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Alkane abundance and stable isotope measurements from ELSA stack lake sediments, Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany

n-alkane peak areas from GC-FID measurements. Compound specific hydrogen and carbon isotope measurements made using GC-IRMS. Samples taken from Auel Maar, Holzmaar, and Schalkenmehrener maar lake sediment cores spanning 60,000 years. Age model information and additional proxy data from the ELSA-20 stack are found in Sirocko et al., 2021 (Nature Geoscience) and Sirocko et al., 2022 (Scientific Reports). Full methodological details are found in Zander et al., 2025 (Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry).

Information and meterological data of collection sites of land snails from Europe

The first table provide data on the meteorological conditions of the sites where land snails were collected, and the calculated stable oxygen isotope compositions of local rainwater.

Stable carbon, oxygen and clumped isotope data of land snails from natural populations across Europe

These data include carbon, oxygen and clumped isotope compositions of shells of natural populations of three land snail species (Clausilia pumila, Succinella oblonga and Trochulus hispidus) across Europe. δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O and Δ₄₇ values of snail shells from field-collections were determined in two laboratories (Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, and Geological Institute, ETH Zürich) using IRMS. Detailed analysis and interpretations of the results obtained can be read in the original publication.

Meterological and stable carbon, oxygen and clumped isotope data of land snails from Europe

These data include site information and collection dates of land snails (Clausilia pumila, Succinella oblonga, Trochulus hispidus), meteorological data of collection sites using the ClimateEU software, as well as carbon, oxygen and clumped isotope compositions of snail shells of the mentioned three species from culturing experiments and natural populations across Europe. During the laboratory experiments at the University of Lodz (Poland) individuals of the three species were kept at 12, 18 and 24 °C temperatures in climate chambers, fed exclusively by fresh lettuce and humidity was controlled using tap water (δ¹⁸O: -9.29 ±0.52 ‰, V-SMOW). δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O and Δ₄₇ values of snail shells from lab experiments and field-collections were determined in two laboratories (Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, and Geological Institute, ETH Zürich) using IRMS. Detailed analysis and interpretations of the results obtained can be read in the original publication.

∂13C data of picrite rock samples from St Helena Island (South Atlantic Ocean)

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XRD data of the Devonian Kellwasser Crisis interval (ca. 372 Ma) at Winsenberg, Germany

4 samples were analysed for their relative clay mineral content. Glass smear slides were prepared and measured on a Philips X'Pert Modular Powder Diffractometer at the University of Münster, equipped with a Cu anode (1.5405 Å) and operated with the following settings: 45 kV voltage, 40 mA current, 0.02°θ step size, 1 s per measurement step, 3-50°2θ measuring range, 30 runs per sample, and no sample rotation. Note that the data obtained via this analysis is not quantitative.

pXRF data of the Devonian Kellwasser Crisis interval (ca. 372 Ma) at Winsenberg, Germany

A total of 556 samples (3 cm average sample spacing) were collected from the 12 m long Winsenberg section in order to reconstruct a floating timescale using cyclostratigraphic methods and to investigate paleoclimatic dynamics using selected elemental ratios. Samples were measured as a powder covered with Chemplex film on a Bruker S1 Titan 800 portable XRF at the University of Münster with the following settings: 40 kV, 20 mA, no filters, 75 s. Spectra were deconvoluted in Bruker Artrax software, and linearly calibrated using a set of 10 sedimentary standards of known composition and 11 calcite-quart mixtures. The composition of these standards is also included. Selected elemental ratios were tuned via the methods described in the accompanying manuscript, and are included in this dataset as well.

Stable carbon organic carbon isotope ratios of the Devonian Kellwasser Crisis interval (ca. 372 Ma) at Winsenberg, Germany

A total of 34 samples (35 cm average sample spacing) were analysed for organic carbon d13C in order to identify the two characteristic positive excursions associated with the Lower and Upper Kellwasser Events. Measurements were carried out at the Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Research Group (AMGC) of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Belgium). The samples were decarbonated with 10% HCl in two steps, rinsed with milliQ water, and dried in an oven at 50°C. Total organic carbon (TOC) contents and δ13Corg compositions were determined on a Euro EA 150 Elemental Analyzer (CHNS) - Euro Vector HT-PyrOH combustion system coupled to a Nu-Instruments Horizon 2 isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The results were calibrated using two international standards, IAEA-C6 (sucrose: δ13C = -10.45‰) and IA-R068 (soy protein: δ13C = -25.22‰), together with reference material IVA33802151, which is calibrated against these international standards (organic-rich sediment: δ13C = -28.85‰). This calibration was verified with a further reference material, IVA33802153 (organic-rich soil: δ13C = -22.88‰).

Total organic carbon data of the Devonian Kellwasser Crisis interval (ca. 372 Ma) at Winsenberg, Germany

A total of 34 samples (35 cm average sample spacing) were analysed for organic carbon d13C in order to identify the two characteristic positive excursions associated with the Lower and Upper Kellwasser Events. Measurements were carried out at the Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Research Group (AMGC) of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Belgium). The samples were decarbonated with 10% HCl in two steps, rinsed with milliQ water, and dried in an oven at 50°C. Total organic carbon (TOC) contents and δ13Corg compositions were determined on a Euro EA 150 Elemental Analyzer (CHNS) - Euro Vector HT-PyrOH combustion system coupled to a Nu-Instruments Horizon 2 isotope ratio mass spectrometer.

Calibrated pXRF data of the Devonian Kellwasser Crisis interval (ca. 372 Ma) at Winsenberg, Germany

A total of 556 samples (3 cm average sample spacing) were collected from the 12 m long Winsenberg section in order to reconstruct a floating timescale using cyclostratigraphic methods and to investigate paleoclimatic dynamics using selected elemental ratios. Samples were measured as a powder covered with Chemplex film on a Bruker S1 Titan 800 portable XRF at the University of Münster with the following settings: 40 kV, 20 mA, no filters, 75 s. Spectra were deconvoluted in Bruker Artrax software, and linearly calibrated using a set of 10 sedimentary standards of known composition and 11 calcite-quart mixtures. The composition of these standards is also included. Selected elemental ratios were tuned via the methods described in the accompanying manuscript, and are included in this dataset as well.

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