothesis for our project. 2) Impact of local climate on the glaciers: This goal involves micrometeorological measurements on the glaciers, and the application of collected data to full glacier energy and mass balance models. These models quantify the impact of local climate on a glacier, based on pure physical system knowledge. Our models are validated by measured mass loss and surface temperature. 3) Latest Extent of the Kilimanjaro glaciers: Here, a satellite image was analyzed to derive the surface area and spatial distribution of glaciers on Kilimanjaro in February 2003. To validate this approach, an aerial flight was conducted in July 2005. 4) Linking local climate to large-scale circulation: As glacier behavior on Kilimanjaro, a totally free-standing mountain, is likely to reflect changes in larger-scale climate, this goal explores the large-scale climate mechanisms driving local Kilimanjaro climate. Well known large-scale forcings of east African climate are sea surface temperature variations in the Pacific and, more important, in the Indian Ocean. 5) Regional modification of large-scale circulation: The regional precipitation response in East Africa due to large-scale forcing is not adequately resolved in a global climate model as used in 4). Thus, mesoscale model experiments with the numerical atmospheric model RAMS will be conducted within this goal. They are thought to reveal the modification of atmospheric flow by the Kilimanjaro massif on a regional scale. 6) Practical aspects: Based on micro- and mesoscale results, (i) how much water is provided by glaciers, (ii) providing future projections of glacier behavior as basis for economic and societal studies (practical part), e.g., for studies on the impact of vanishing glaciers on Kibo's touristic appeal, and (iii) which impact does deforestation on the Kilimanjaro slopes have on summit climate? Referring to item 2), two new automatic weather stations have been installed in February 2005. They complete a station operated by Massachusetts University on the surface of the Northern Icefield since 2000.
Free access and download to of a growing selection of DWD’s climate data. Via CDC Search you will find data for direct download and interactive access to station data. The interactive mode gives graphical and tabular previews of the German station data. In addition, all data sets remain accessible from our ftp server for direct download
The rewetting of drained peatlands is a promising measure to mitigate carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by preventing the further mineralization of the peat soil through aeration. While freshwater rewetted peatlands can be significant methane (CH4) sources in the short-term, in coastal ecosystems the input of sulfate-rich seawater could potentially mitigate these emissions. The purpose of the data collection was to examine whether the presence of sulfate, known as an alternative electron acceptor, can cause lower CH4 production and thus, emissions by favoring the growth of sulfate-reducers, which outcompete methanogens for substrate. We therefore investigated underlying variables such as the methane-cycling microbial community along with CH4 fluxes and set them in context with CO2 fluxes along a transect in a coastal peatland before and directly after rewetting. In this way, a conclusion about the short-term greenhouse gas mitigation potential of brackish water rewetting of coastal peatlands could be drawn. This data collection consists of six data sets, with direct comparisons before and after rewetting of CO2 and CH4 fluxes (Tab. 2) and associated microbial communities (Tab. 1) being the main data. Pore water geochemistry (Tab. 1 and 3) and surface water parameters (Tab. 4) were collected simultaneously to provide potential explanatory variables. The sampling of continuous water level (Tab. 5) within wells and atmospheric weather data (air and soil temperature, relative humidity, photosynthetic photon flux density; Tab. 6) from a weather station was done in addition. Measurements started in June/July/August 2019 after field installation was finalized and were conducted on the drained coastal fen "Polder Drammendorf" on the island of Rügen in North-East Germany. On 26th November 2019, the dike was opened and channeled in order to rewet the peatland with brackish water. Before, the dike separated the peatland from the adjacent bay "Kubitzer Bodden", which is part of a brackish lagoon system connected to the Baltic Sea. Therefore, the peatland was nearly completely flooded and now resembles a shallow lagoon with high fluctuating water levels. We measured along a humidity (pre-rewetting)/water level (post-rewetting) gradient (stations 0-8) towards and across the main North-South oriented drainage ditch, including four stations on the Eastern side of the ditch (1–4), two ditch stations (0, 5) and two stations (6, 7) on the Western side of the ditch. Station 8 was chosen as an additional station farther towards the adjacent bay on the Western side, but was only accessible before rewetting. CH4 and CO2 fluxes (stations 0-7) were calculated from online gas concentrations measurements using laser-based analyzers and manual closed chambers (Livingston, G. P., & Hutchinson, G. (1995). Enclosure-based measurement of trace gas exchange: Applications and sources of error. In P.A. Matson, & R.C. Harriss (Eds.). Biogenic trace gases: Measuring emissions from soil and water (pp. 14–51). Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK). Soil cores for microbial, dissolved gas concentrations and isotopic analysis were taken using a Russian type peat corer (De Vleeschouwer, F., Chambers, F. M., & Swindles, G. T. (2010). Coring and sub-sampling of peatlands for palaeoenvironmental research. Mires and Peat, 7, 1–10) before and after rewetting. Each time, we took duplicates at stations 1-8 for this rather labor-intensive process and divided the core into four depth sections: surface, 5–20, 20–40 and 40–50 cm. Subsamples for dissolved gases and stable carbon isotope analyses were taken with tip-cut syringes with a distinct volume of 3 ml (Omnifix, Braun, Bad Arolsen, Germany) and immediately placed into NaCl-saturated vials (20 ml, Agilent Technologies, 5182-0837, Santa Clara, USA) leaving no headspace and closed gas-tight using rubber stoppers and metal crimpers (both: diameter 20 mm, Glasgerätebau Ochs, Bovenden, Germany). Absolute abundances of specific functional target genes, including methane- and sulfate-cycling microorganisms, were measured with quantitative PCR (qPCR) after DNA was extracted (GeneMATRIX Soil DNA Purification Kit, Roboklon, Berlin, Germany) and quantified (Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer, ThermoFisher Scientific, Darmstadt, Germany). Surface and pore water parameters were measured in parallel to the gas measurements and soil coring for microbial analyses. Most surface water variables (pH, specific conductivity, salinity, nutrients, oxygen, sulfate and chloride concentrations, DOC/DIC) were measured in-situ using a multiparameter digital water quality meter or taken to the laboratory as water samples for further analysis. Likewise, pore water/soil variables (pH, specific conductivity, nutrients, metals, sulfate and chloride concentrations, CNS) were either measured in-situ or taken to the laboratory as soil samples. While surface water analysis was only conducted in the drainage ditch before rewetting, it was done along the entire transect after rewetting. In contrast, pore water/soil analysis was mostly conducted before rewetting and only repeated occasionally after rewetting where possible.
As part of PhytOakmeter (www.phytoakmeter.de), time-domain transmission, soil moisture and -temperature sensors with custom-made logger systems were used to measure time series of soil state variables. The aim of these investigations was to provide data on environmental properties used in a cross-disciplinary approach. The measurement device consisted of two sensors at three different depths. The dataset contains the values of time (UTC), relative permittivity, soil moisture (in % vol) derived from permittivity and soil temperature (in °C). Determination of soil moisture was done using the formula of Topp et al. (1980). As sensors, the SMT100 soil moisture sensors with integrated temperature measurement were used. All sensors were installed within the upper 50cm below ground. The exact depths for each sensor are listed in the dataset and parameter comment.
As part of PhytOakmeter (www.phytoakmeter.de), time-domain transmission, soil moisture and -temperature sensors with custom-made logger systems were used to measure time series of soil state variables. The aim of these investigations was to provide data on environmental properties used in a cross-disciplinary approach. The measurement device consisted of two sensors at three different depths. The dataset contains the values of time (UTC), relative permittivity, soil moisture (in % vol) derived from permittivity and soil temperature (in °C). Determination of soil moisture was done using the formula of Topp et al. (1980). As sensors, the SMT100 soil moisture sensors with integrated temperature measurement were used. All sensors were installed within the upper 50cm below ground. The exact depths for each sensor are listed in the dataset and parameter comment.
As part of PhytOakmeter (www.phytoakmeter.de), time-domain transmission, soil moisture and -temperature sensors with custom-made logger systems were used to measure time series of soil state variables. The aim of these investigations was to provide data on environmental properties used in a cross-disciplinary approach. The measurement device consisted of two sensors at three different depths. The dataset contains the values of time (UTC), relative permittivity, soil moisture (in % vol) derived from permittivity and soil temperature (in °C). Determination of soil moisture was done using the formula of Topp et al. (1980). As sensors, the SMT100 soil moisture sensors with integrated temperature measurement were used. All sensors were installed within the upper 50cm below ground. The exact depths for each sensor are listed in the dataset and parameter comment.
As part of PhytOakmeter (www.phytoakmeter.de), time-domain transmission, soil moisture and -temperature sensors with custom-made logger systems were used to measure time series of soil state variables. The aim of these investigations was to provide data on environmental properties used in a cross-disciplinary approach. The measurement device consisted of two sensors at three different depths. The dataset contains the values of time (UTC), relative permittivity, soil moisture (in % vol) derived from permittivity and soil temperature (in °C). Determination of soil moisture was done using the formula of Topp et al. (1980). As sensors, the SMT100 soil moisture sensors with integrated temperature measurement were used. All sensors were installed within the upper 50cm below ground. The exact depths for each sensor are listed in the dataset and parameter comment.
Der Waermehaushalt der trockenfallenden Wattflaechen und der Wasserflaechen wird untersucht. Waermestroeme im Boden und Temperaturaenderungen des Wassers werden zusammen mit den meteorologischen Einflussgroessen an 4 Stationen registriert. Daraus laesst sich die Reichweite der Auswirkungen von Kuehlwassereinleitungen angeben, als Grundlage fuer biologische und klimatische Untersuchungen. Veraenderung der Temperaturverhaeltnisse im Wasser und Wattboden durch Kuehlwassereinleitungen. Die Arbeiten laufen im Rahmen des Umweltprogramms - Ueberwachung der Kuestengewaesser - der Bundesregierung. Profilmessungen unter verschiedenen Tide- und Witterungsbedingungen werden vom Schiff aus durchgefuehrt um die Dauerregistrierungen zu unterstuetzen bzw. zu ergaenzen.
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