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Monosaccharides quantified in porewater samples from coastal vegetated ecosystems

Porewater was taken from 30 to 50 cm depths in saltmarsh, seagrass and unvegetated areas around the German Bight in 2022 and 2023. Up to 9 points per ecosystem were sampled along a transect. Polysaccharides >5kDa were upconcentrated using AMICON-filtration devide and afterwards freeze dried. Dired samples were resuspended in MilliQ-water and acid hydrolysed (1 M HCl, 24 h, 100°C). Monosaccharides were analysed using anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD, ThermoFisher Dionex ICS-5000+ system equipped with a CarboPac PA10 analytical column (2 x 250 mm) and a CarboPac PA10 guard column (2 x 50 mm)), according to Engel et al. (2011).

Element concentrations from two benthic chambers and the ambient bottom water during an in-situ incubation experiment in July 2025

The dataset contains major and trace element concentrations measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) from water samples collected during a 16-day in-situ incubation experiment in the Baltic Sea (2025-07-12 to 2025-07-29). Samples were collected using an automated glass-syringe sampler deployed within two benthic chambers of a Biogeochemical Observatory (BIGO, Sommer et al., 2009) at 54° 34.432' N, 10° 10.776' E, at 22 m water depth. In one chamber, 29 g of fine calcite powder were added to the bottom water to assess the potential of enhanced benthic calcite weathering as an ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) strategy. Seven samples per chamber and from the ambient bottom water were analyzed to trace elemental changes associated with calcite dissolution.

Historical water chemistry monitoring records from multiple stations between 1959 and 2017

Long-term water-chemistry measurements from multiple Elbe River monitoring stations establish a baseline for carbonate-system variability and were used to assess the alkalinity transport potential. The dataset from 1959 to 1977 was digitized from handwritten notes provided by Dr. Mewius (Kempe 1982). The water chemistry data from 1984 to 2017 (e.g., pH, water temperature, and major ions) was obtained from the Fachinformationssystem (FIS) der FGG Elbe (data source: www.fgg-elbe.de, accessed on 2021-02-26).To generate a single river chemistry time series, data from (Zollenspieker (Strom-km 598,7), Geesthacht (Strom-km 585,9), Schnackenburg (Strom-km 474,5), Boizenburg (Strom-km 559,0), Doemitz (Strom-km 505,0), and Hamburg Waterworks (Strom-km ~623,1) were used. Saturation state of calcite and aragonite were calculated using phreeqpython, a Python wrapper of the PhreeqC engine (Vitens 2021) with pH, water temperature, total alkalinity, and major ions as major input, and phreeqc.dat as database for the thermodynamic data (Parkhurst and Appelo 2013).

CO2-Entnahme durch Alkalinitätserhöhung - Potenzial, Nutzen und Risiken, Vorhaben: Untersuchung regionaler Implikationen, optimaler Ausbringungskonzepte und Umweltfolgen von Alkalinitätserhöhung sowie Simulationen zur Maßnahmenbewertung für die Nordsee

Total alkalinity during benthic weathering of calcite and dunite in benthocosm experiments

Enhanced benthic weathering has been proposed to serve as a efficient negative emission strategy. The precise weatherig behaviour of calcite and dunite was investigated in leng-term experiments in benthocosms. These experiments were conducted between Sept. 2022 and Sept. 2023 ashore at the Kiel Fjord. The latter are large plastic containers (~0.8 m²) that are partly filled with sediments, with constant flow-through of Baltic Sea bottom water. The sediments, obtained from Boknis Eck in the Eckernförde Bay in March 2022, were amended with calcite and dunite in triplicate (22 mol/m² equivalent) . Three additional benthocosms were left unamended to serve as controls. The used materials were obtained from Sibelco (dunite) and from the german Lime Stone Association (calcite). Samples were obtained using benthic chambers (chamber volume of 400 ml) that were placed on the sediment for three hours. Samples were taken at the beginning (_in) and at the end of the deployment (_out). All samples were filtered through a 0.2 µm cellulose membrane filter and refrigerated in 25 ml ZinsserTM scintillation vials. Samples for total alkalinity (TA) were analyzed directly after sampling by titration of 1 ml of bottom water with 0.02N HCl. Titration was ended when a stable purple color appeared. During titration, the sample was degassed by continuous bubbling with nitrogen to remove any generated CO₂. The acid was standardized using an IAPSO seawater standard.

Cation concentrations during benthic weathering of calcite and dunite in benthocosm experiments

Enhanced benthic weathering has been proposed to serve as a efficient negative emission strategy. The precise weatherig behaviour of calcite and dunite was investigated in leng-term experiments in benthocosms. These experiments were conducted between Sept. 2022 and Sept. 2023 ashore at the Kiel Fjord. The latter are large plastic containers (~0.8 m²) that are partly filled with sediments, with constant flow-through of Baltic Sea bottom water. The sediments, obtained from Boknis Eck in the Eckernförde Bay in March 2022, were amended with calcite and dunite in triplicate (22 mol/m² equivalent) . Three additional benthocosms were left unamended to serve as controls. The used materials were obtained from Sibelco (dunite) and from the german Lime Stone Association (calcite). Samples were obtained using benthic chambers (chamber volume of 400 ml) that were placed on the sediment for three hours. Samples were taken at the beginning (_in) and at the end of the deployment (_out). All samples were filtered through a 0.2 µm cellulose membrane filter and refrigerated in 25 ml ZinsserTM scintillation vials. Acidified sub-samples (30 μl suprapure HNO3- + 3 ml sample) were prepared for analyses of major and trace elements (Si, Na, K, Li, B, Mg, Ca, Sr, Mn, Ni and Fe) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES, Varian 720-ES).

Polysaccharide fucoidan BAM1 and arabinogalactan-protein glycan JIM13 antibody binding in sediment cores from coastal vegetated ecosystems

50-cm deep sediment cores were taken in saltmarsh, seagrass, mangroves and unvegetated areas around the German Bight, Malaysia and Columbia in 2022 and 2023. Up to 3 points per ecosystem were sampled along a transect, in total 93 cores were analysed. Carbohydrates were sequentially extracted using MilliQ-water and 0.3 M EDTA for later analyses. For more specific analysis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detection of fucoidan and arabinogalactan-protein glycan as described in the following studies (Vidal-Melgosa et al., 2021 and Cornuault et al., 2014). In short, 100 µL of sediment extracts were added to a pre-coated 96-well plate and incubated overnight at 4°C. The signal was developed using primary antibodies, BAM1 (fucoidan) and JIM13 (arabinogalactan-protein glycan), diluted 1:10 in skim milk PBS solution, followed by anti-rat antibody at a 1:1000 dilution in the same solution. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm using a Spectramax Id3 plate reader (Molecular Devices).

Nutrient concentrations from two benthic chambers and the ambient bottom water during an in-situ incubation experiment in July 2025

The dataset contains dissolved nutrient concentrations from water samples collected during a 16-day in-situ incubation experiment in the Baltic Sea (2025-07-12 to 2025-07-29). Samples were collected using an automated glass-syringe sampler deployed within two benthic chambers of a Biogeochemical Observatory (BIGO, Sommer et al., 2009) at 54° 34.432' N, 10° 10.776' E, at 22 m water depth. In one chamber, 29 g of fine calcite powder were added to the bottom water as part of an enhanced benthic calcite weathering experiment. Seven samples per chamber and from the ambient bottom water were analyzed to assess potential nutrient fluxes associated with the calcite addition and benthic biogeochemical processes.

Alkalinity concentrations from two benthic chambers and the ambient bottom water during an in-situ incubation experiment in July 2025

The dataset contains total alkalinity measurements from water samples collected during a 16-day in-situ incubation experiment in the Baltic Sea (2025-07-12 to 2025-07-29). Samples were collected using an automated glass-syringe sampler deployed within two benthic chambers of a Biogeochemical Observatory (BIGO, Sommer et al., 2009) at 54° 34.432' N, 10° 10.776' E, at 22 m water depth. In one chamber, 29 g of fine calcite powder were added to the bottom water. Seven samples per chamber and from the ambient bottom water were taken to monitor alkalinity changes resulting from calcite dissolution, providing a direct measure of the ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE)

Benthic weathering of calcite and dunite in benthocosm experiments between Sept. 2022 and Sept. 2023

Enhanced benthic weathering has been proposed to serve as a efficient negative emission strategy. The precise weathering behaviour of calcite and dunite was investigated in long-term experiments in benthocosms. These experiments were conducted between Sept. 2022 and Sept. 2023 ashore at the Kiel Fjord. The latter are large plastic containers (~0.8 m²) that are partly filled with sediments, with constant flow-through of Baltic Sea bottom water. The sediments, obtained from Boknis Eck in the Eckernförde Bay in March 2022, were amended with calcite and dunite in triplicate (22 mol/m² equivalent) . Three additional benthocosms were left unamended to serve as controls. The used materials were obtained from Sibelco (dunite) and from the german Lime Stone Association (calcite). These experiments elucidate the actual weathering behavior of calcite and dunite under conditions as close to the natural system as possible. Samples were obtained using benthic chambers (chamber volume of 400 ml) that were placed on the sediment for three hours. Samples were taken at the beginning (_in) and at the end of the deployment (_out).

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