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METOP GOME-2 - Cloud Top Pressure (CTP) - Global

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Currently, there are three GOME-2 instruments operating on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B and -C, launched in October 2006, September 2012, and November 2018, respectively. GOME-2 can measure a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distributions. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp level 2 products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (AC-SAF). GOME-2 near-real-time products are available already two hours after sensing. OCRA (Optical Cloud Recognition Algorithm) and ROCINN (Retrieval of Cloud Information using Neural Networks) are used for retrieving the following geophysical cloud properties from GOME and GOME-2 data: cloud fraction (cloud cover), cloud-top pressure (cloud-top height), and cloud optical thickness (cloud-top albedo). OCRA is an optical sensor cloud detection algorithm that uses the PMD devices on GOME / GOME-2 to deliver cloud fractions for GOME / GOME-2 scenes. ROCINN takes the OCRA cloud fraction as input and uses a neural network training scheme to invert GOME / GOME-2 reflectivities in and around the O2-A band. VLIDORT [Spurr (2006)] templates of reflectances based on full polarization scattering of light are used to train the neural network. ROCINN retrieves cloud-top pressure and cloud-top albedo. The cloud-top pressure for GOME scenes is derived from the cloud-top height provided by ROCINN and an appropriate pressure profile. For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/

Etude de l'etat general du littoral et du rivage des lacs suisses (FRA)

Das Projekt "Etude de l'etat general du littoral et du rivage des lacs suisses (FRA)" wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universite de Geneve, Laboratoire d'Ecologie et de Biologie Aquatique.Mise au point et application d'une methode de qualification phyto-ecologique des rives lacustres. Proposition de mesures de conservation et de protection des rives. Seize lacs sont impliques dans le projet. (FRA)

Biological Decontamination of Heavy Metal Polluted Soils Using Hyperaccumulator Plants: Influencing the Uptake of Heavy Metals in the Root Zone

Das Projekt "Biological Decontamination of Heavy Metal Polluted Soils Using Hyperaccumulator Plants: Influencing the Uptake of Heavy Metals in the Root Zone" wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Institut für Terrestrische Ökologie, Fachbereich Bodenschutz.Remediation of heavy-metal polluted agricultural soils requires gentle methods, i.e. methods by which the fertility of the soil is fully restored. This means that harsh methods such as the extraction of metals by strong acids or soil washing are not applicable as they do not only remove the pollutants, but also destroy the physical and chemical basis of soil fertility, e.g. soil structure and cation exchange sites. As soil cleaning by metal harvesting through accumulator plants had shown to be a promising, but not yet sufficiently effective technique for the gentle remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils, we investigated possibilities to increase the efficiency of phytoextraction by enhancing the phytoavailability of the metals cadmium, zinc and copper for various metal-polluted agricultural soils of Switzerland. We focussed on two innovative approaches. In the first approach we evaluated the possibility to enhance metal phytoavailability by the addition of elemental sulphur to the soil. The other approach started out from the completely innovative idea to exploit natural siderophores as agents to enhance metal availability. Elemental sulphur application was very effective in solubilizing Zn and Cd in calcareous soil and even more in acidic soil. Unfortunately, however, the effect on plant uptake was much weaker than on the solubility of the metals in the soil. Still, metal uptake in plants grown on calcareous soil under field conditions was increased up a factor of 8. Additional field trials performed at other locations in Switzerland showed that the conditions at Dornach were particularly difficult for phytoremediation. At the current state-of-the-art, clean-up of metal-polluted soils by phytoextraction would require still several decades also the other investigated sites, however. The siderophore studies were performed with model systems consisting of soil mineral suspensions, addressing the lack of a fundamental study of the interactions between siderophore, metals and soil constituents. Desferrioxamine B (DFOB) was used as a model siderophore. For comparison, analogous experiments were performed with citrate and NTA. The results show that the effect of such ligands can be mobilizing as well as immobilizing, depending on soil conditions. While the effects in the model system could be under-stood in terms of chemical speciation modelling, it was found that they did not fully explain the effects observed with field soil samples, suggesting that the model system did not fully represent the dominant features of the real soil. However, the experiments opened up new perspectives for the use of siderophores worth to be further investigated.

Mikrobieller Abbau von Nitrilotriacetat (NTA) unter aeroben und denitrifizierenden Bedingungen

Das Projekt "Mikrobieller Abbau von Nitrilotriacetat (NTA) unter aeroben und denitrifizierenden Bedingungen" wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Eidgenössische Anstalt für Wasserversorgung, Abwasserreinigung und Gewässerschutz.Um die Eutrophierung von Oberflaechengewaessern zu verhindern, ist in der Schweiz Phosphat in Waschmitteln seit 1986 verboten. Ein Phosphatersatzstoff ist Nitrilotriacetat (NTA). Da NTA in grossen Mengen (nicht nur via Waschmittel) ins Abwasser gelangt, ist sein biologischer Abbau von primaerer Bedeutung. NTA wird durch Bakterien als Wachstumssubstrat verwendet und zu Biomasse, CO2 und NH4+ umgewandelt. In unserem Labor werden eine Reihe von NTA-abbauenden Bakterien isoliert, taxonomisch charakterisiert und die am Abbau von NTA beteiligten Enzyme isoliert. Das Wachstumsverhalten und die Regulation des Abbauverhaltens von NTA-verwertenden Bakterien wird sowohl im Labor als auch in Klaeranlagen (mit Hilfe von Immunofluoreszenzmarkierung und Diffusionskammern) untersucht. Die Resultate sollen die Voraussage des Abbaus von NTA in verschiedenen Oekosystemen erlauben, und Grundlagenwissen zum Abbau von Schadstoffen allgemein soll erarbeitet werden.

Bebauungsplaene Merchweiler/Wemmetsweiler - Seniorenzentrum der Caritastraegergesellschaft CTS

Bebauungspläne und Umringe der Gemeinde Merchweiler (Saarland), Ortsteil Wemmetsweiler:Bebauungsplan "Seniorenzentrum der Caritastraegergesellschaft CTS" der Gemeinde Merchweiler, Ortsteil Wemmetsweiler

Cruise EMB276 - Fine scale nutrient, oxygen and elemental associations across the redox boundary in the central Baltic Sea

Working Area was the central Baltic Sea from Farö Deep to the Southern Gotland Basin encirceled by the south bound latitude 54.188, west bound longitude of 12.081, north bound latitude of 58.001 and in the east bound by longitude 20.652. The distribution and cycling of manganese (Mn) species across the redox boundary in the central Baltic Sea was studied by a team of researchers from the IOW and WHOI with the aim to interrogate possible links between Mn and the nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and iodine (I) cycles, taking into account the role of Mn(III)-ligand complexes and reactive Mn oxide particles. The role of reactive Mn species in controlling the redox state of stratified waters, using novel in situ instrumentation, high resolution water sampling, and targeted solid-phase characterization was done by normal CTD and pump CTD casts. Profiles of reactive oxygen species (ROS), showed slight variation throughout the day tentatively suggesting other sources than light as a reason. Seven pump CTD casts (EMB_2 to EMB_8) were the first measured in the Baltic Sea. About the Data: The upper pycnocline coincided with a temperature drop of approx. 10 °C from near 15 °C to around 5 °C. The temperature was stable until the second pycnocline from where it rose to approx. 7 °C and stayed stable to close to the seafloor Oxygen profiles resemble each other even though the concentrations are different below the first pycnocline. At stations go27, TF271, go23 and TF260 the concentration decreased to either the detection limit (stations TF271 and go23) or around 20 μmol L- 1 (stations go and TF260). Below the pycnocline several oxygen peaks occurred with concentrations up to 40 μmol L- 1 and an oxygen saturation reaching 10 % at stations. From a depth of 113 m- Oxygen was no longer detectable at any of the stations. Nutrient data from the upper layer are lacking because they were not interesting for redox processes. Ammonium only increased below 100m depth, nitrate was extremely variable between 50m and 140m experiencing maxima of 6µmol L-1. Finally nitrite had up to 0.4 µmol L-1 around 50m depth and many tiny peaks throughout the redoxzone. The detailed structure visible in the data is unique and will generate a much better understanding of microbial processes and trace metal concentrations.

Orientierende Erfassung von Black Carbon (BC) in Deutschland und Identifikation relevanter Quellen mit Chemie-Transport-Modellen

Schwarzer Kohlenstoff (Black Carbon, BC) ist eine Feinstaubkomponente, die bei Verbrennungsprozessen in die Atmosphäre freigesetzt wird und negative Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit und das Klima hat. Aktuelle Emissions- und Konzentrationsabschätzungen sind unsicher. Im Projekt wurden im ersten Schritt die Emissionsquellen von BC für die Modellierung verbessert. Im zweiten Schritt wurde die räumliche Konzentrationsverteilung von BC in Deutschland durch eine kombinierte Auswertung von Messdaten und Modellierungsergebnissen optimiert.

Steuerrandmessungen Elbe und Jade/Weser 2012

Die BAW (Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau) führt im Auftrag der WSV (Wasserstraßen- und Schifffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes) umfangreiche F&E-Untersuchungen (Forschung- und Entwicklung) zur Klimafolgenforschung sowie zur Auswirkung geplanter Ausbaumaßnahmen an Seeschifffahrtsstraßen durch. Hierfür werden hochauflösende dreidimensionale numerische Simulationsmodelle eingesetzt. Die Aussagefähigkeit und Qualität der Simulationsergebnisse ist hierbei entscheidend von der Güte der Steuerung an den Modellrändern abhängig. Die Modelltopographie (= "Rechengitter") und die verwendeten hydrologischen Bedingungen auf den Modellrändern sollten möglichst einen identischen Zeitraum repräsentieren. Da die Modelltopographien für die Modellgebiete des "Jade-Weser" und des "Elbe" - Modells der BAW im Jahr 2012 neu aufgebaut worden sind, ist im Sommer 2012 ein Messprogramm zur Erfassung der hydrologischen Randbedingungen durchgeführt worden. Zu diesem Zweck hat die BAW - Dienstort Hamburg ein Messnetz aus insgesamt 13 Beobachtungsstationen entlang der Steueränder der numerischen Modellsysteme eingerichtet. Mindestens über den Zeitraum eines "Nipp-Spring-Zyklus" (~ 14 Tage) wurden in verschiedenen Gerätekonfigurationen folgende Parameter gemessen: CTD-Messungen (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth): - Wasserspiegelauslenkung (Tidekurve) - Salinität - Temperatur - Trübung (teilweise) Für Zwecke der Modellvalidierung sind auf einem ca. 10 km parallel in das Modellgebiet verschobenen Rand ADCP-Messungen (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler): - Strömungs- und - Seegangsmessungen (teilweise) durchgeführt worden. Soweit verfügbar sind Daten der von der WSV betriebenen Pegelstationen einbezogen worden. Für meterologische Informationen stehen Daten des DWD zur Verfügung (Quelle: Deutscher Wetterdienst).

Cruise EMB217 - The role of the bottom boundary turbulence for the transport of tracers in marine basins

The EMB217 cruise was dedicated to the DFG-Funded project ROBOTRACE (The role of bottom boundary layer turbulence for the exchange of tracer) and was the third in the project. The purpose was to sample the ROBOTRACE stations during a calm summer season. This allows to understand the seasonality of the oxygen transport in the central Baltic Sea. The sampled stations and main transect were on the eastern part of the Gotland Basin (TS1, Fig. 3.1). For the background condition during the cruise, two moorings chains, including ADCP, T, S and oxygen sensors, were deployed along the transect. Short term deployments of oxygen microprofilers, oxygen eddy-covariance and chamber landers were performed along the transect. The transect was sampled several times with a shear microstructure probe (MSS-90L) including a fast response oxygen optode and accompanied by nutrient samples taken with watersamplers mounted on a standard CTD rosette. Besides these main tasks, maintenance of the IOW longterm mooring NE and GODESS were performed and a lagrangian drifter (Jetsam, Univ. Florida) was tested for its use in the Baltic Sea.

Cruise EMB265 - Three-dimensional acoustic mapping of small-scale physical processes in the North Sea and Baltic Sea

During this short cruise, we explored the potential of acoustic echo sounding techniques (wideband single-beam and multibeam systems) for the quantitative investigation of turbulence and other small-scale processes in the water column. These activities were embedded in the research project „Four dimensional Research applying Modeling and Observations for the Sea and Atmosphere“ (FORMOSA), funded by the German Leibniz-Association (WGL) in the framework of the national funding line “Cooperative Excellence”. The cruise took place in May 2021 in the Kattegat region and the western Baltic Sea (Arkona Basin). Our activities focused on the mixing of salty North Sea waters and brackish outflow waters from the Baltic Sea in the Kattegat region with the help of turbulence microstructure and acoustic observations. Measurements were conducted by scientists from IOW in collaboration with project partners from Stockholm University (Sweden) and an additional engineering group from Rostock University (Germany).

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