Gidded Level 3 H2O total columns.
The Earth's capacity to sustain life is attributed to two mechanisms: the greenhouse effect and the hydrological cycle. Water vapour in the atmosphere is a critical component of both processes and the main naturally occurring greenhouse gas in the Earth's climate system. Water in gaseous form varies more than other greenhouse gases. Monitoring atmospheric water vapour globally is essential to understand its climate impacts.
Measurements of water vapor columns are derived from satellite observations of solar radiation in the ultraviolet and visible (430 – 450 nm) spectral ranges. A water vapour absorption band is detectable across some European Sentinel platforms (Sentinel-4, Sentinel-5P and 5), former (GOME and SCIAMACHY) and future instruments (CO2M). This absorption signature by water vapor is used to derive the shown concentrations with the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) technique.
The retrieval methodology, as applied to the fleet of available platforms, demonstrates several advantages, including optimal sensitivity and coverage characteristics across both oceans and continents, enhanced temporal sampling frequency for weather applications, and continuous extension of long-term datasets for climate study purposes. This is accomplished by DLR in the framework of the EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Composition (AC-SAF) monitoring where DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp products.
The main objective of this drilling fluid analysis was the detection of inflows of formation fluids. Therefore different gases dissolved in the drilling mud were measured continuously and automatically at drill site with three different methods (Fig.: KTB-Report 92-2 page C13). The operation principles of the mass spectrometer and the gaschromatograph have been explained by STROH et al. (1988) and FIGGEMEIER et al. (1991). The principle of radon determination is published by ERZINGER et al. (1992). In the complete KTB-VB and in in the KTB-HB down to a depth of 3003 m the gas phase was released and collected by twirl degassers attached in front of the mud shakers. This open system led to gas losses as well as air contamination. Therefore results obtained down to this depth have only qualitative character. After casing the KTB-HB to a depth of 3003 m a bypass system was installed at the BOP (blow-out preventer) 50 cm below the flow line.
Laboruntersuchungen heterogener Reaktionen auf stratosphaerisch relevanten festen und fluessigen Oberflaechen (H2SO4/H20, H2SO4/HNO3/H2O, HNO3 /H2O, H2O) bei Temperaturen und Wasserdampfpartialdruck typisch fuer die untere Stratosphaere. a. Messung der Reaktionswahrscheinlichkeiten der bromhaltigen Verbindungen BrONO2, HOBr, HBr. b. Messung der Reaktionswahrscheinlichkeiten von NO3 und HO2 NO2. c. Messung der Produktbildung in den Reaktionen von BrONO2, HOBr, NO3 und HO2, NO2 mit HCl und HBr.