The East African Rift System (EARS) continues south of the Afar Crossing in Ethiopia through Kenya and then splits into two branches: the western branch, which runs through Uganda and Rwanda, and the eastern branch, which runs through Tanzania. Both unite in Malawi. Magmatic activity began 20 million years ago south of Lake Turkana (Kenya). Here, destabilisation of the continental lithosphere and extrusion of phonolitic floods occurred, and after a phase of resurgence, small-scale ultra-alkaline, Si-saturated activity took place between ca. 5.9 and 2.9 Ma, defining the early rift development and volcanic initiation phase. Volcanism in the western branch of the EARS is confined to four spatially restricted provinces, all of which are found at the tips of long boundary faults or in accommodation zones between rift segments (Ebinger et al., 1989).
In autumn 2024, an expedition to Rwanda was undertaken within the framework of the research project “CRM-geothermal”. Within „CRM-geothermal“, we are looking for an environmentally friendly co-production of critical raw materials together with the provision of geothermal energy. In the EARS, high levels of rare earth elements (REE), Sr, Ba and Mg are expected in waters and solids in areas with alkaline volcanic rocks, while other critical elements, including helium, have been sought in other localities. The eastern and western branches of the EARS host juvenile sectors with promising geothermal potential related to hot fluids migrating along permeable faults.
The expedition began in the Virunga Volcanic Province in north-western Rwanda and continued all along Lake Kivu to Kamembe Further, along the Nyakabuye-Ruhwa Valley, in the area of Bugarama, Ruhwa and Mashyuza, gas, water, rock and sediment associated with natural hot springs but also cold springs were collected. On site, physical and chemical parameters were measured in-situ and documented together with the geology, infrastructure and domestic use of the hot site. At Ruhwa borehole, southern Rwanda, the hot water (66°C) emerges as an artesian spring at the surface. Drilling sites for geothermal water and energy extraction in Karisimbi were not visited because no economically viable geothermal system was found. Gisenyi and Bugarama are in the focus of the authorities, but funding for drilling at these sites was not yet achieved. We visited these sites to monitor the physicochemical parameters and to highlight the importance of their usage.
We strongly support the idea of using geothermal water in rural areas and decentralising the energy supply system to make it less prone to disruption. Since both geothermal sites, Gisenyi and Bugarama, are within highly populated areas, direct usage of heat and energy would be of major economic and ecologic advantage, saving wood and charcoal, preventing air contamination and providing energy for light and electric media in private and public properties. That said, there is huge potential to enhance the everyday life of local residence, making the society less prone to influences from outside their quarters, foreign countries and changing climate.
Die nachhaltige Entwicklung kritischer Rohstoffe (CRM) ist eine der größten Herausforderungen, vor der unsere Gesellschaft im Zuge des Übergangs zu einer grünen, digitalen und kreislauforientierten Wirtschaft steht. Sedimentgebundene Erzlagerstätten sind gekennzeichnet durch hohe Metallkonzentrationen und einer mittleren bis hohen Fördermenge. Im Vergleich zu anderen Lagerstättentypen können sedimentgebundene Lagerstätten daher umweltfreundlicher abgebaut werden. Die wichtigsten Erze in diesen Lagerstätten bilden die beiden schwefelhaltigen Minerale Zinkblende (ZnS) und Bleiglanz (PbS). Um hochgradige Vorkommen zu bilden, sind daher nicht nur große Mengen an Metallen, sondern auch ebenso große Mengen an reduziertem Schwefel erforderlich. Das Erzvorkommen entsteht in der Regel dort, wo das hydrothermale Fluid, welches Zink (und Blei) transportiert, auf Gestein trifft, das große Mengen an reduziertem Schwefel enthält. Sedimentgebundene Lagerstätten bildeten sich nur in bestimmten Perioden der Erdgeschichte; in den heutigen Ozeanen entstehen keine solchen Lagerstätten mehr. Die Gründe dafür sind unklar, aber wir wissen heute, dass die Erzbildung stark von der Optimierung von Schlüsselprozessen abhängt und in alten Sedimentbecken wahrscheinlich mikrobielle Aktivitäten eine Rolle gespielt haben. Mikroben sind für für die Umwandlung von Sulfat aus altem Meerwasser zu reduziertem Schwefel wichtig, welcher wiederum die Grundlage für die Anreicherung der Metalle und die Erzbildung bildet. In diesem Projekt wollen wir neue Techniken entwickeln, um die mikrobielle Aktivität und die Bildung von reduziertem Schwefel in sedimentgebundenen Erzlagerstätten nachzuweisen. Dies wird uns dabei helfen zu verstehen, warum und wie sich große Lagerstätten bilden und wo sie vorkommen. Unser Projekt hilft somit die Entdeckung neuer Lagerstätten zu verbessern.