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Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Ozone (O3), Level 3 – Global

Ozone vertical column density in Dobson Units as derived from Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI observations. The stratospheric ozone layer protects the biosphere from harmful solar ultraviolet radiation. Ozone in troposphere can pose risks to the health of humans, animals, and vegetation. The TROPOMI instrument aboard the SENTINEL-5P space craft is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer covering wavelength bands between the ultraviolet and the shortwave infra-red. TROPOMI's purpose is to measure atmospheric properties and constituents. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum, allowing operational retrieval of the following trace gas constituents: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4). Daily observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. Within the INPULS project, innovative algorithms and processors for the generation of Level 3 and Level 4 products, improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users are developed.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Ultraviolet Index (UVI), Level 3 – Global

UV Index (UVI) as derived from TROPOMI observations. The UVI describes the intensity of the solar ultraviolet radiation. Values around zero indicate low, values greater than 10 indicate very high UV exposure on the ground. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Surface water parameters (pH, specific conductivity, salinity, nutrients, oxygen, sulfate and chloride concentrations, DOC/DIC) (Table 4)

Surface water parameters were measured in parallel to the gas measurements and soil coring for microbial analyses. Most surface water variables (pH, specific conductivity, salinity, nutrients, oxygen, sulfate and chloride concentrations, DOC/DIC) were measured in-situ using a multiparameter digital water quality meter or taken to the laboratory as water samples for further analysis. While surface water analysis was only conducted in the drainage ditch before rewetting, it was done along the entire transect after rewetting.

GTS Bulletin: ISND01 EDZW - Observational data (Binary coded) - BUFR (details are described in the abstract)

The ISND01 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (I): Observational data (Binary coded) - BUFR T1T2 (IS): Surface/sea level T1T2A1 (ISN): Synoptic observations from fixed land stations at non-standard time (i.e. 01, 02, 04, 05, ... UTC) A2 (D): 90°E - 0° northern hemisphere (The bulletin collects reports from stations: 10004;UFS TW Ems;10015;Helgoland;10020;List auf Sylt;10035;Schleswig;10055;Fehmarn;10147;Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel;10162;Schwerin;10184;Greifswald;10200;Emden;10224;Bremen;10270;Neuruppin;10338;Hannover;10361;Magdeburg;10393;Lindenberg;10400;Düsseldorf;10469;Leipzig/Halle;10488;Dresden-Klotzsche;10506;Nürburg-Barweiler;10548;Meiningen;10637;Frankfurt/Main;10685;Hof;10738;Stuttgart-Echterdingen;10763;Nürnberg;10788;Straubing;10852;Augsburg;10946;Kempten;) (Remarks from Volume-C: SYNOP)

Bildung und Abbau von Schadstoffen in der Naehe einer kalten Wand waehrend eines Verbrennungsprozesses

Die Schadstoffentstehung von NO und CO im Bereich der kalten Zylinderwand waehrend der Expansion in einem Kolbenmotor soll durch Simulation des Verbrennungsprozesses in einem Stosswellenrohr untersucht werden. Die Wand des Hubraumes wird durch die Rueckwand des Stossrohres dargestellt. Der an der Rueckwand des Stossrohres reflektierte Stoss zuendet ein Gasgemisch, das O2, N2, CH4 im Argonbad enthaelt. Ein fuer optische Untersuchungen an der Rueckwand geeignetes Stosswellenrohr wurde aufgebaut und in Betrieb genommen. Interferometrische Messungen (raeumlich und zeitlich aufgeloest) des Brechungsindexes in wandparallelen Schichten im Bereich der kalten Wand mittels Laserstrahlen und Messungen des Waermestromes in die Rueckwand des Stossrohres bei zuendfaehigen Gasgemischen wurden abgeschlossen. Die experimentellen Daten dienen zur Ueberpruefung des theoretischen Modells im Bereich der Wand (s. Projekt 16/9/9). Geplant sind zeitlich und raeumlich aufgeloeste Absorptionsmessungen von NO, OH im UV-Bereich. Weiter soll im IR-Bereich die Emission von CO2, CO und H2O gemessen werden. Ausserdem soll die Intensitaet der Reaktionskontinua (CO + O = CO2, NO + O = NO2) bestimmt werden.

Methanemissionen aus Kleinseen: Dynamik und Verteilungsmuster (MethDyn)

Kleinseen stellen eine bedeutende Quelle von Methan im globalen Methanhaushalt dar. Diese Seen weisen pro Flächeneinheit höhere Methanflüsse auf als große Seen und haben einen wesentlichen Anteil an den weltweiten Methanemissionen aus Seen. Allerdings sind die Abschätzungen der seeweiten Methanemissionen mit sehr großen Unsicherheiten behaftet. Das liegt daran, dass es nur wenige und unzureichende Messungen und Modellansätze gibt, die die zeitliche und räumliche Variabilität von Methan in Seen erfasst. Die Ziele des Projekts sind die Dynamik und Verteilungsmuster von Methan in und Methanemissionen aus Kleinseen zu untersuchen sowie die Eigenschaften der Seen zu charakterisieren und die Prozesse zu quantifizieren, die die seeweiten Methanemissionen aus Kleinseen bestimmen. Ein spezieller Fokus des Projekts liegt dabei auf der relativen Bedeutung und zeitlichen Variabilität der räumlichen Methangradienten, der Herbst-Vollzirkulation und der verschieden Emissionspfade für die jährlichen, seeweiten Methanemissionen. Am Beispiel von sechs Kleinseen, die unterschiedliche Eigenschaften besitzen, werden intensive Feldexperimente durchgeführt. Während der Feldexperimente werden unter Berücksichtigung der Hauptemissionspfade die seeinterne Dynamik, räumliche Heterogenität, seeweite Verteilung und zeitliche Variabilität von gelöstem Methan und Methanemissionen zusammen mit den abiotischen Bedingungen in den sechs Kleinseen gemessen und analysiert. Dabei kommen neuste Messtechniken zum Einsatz (Eddy-Kovarianz System, Ein- und Mehrfrequenz Echolote, Methansonden, automatisierte Methanflusskammern und -trichter, tragbarer Treibhausgasanalysator, Sauerstoff- und Kohlendioxid-Optoden), die mit einer intensiven Wasserprobenahme und -analyse (gelöstes Methan, Methan-Isotopenzusammensetzung, Methan-Oxidationsraten und andere Wasserinhaltsstoffe) verknüpft werden. Diese Kombination erlaubt eine genaue und zuverlässige Aufnahme aller im Kontext nötigen abiotischen Parameter und im Speziellen der gelösten Methankonzentration mit einer hohen zeitlichen und räumlichen Auslösung. Die Feldexperimente werden durch numerische Simulationen zur Dynamik von Methan mit einem 3D Methan Modell komplettiert. Ziel dieser Modellrechnungen ist es, den horizontalen Transport, die Dynamik, Verteilung sowie den seeweiten, diffusiven Fluss von gelöstem Methan in die Atmosphäre bei sich ändernden Randbedingungen zu untersuchen. Des Weiteren wird mit numerischen Experimenten bestimmt wie sich ein verändertes Klima und unterschiedliche Windszenarien auf den diffusiven Fluss von gelöstem Methan in die Atmosphäre während Zirkulationsphasen auswirken und deren relativen Anteil an den seeweiten, jährlichen Emissionen verändern.

Absolute abundances of methane- and sulfate-cycling microorganisms, pore water gas concentrations and stable carbon isotopes (Table 1)

Soil cores for microbial, dissolved gas concentrations and isotopic analysis were taken using a Russian type peat corer (De Vleeschouwer et al. 2010) before and after rewetting. Each time, we took duplicates at stations 1-8 for this rather labor-intensive process and divided the core into four depth sections: surface, 5–20, 20–40 and 40–50 cm. Subsamples for dissolved gases and stable carbon isotope analyses were taken with tip-cut syringes with a distinct volume of 3 ml (Omnifix, Braun, Bad Arolsen, Germany) and immediately placed into NaCl-saturated vials (20 ml, Agilent Technologies, 5182-0837, Santa Clara, USA) leaving no headspace and closed gas-tight using rubber stoppers and metal crimpers (both: diameter 20 mm, Glasgerätebau Ochs, Bovenden, Germany).

CO2 and CH4 fluxes before and after rewetting (Table 2)

CH4 and CO2 fluxes (stations 0-7) were calculated from online gas concentrations measurements using laser-based analyzers and manual closed chambers (Livingston, GP, & Hutchinson, G, 1995). Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK).

Dissolved methane concentration variability along freshwater-sea continuum at Heligoland, Southern North Sea, 2021

The dataset is about temporal variability of dissolved methane along the freshwater-sea continuum in northern Germany. Sensors were installed at fixed stations at in total three sites at different water depths. This dataset is from the station in Heligoland (54.1833 N, 7.8667 E) at about 9-12m depth (depending on the tide). The data was obtained between 27 April and 28 October in high frequency measurements (1 min) with a methane sensor from Kongsberg (4H Jena model CONTROS HydroC CH4,). Methane concentrations were calculated according to manufacturer's instructions, based on temperature and salinity values from UW-node Heligoland (Fischer, Philipp; Happel, Lea; Brand, Markus; Eickelmann, Laura; Lienkämper, Miriam; Bussmann, Ingeborg; Anselm, Norbert; Brix, Holger (2022): Hydrographical time series data of Helgoland, Southern North Sea, 2021. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.950173). A gap in the salinity data was replaced with the median value of the observed time span (31.66). For the quality control of the data a local range of 0.1 – 1000 nmol/L was set, a technical range for the pump power 2 – 8. Watt, a spike and gradient value of 1. For a more detailed description see the article cited in References.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Surface Nitrogendioxide (NO2), Level 4 – Regional (Germany and neighboring countries)

The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product displays the Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) near surface concentration for Germany and neighboring countries as derived from the POLYPHEMUS/DLR air quality model. Surface NO2 is mainly generated by anthropogenic sources, e.g. transport and industry. POLYPHEMUS/DLR is a state-of-the-art air quality model taking into consideration - meteorological conditions, - photochemistry, - anthropogenic and natural (biogenic) emissions, - TROPOMI NO2 observations for data assimilation. This Level 4 air quality product (surface NO2 at 15:00 UTC) is based on innovative algorithms, processors, data assimilation schemes and operational processing and dissemination chain developed in the framework of the INPULS project. The DLR project INPULS develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

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