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Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field study: Carabidae data

Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, carabids were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Carabids were identified to species according to Hůrka (1996). Carabid feeding behavior was classified according to Homburg et al. (2014). To simplify the dataset, carabid feeding behavior was classified as predominantly granivorous (species mainly feed on seeds and fruits) or as carnivorous/omnivorous, because carnivorous and omnivorous species are potentially feeding on aphids and other non-plant material.

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field study: Araneae data

Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, spiders were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Spiders were identified to species according to Nentwig et al. (2019). Spider hunting strategy (active hunter or web-builder) was used as the feeding trait according to Cardoso et al. (2011).

Bäume als Indikatoren für die urbane Wärmeinsel (BIWi)

Das Projekt 'Bäume als Indikatoren für die urbane Wärmeinsel (BIWi)' ist eine Vorstudie, in der an 12 stadtökologisch unterschiedlichen Standorten Berlins, der Stadt Deutschlands mit dem größten innerstädtischen Wärmeinseleffekt (urban heat island, UHI), mittels dendroklimatologischer Methoden Chronologien zu verschiedenen Jahrringparametern (Jahrringbreite JRB, Weiserjahrkataloge, holzanatomische Merkmale) erzeugt und analysiert werden. Das Ziel ist es zu untersuchen, mit welcher Güte und Sicherheit welche Wuchsmerkmale auf Einflüsse des UHI-Effektes zurückzuführen sind. Ausgehend von in Dendroklimatologie und Zeitreihenanalytik anerkannten und häufig erfolgreich angewandten Methoden zur Messtechnik, Datenaufbereitung und Datenanalyse soll ein Methodenverbund aus Korrelations-, Regressions-, Hauptkomponenten- und Extremjahranalysen für urbane Räume entwickelt werden, um an verschiedenen Standorten die Wachstumsfaktoren für die im Mittel herrschenden Klimabedingungen, wie auch für extreme Wetterlagen (Trocken- oder Hitzeperioden, Smoglagen) zu bestimmen und zu hierarchisieren. Dazu werden an 12 stadtökologisch unterschiedlichen Standorten an insgesamt ca. 150 Bäumen Chronologien zur Jahrringbreite wie auch Kataloge zu extremen Wuchsreaktionen und holzanatomischen Merkmalen (Frostringe, Dichteschwankungen, u.a.) generiert. Im Vergleich mit Standorten aus dem Berliner Umland werden die Effekte der UHI abschließend von den allgemeinen klimatischen Wachstumsfaktoren getrennt. Insbesondere für diesen Teilschritt ist neben der Analyse spezifischer Stadtbaumarten (Platane, Ahorn, Winterlinde oder ähnlichen) auch die von sogenannten waldbildenden Baumarten wie etwa Eiche, Buche oder Kiefer in der Stadt von Bedeutung, um die gefundenen Stadt-Umland-Diversitäten nicht durch artspezifische Unterschiede zu verwischen. Die in der Vorstudie gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden im Rahmen zweier Masterarbeiten ausgewertet und interpretiert und überdies in einem international anerkannten Fachjournal veröffentlicht. Bisher vorliegende Studien setzen die Dendroklimatologie erfolgreich ein, um das Wachstum urbaner Bäume zu analysieren. Die Innovation des Projektes BIWi beruht auf der erstmaligen Nutzung der Bäume und der dendroklimatologischen Techniken für die Analyse stadtklimatologischer Fragestellungen, insbesondere der räumlichen und zeitlichen Entwicklung der UHI. Im Erfolgsfalle dient diese Vorstudie dazu, in einem größer angelegten Folgeprojekt das übergeordnete Ziel zu verfolgen, ein Verfahren zur Untersuchung der räumlichen Verbreitung und raumzeitlichen Entwicklung von UHIs mit Hilfe dendroökologischer Datensätze zu entwickeln. Perspektivisch kann so dazu beizutragen werden retrospektiv und projektiv Aussagen zur Entwicklung von UHIs vor dem Hintergrund sich ändernder klimatischer, demographischer und städteplanerischer Entwicklungen zu treffen.

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field experiment: Carabidae data

Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, carabids were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Carabids were identified to species according to Hůrka (1996). Carabid feeding behavior was classified according to Homburg et al. (2014). To simplify the dataset, carabid feeding behavior was classified as predominantly granivorous (species mainly feed on seeds and fruits) or as carnivorous/omnivorous, because carnivorous and omnivorous species are potentially feeding on aphids and other non-plant material.

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field experiment: Araneae data

Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, spiders were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Spiders were identified to species according to Nentwig et al. (2019). Spider hunting strategy (active hunter or web-builder) was used as the feeding trait according to Cardoso et al. (2011).

Pollen and environmental reconstruction, Holocene dynamics of tropical rainforest, climate, fire, human impact and land use in Sulawesi and Sumatra, Indonesia

The present-day configuration of Indonesia and SE Asia is the results of a long history of tectonic movements, volcanisms and global eustatic sea-level changes. Not indifferent to these dynamics, fauna and flora have been evolving and dispersing following a complicate pattern of continent-sea changes to form what are today defined as Sundaland and Wallacea biogeographical regions. The modern intraannual climate of Indonesia is generally described as tropical, seasonally wet with seasonal reversals of prevailing low-level winds (Asian-Australian monsoon). However at the interannual scale a range of influences operating over varying time scales affect the local climate in respect of temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall. Vegetation generally reflects climate and to simplify it is possible to distinguish three main ecological elements in the flora of Malaysia: everwet tropical, seasonally dry tropical (monsoon) and montane. Within those major ecological groups, a wide range of specific local conditions caused a complex biogeography which has and still attract the attention of botanists and biogeographers worldwide. Being one of the richest regions in the Worlds in terms of species endemism and biodiversity, Indonesia has recently gone through intensive transformation of previously rural/natural lands for intensive agriculture (oil palm, rubber, cocoa plantations and rice fields). Climate change represents an additional stress. Projected climate changes in the region include strengthening of monsoon circulation and increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall and drought events. The ecological consequences of these scenarios are hard to predict. Within the context of sustainable management of conservation areas and agro-landscapes, Holocene palaeoecological and palynological studies provide a valuable contribution by showing how the natural vegetation present at the location has changed as a consequence of climate variability in the long-term (e.g. the Mid-Holocene moisture maximum, the modern ENSO onset, Little Ice Age etc.). The final aim of my PhD research is to compare the Holocene history of Jambi province and Central Sulawesi. In particular: - Reconstructing past vegetation, plant diversity and climate dynamics in the two study areas Jambi (Sumatra) and Lore Lindu National Park (Sulawesi) - Comparing the ecological responses of lowland monsoon swampy rainforest (Sumatra) and everwet montane rainforests (Sulawesi) to environmental variability (vulnerability/resilience) - Investigating the history of human impact on the landscape (shifting cultivation, slash and burn, crop cultivation, rubber and palm oil plantation) - Assessing the impact and role of droughts (El Niño) and fires - Adding a historical perspective to the evaluation of current and future changes.

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field experiment: Aphidoidea data

Taken from materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: Aphids were counted on 50 randomly selected shoots in two crop rows (100 shoots in total) per plot and sampling round. To reduce edge effects, rows with less than 20 cm to the edge were excluded. Counting took place twice a year, that is, once during crop flowering (BBCH 61; beginning of aphid population growth) and once during crop milk ripening stage (BBCH 75).

Die Beziehung zwischen Temperatur und Wasserstress und den unterschiedlichen Phloembeladungstypen

Untersucht wird in diesem Projekt, der Zusammenhang zwischen Phloembeladungstyp und klimatischen Bedingungen wie Temperatur und der Phloembeladung in immergruenen Dikotyledonen aus der temperierten Zone. Techniken: Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, HPLC, Spektrophotometrie, 14C-Scintillations Photometrie, Densitometrie, Phophoimaging, Picolitre Cell content analysis, infrared spectrophotometry.

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field study: Aphidoidea data

Taken from materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: Aphids were counted on 50 randomly selected shoots in two crop rows (100 shoots in total) per plot and sampling round. To reduce edge effects, rows with less than 20 cm to the edge were excluded. Counting took place twice a year, that is, once during crop flowering (BBCH 61; beginning of aphid population growth) and once during crop milk ripening stage (BBCH 75).

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field experiment: Plants biomass data

Taken from the methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107237: Vegetation surveys were performed once in July for both study years. Plant species were classified and each species' percent cover for both the arable plant community and the crop were visually estimated per plot. Species were divided into rare arable plants, other spontaneously occurring arable plants, the sown crop species, and volunteer crops that re-emerged after cultivation in previous years. To measure the productivity of our plots, both the crop biomass and arable plant biomass (rare arable plants + volunteer crops + spontaneous arable plants) were collected in July and August in both study years. For the arable plant biomass, three 0.5 m × 0.5 m sampling quadrats were randomly placed in the plot, harvested, and dried at 65 °C for 48 h. Crop biomass was measured after cutting, drying, and weighing three randomly selected crop rows per plot. To minimize edge effects, the outmost crop rows were excluded from the sampling. Arable plants and crop biomasses were projected as g m ⁻².

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