Sediment erosion and transport is critical to the ecological and commercial health of aquatic habitats from watershed to sea. There is now a consensus that microorganisms inhabiting the system mediate the erosive response of natural sediments ('ecosystem engineers') along with physicochemical properties. The biological mechanism is through secretion of a microbial organic glue (EPS: extracellular polymeric substances) that enhances binding forces between sediment grains to impact sediment stability and post-entrainment flocculation. The proposed work will elucidate the functional capability of heterotrophic bacteria, cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae for mediating freshwater sediments to influence sediment erosion and transport. The potential and relevance of natural biofilms to provide this important 'ecosystem service' will be investigated for different niches in a freshwater habitat. Thereby, variations of the EPS 'quality' and 'quantity' to influence cohesion within sediments and flocs will be related to shifts in biofilm composition, sediment characteristics (e.g. organic background) and varying abiotic conditions (e.g. light, hydrodynamic regime) in the water body. Thus, the proposed interdisciplinary work will contribute to a conceptual understanding of microbial sediment engineering that represents an important ecosystem function in freshwater habitats. The research has wide implications for the water framework directive and sediment management strategies.
The formation of biogeochemical interfaces in soils is controlled, among other factors, by the type of particle surfaces present and the assemblage of organic matter and mineral particles. Therefore, the formation and maturation of interfaces is studied with artificial soils which are produced in long-term biogeochemical laboratory incubation experiments (3, 6, 12, 18 months. Clay minerals, iron oxides and charcoal are used as major model components controlling the formation of interfaces because they exhibit high surface area and microporosity. Soil interface characteristics have been analyzed by several groups involved in the priority program for formation of organo-mineral interfaces, sorptive and thermal interface properties, microbial community structure and function. Already after 6 months of incubation, the artificial soils exhibited different properties in relation to their composition. A unique dataset evolves on the development and the dynamics of interfaces in soil in the different projects contributing to this experiment. An integrated analysis based on a conceptual model and multivariate statistics will help to understand overall processes leading to the biogeochemical properties of interfaces in soil, that are the basis for their functions in ecosystems. Therefore, we propose to establish an integrative project for the evaluation of data obtained and for publication of synergistic work, which will bring the results to a higher level of understanding.
Whether primordial bodies in the solar system possessed internally-generated dynamos is a fundamental constraint to understand the dynamics and timing of early planetary formation. Paleointensity studies on several meteorites reveal that their host planets possessed magnetic fields within an order-of magnitude of the present Earths field. Interpretation of paleointensity data relies heavily on fundamental knowledge of the magnetic properties of the magnetic carriers, such as the single to multidomain size threshold or how the saturation magnetization varies as a function of grain size, yet very little knowledge exists about these key parameters for some of the main magnetic recorders in meteorites: the iron-nickel alloys. Moreover, most meteorites have experienced some amount of shock during their histories, yet the consequence of even very small stresses on paleointensity data is poorly known.We wish to fill these gaps by magnetically characterizing Fe-Ni alloys as a function of grain size and by determining how absolute and relative paleointensity data are biased by strain levels lower than those petrologically observable (less than 4-5 GPa). For example, our preliminary work shows that an imposed stress of 0.6 GPa will reduce absolute paleointensity estimates by 46Prozent for single domain magnetite-bearing rocks. In general, paleointensity determinations possess inherent disadvantages regarding measurement precision and the inordinate amount of human time investment. We intend to overcome these limitations by extending and improving our fully automated magnetic workstation known as the SushiBar.
The majority of the worlds forests has undergone some form of management, such as clear-cut or thinning. This management has direct relevance for global climate: Studies estimate that forest management emissions add a third to those from deforestation, while enhanced productivity in managed forests increases the capacity of the terrestrial biosphere to act as a sink for carbon dioxide emissions. However, uncertainties in the assessment of these fluxes are large. Moreover, forests influence climate also by altering the energy and water balance of the land surface. In many regions of historical deforestation, such biogeophysical effects have substantially counteracted warming due to carbon dioxide emissions. However, the effect of management on biogeophysical effects is largely unknown beyond local case studies. While the effects of climate on forest productivity is well established in forestry models, the effects of forest management on climate is less understood. Closing this feedback cycle is crucial to understand the driving forces behind past climate changes to be able to predict future climate responses and thus the required effort to adapt to it or avert it. To investigate the role of forest management in the climate system I propose to integrate a forest management module into a comprehensive Earth system model. The resulting model will be able to simultaneously address both directions of the interactions between climate and the managed land surface. My proposed work includes model development and implementation for key forest management processes, determining the growth and stock of living biomass, soil carbon cycle, and biophysical land surface properties. With this unique tool I will be able to improve estimates of terrestrial carbon source and sink terms and to assess the susceptibility of past and future climate to combined carbon cycle and biophysical effects of forest management. Furthermore, representing feedbacks between forest management and climate in a global climate model could advance efforts to combat climate change. Changes in forest management are inevitable to adapt to future climate change. In this process, is it possible to identify win-win strategies for which local management changes do not only help adaptation, but at the same time mitigate global warming by presenting favorable effects on climate? The proposed work opens a range of long-term research paths, with the aim of strengthening the climate perspective in the economic considerations of forest management and helping to improve local decisionmaking with respect to adaptation and mitigation.
Objectives: Sustainable management of tropical moist forests through private forest owners will become increasingly important. Media report that in Brazil, particularly in Amazonia, approx. 80 percent of the timber harvested is from illegal sources. Private management of forests according to internationally acknowledged standards offers an opportunity to significantly lower the portion of illegally cut timber. Moreover, it contributes significantly to the conservation of the Amazon forest. Private forest owners show a clear long-term commitment towards the implementation of management standards according that is ecologically compatible, socially acceptable and economically viable. The project area, a pristine forest in legal Amazonia in the transition zone between moist tropical forests and savannas (cerrado), is extremely diverse in floristic and faunistic terms. The institute cooperates with the private forest owner. Main tasks are to document the faunistic and floristic diversity, to calculate the Annual Allowable Cut and to elaborate concepts for site-specific silviculture. Results: To date (Oct. 2006) the following activities were started: - a comprehensive inventory system for planning at the FMU-level has been successfully introduced; - the inventory system for the annual coupe area has been designed and data for the first coupe are being processed; - the annual allowable cut is currently calculated based on the results of the above described inventories; - two fauna surveys are completed; one focusing on large mammals and one on the avi-fauna. A long-term monitoring concept to assess the influence of forest management on the faunistic diversity is currently under development; - forest zoning is completed applying terrestrial surveys and interpreting high-resolution satellite images; - a study on the use of Bethollethia excelsa-fruits (Brazil nuts) is currently implemented; - a study on timber properties of lesser known species is currently implemented.
Teilprojekt C05 hat zum Ziel, den wichtigen Eintragsweg für Kunststoffe, in Form von Mikroplastik, in die Umwelt aus technischen Anlagen (MP) mechanistisch aufzuklären. Gleichzeitig sollen neue Ansätze verfolgt werden, die zur Vermeidung bzw. Reduktion von MP aus Standardkunststoffen maßgeblich beitragen sollen. Zu diesem Zweck sollen Polyethylen, Polypropylen, Polystyrol, Nylon, Polyethylenterephthalat, Polyisopren und Polyvinylchlorid durch Beschleuniger (in situ) in ihren Oberflächeneigenschaften für die Biofilmbildung modifiziert und dadurch unter Prozessbedingungen biologisch angreifbar und abbaubar gemacht werden. So können auch Standardkunststoffe umweltverträglicher bezüglich der MP-Partikel Bildung werden. Damit geht TP C05 weit über die bislang üblichen eher deskriptiven Studien zu MP in technischen Anlagen und der Umwelt hinaus. Folgende zentrale Fragen sollen in TP C05 in Hinblick MP-Partikel in technischen Anlagen der Abfall- und Abwasserwirtschaft beantwortet werden: 1. Kommt es in den Anlagen zu spezifischen (biologischen) Abbau- und Degradationsvorgängen? 2. Wie hängen die zu beobachtenden Prozesse von MP-Charakteristika (Materialsorte, Zusammensetzung, Größe, Morphologie, Beschichtung) ab, ? 3. Lassen sich die Vorgänge ('Bioabbaubarkeit') durch gezielte Modifikation der Partikeloberfläche vor oder in den Anlagen beschleunigen? 4. Welche ökologischen Konsequenzen einer Ausbringung der (modifizierten) Partikel in die Umwelt und hier vor allem in den Boden lassen sich postulieren?
The overarching goal of our proposal is to understand the regulation of organic carbon (OC) transfor-mation across terrestrial-aquatic interfaces from soil, to lotic and lentic waters, with emphasis on ephemeral streams. These systems considerably expand the terrestrial-aquatic interface and are thus potential sites for intensive OC-transformation. Despite the different environmental conditions of ter-restrial, semi-aquatic and aquatic sites, likely major factors for the transformation of OC at all sites are the quality of the organic matter, the supply with oxygen and nutrients and the water regime. We will target the effects of (1) OC quality and priming, (2) stream sediment properties that control the advective supply of hyporheic sediments with oxygen and nutrients, and (3) the water regime. The responses of sediment associated metabolic activities, C turn-over, C-flow in the microbial food web, and the combined transformations of terrestrial and aquatic OC will be quantified and characterized in complementary laboratory and field experiments. Analogous mesocosm experiments in terrestrial soil, ephemeral and perennial streams and pond shore will be conducted in the experimental Chicken Creek catchment. This research site is ideal due to a wide but well-defined terrestrial-aquatic transition zone and due to low background concentrations of labile organic carbon. The studies will benefit from new methodologies and techniques, including development of hyporheic flow path tubes and comparative assessment of soil and stream sediment respiration with methods from soil and aquatic sciences. We will combine tracer techniques to assess advective supply of sediments, respiration measurements, greenhouse gas flux measurements, isotope labeling, and isotope natural abundance studies. Our studies will contribute to the understanding of OC mineralization and thus CO2 emissions across terrestrial and aquatic systems. A deeper knowledge of OC-transformation in the terrestrial-aquatic interface is of high relevance for the modelling of carbon flow through landscapes and for the understanding of the global C cycle.
Nutrient and water supply for organisms in soil is strongly affected by the physical and physico-chemical properties of the microenvironment, i.e. pore space topology (pore size, tortuosity, connectivity) and pore surface properties (surface charge, surface energy). Spatial decoupling of biological processes through the physical (spatial) separation of SOM, microorganisms and extracellular enzyme activity is apparently one of the most important factors leading to the protection and stabilization of soil organic matter (SOM) in subsoils. However, it is largely unknown, if physical constraints can explain the very low turnover rates of organic carbon in subsoils. Hence, the objective of P4 is to combine the information from the physical structure of the soil (local bulk density, macropore structure, aggregation, texture gradients) with surface properties of particles or aggregate surfaces to obtain a comprehensive set of physical important parameters. It is the goal to determine how relevant these physical factors in the subsoil are to enforce the hydraulic heterogeneity of the subsoil flow system during wetting and drying. Our hypothesis is that increasing water repellency enforces the moisture pattern heterogeneity caused already by geometrical factors. Pore space heterogeneity will be assessed by the bulk density patterns via x-ray radiography. Local pattern of soil moisture is evaluated by the difference of X-ray signals of dry and wet soil (project partner H.J. Vogel, UFZ Halle). With the innovative combination of three methods (high resolution X-ray radiography, small scale contact angle mapping, both applied to a flow cell shaped sample with undisturbed soil) it will be determined if the impact of water repellency leads to an increase in the hydraulic flow field heterogeneity of the unsaturated sample, i.e. during infiltration events and the following redistribution phase. An interdisciplinary cooperation within the research program is the important link which is realized by using the same flow cell samples to match the spatial patterns of physical, chemical, and biological factors in undisturbed subsoil. This cooperation with respect to spatial pattern analysis will include the analysis of enzyme activities within and outside of flow paths and the spatial distribution of key soil properties (texture, organic carbon, iron oxide content) evaluated by IR mapping. To study dissolved organic matter (DOM) sorption in soils of varying mineral composition and the selective association of DOM with mineral surfaces in context with recognized flow field pattern, we will conduct a central DOM leaching experiment and the coating of iron oxides which are placed inside the flow cell during percolation with marked DOM solution. Overall objective is to elucidate if spatial separation of degrading organisms and enzymes from the substrates may be interconnected with defined physical features of the soil matrix thus explaining subsoil SOM stability and -dynami
We propose to use positron emission tomography (PET) for imaging of tracer migration in a soil horizon, to be coupled with image simulation using the lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) modeling approach. PET enables direct visualization of inert KF or KBr solute migration at the soil horizon scale, but also reactive halogenated organic target (2,4-D and MCPA) compound migration down to nM concentrations once radiolabelling with 18F or 76Br marker is achieved. Retardation at biogeochemical interfaces with different sorption properties will thus be imaged in-situ. Theoretical image simulation for process verification will be enabled by introducing a multi-grid approach and additional kinetic boundary conditions in the parallelized LBE solver. As a boundary condition for the latter, the real pore scale and distribution of biogeochemical interfaces will be derived by X-ray computer-tomography (XCT) down to 300 nm spatial voxel resolution. The aim is to produce by both approaches velocity field movies due to heterogeneous biogeochemical retardation of the target compounds with high resolution in both the spatial and temporal scale (4D).
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