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Model Output Statistics for ANTOFAGASTA (85442)

DWD’s fully automatic MOSMIX product optimizes and interprets the forecast calculations of the NWP models ICON (DWD) and IFS (ECMWF), combines these and calculates statistically optimized weather forecasts in terms of point forecasts (PFCs). Thus, statistically corrected, updated forecasts for the next ten days are calculated for about 5400 locations around the world. Most forecasting locations are spread over Germany and Europe. MOSMIX forecasts (PFCs) include nearly all common meteorological parameters measured by weather stations. For further information please refer to: [in German: https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/met_verfahren_mosmix/met_verfahren_mosmix.html ] [in English: https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/met_application_mosmix/met_application_mosmix.html ]

Geochemische Untersuchungen an Sedimenten oligotropher Seen Suedchiles

Die Sedimente, der Wasserkoerper sowie Gesteine des Einzugsgebietes verschiedener Seen im Sueden Chiles werden geochemisch untersucht. Da diese Seen anthropogen voellig unbeeinflusst sind, soll der natuerliche Loesungsinhalt (insbesondere Schwermetall) bestimmt werden. Die Studie dient zur Ermittlung des natuerlichen geochemischen Backgrounds.

Modelling Patagonian Lenga-forest dynamics (Nothofagus pumilio) in Chile

The dynamics of Patagonian Lenga-forests (Nothofagus pumilio) will be studied at two long-term investigation sites of the University of Chile of Santiago. Field data will be acquired in two field campaigns and involve structural surveys, increment coring and stem analyses. The aim of the proposed project is to model Lenga forest dynamics with an individual tree-based modelling approach. Building upon experience with the SILVA model, the major challenge lies in the old growth and regeneration phase, and the gap heterogeneity which can only be represented on the landscape scale. The approach is unique in a sense that it applies principles from individual-tree modelling to the classical field of gap models. It profits from the strong competition algorithms and structural sensitivity of individual tree models and overcomes the limitation of regular grids in gap models. The project will unite 30 years field experience and data collection at the U.Chile and the modelling background at the TUM. Besides the progress in the understanding of forest growth processes, the growth model will support the sustainable silvicultural management of the resource Lenga.

Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 1211: Evolution der Erde und des Lebens unter extremer Trockenheit, Teilprojekt A01: Klima der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit: Untersuchung der Wasserverfügbarkeit in der Atacama Wüste (Chile) anhand kombinierter in-situ, boden- und satellitengestützter Beobachtungen

Ziel ist es ein Netzwerk meteorologischer Stationen in der Atacama zu etablieren. Diese Arbeit wird aktiv von unseren Partnern in Chile unterstützt. Gegenwärtig gibt es nur vereinzelt meteorologische Stationen am Küstenstreifen und fast keine im Kern der Atacama Wüste. Ein weiteres Ziel ist die bodengestützten Observationen mit Fernerkundungsdaten zu vereinen. Beide Datensätze werden als Test für die Zuverlässigkeit von Klimamodellen dienen, die das heutige Klima beschreiben. Auf Basis dieser Tests werden Klimamodelle für das Klima in der Vergangenheit entwickelt. Letztere würden mit Klimaproxydaten anderer Teilprojekte verifiziert werden.

Geothermal Energy Supply in Chile, Phase 1: General Framework and Environmental Impact Assessment

Climate protection aspects, commitments to the Kyoto-protocol and a guarantee of the national energy supply are the main drivers for this project of the Government of Chile. In the first phase of the consultation GZB will be the technical partner of a workgroup which is going to establish a government-guideline for the implementation of geothermal energy projects in Chile. The guideline will emphasize legal, financial and environmental aspects.

Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 1211: Evolution der Erde und des Lebens unter extremer Trockenheit, Teilprojekt D02: Datierung von Evaporiten

Ziel dieses Projekts ist es, die 176Lu-176Hf und 238U-230Th Methodik für die Anwendung an Evaporitmineralen (Karbonat, Anhydrit, Gips, Bassanit) zu entwickeln. In Kombination würden diese Methoden das gesamte zu erwartendene Alterspektrum in der Atacama Wüste abdecken (einige Zehntausend bis Zehnermillionen Jahre).

Late-Glacial and Holocene vegetational stability of southern South America

This project focuses on the long-term stability (or otherwise) of vegetation, based on a series of multi-proxy records in southern South America. We will build a network of sites suitable for high-resolution reconstructions of changes in vegetation since the Last Glacial Maximum, and use these to test a null hypothesis that changes in vegetation over the past 14,000 years are driven by internal dynamics rather than external forcing factors. The extent to which the null hypothesis can be falsified will reveal the degree to which we can expect to be able to predict how vegetation is affected by external events, including future climate change. The southern fringes of the South American landmass provide a rare opportunity to examine the development of moorland vegetation with sparse tree cover in a wet, cool temperate climate of the Southern Hemisphere. We present a record of changes in vegetation over the past 17,000 years, from a lake in extreme southern Chile (Isla Santa Inés, Magallanes region, 53°38.97S; 72°25.24W; Fontana, Bennett 2012: The Holocene), where human influence on vegetation is negligible. The western archipelago of Tierra del Fuego remained treeless for most of the Lateglacial period. Nothofagus may have survived the last glacial maximum at the eastern edge of the Magellan glaciers from where it spread southwestwards and established in the region at around 10,500 cal. yr BP. Nothofagus antarctica was likely the earlier colonizing tree in the western islands, followed shortly after by Nothofagus betuloides. At 9000 cal. yr BP moorland communities expanded at the expense of Nothofagus woodland. Simultaneously, Nothofagus species shifted to dominance of the evergreen Nothofagus betuloides and the Magellanic rain forest established in the region. Rapid and drastic vegetation changes occurred at 5200 cal. yr BP, after the Mt Burney MB2 eruption, including the expansion and establishment of Pilgerodendron uviferum and the development of mixed Nothofagus-Pilgerodendron-Drimys woodland. Scattered populations of Nothofagus, as they occur today in westernmost Tierra del Fuego may be a good analogue for Nothofagus populations during the Lateglacial in eastern sites. Climate, dispersal barriers and/or fire disturbance may have played a role controlling the postglacial spread of Nothofagus. Climate change during the Lateglacial and early Holocene was a prerequisite for the expansion of Nothofagus populations and may have controlled it at many sites in Tierra del Fuego. The delayed arrival at the site, with respect to the Holocene warming, may be due to dispersal barriers and/or fire disturbance at eastern sites, reducing the size of the source populations. The retreat of Nothofagus woodland after 9000 cal. yr BP may be due to competitive interactions with bog communities. Volcanic disturbance had a positive influence on the expansion of Pilgerodendron uviferum and facilitated the development of mixed Nothofagus-Pilgerodendron-Drimys woodland.

Karyotaxonomische Untersuchungen an ausgewählten Amaryllidaceae-Sippen von Chile

Zahlreiche, zumeist endemische, chilenische Monocotylen-Sippen werden im Rahmen eines Gemeinschaftsprojektes der Landwirtschaftlichen und Biologischen Fakultät der Universität Talca, Chile, hinsichtlich ihrer Verwendbarkeit für kommerzielle Zwecke (Zierpflanzen) untersucht. Die biologische Begleitforschung zielt auf die Lösung verschiedener taxonomischer Probleme, z.B. die Aufgliederung der Gattung Hippeastrum s.l. (Amaryllidaceae) auf Basis der Chromosomengrundzahlen und des Karyotyps.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1488: Planetary Magnetism (PlanetMag), Evolution of geomagnetic dipole moment and South Atlantic Anomaly

The geomagnetic field shields our habitat against solar wind and radiation from space. Due to the geometry of the field, the shielding in general is weakest at high latitudes. It is also anomalously weak in a region around the south Atlantic known as South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), and the global dipole moment has been decreasing by nearly 10 percent since direct measurements of field intensity became possible in 1832. Due to our limited understanding of the geodynamo processes in Earths core, it is impossible to reliably predict the future evolution of both dipole moment and SAA over the coming decades. However, lack of magnetic field shielding as would be a consequence of further weakening of dipole moment and SAA region field intensity would cause increasing problems for modern technology, in particular satellites, which are vulnerable to radiation damage. A better understanding of the underlying processes is required to estimate the future development of magnetic field characteristics. The study of the past evolution of such characteristics based on historical, archeo- and paleomagnetic data, on time-scales of centuries to millennia, is essential to detect any recurrences and periodicities and provide new insights in dynamo processes in comparison to or in combination with numerical dynamo simulations. We propose to develop two new global spherical harmonic geomagnetic field models, spanning 1 and 10 kyrs, respectively, and designed in particular to study how long the uninterrupted decay of the dipole moment has been going on prior to 1832, and if the SAA is a recurring structure of the field.We will combine for the first time all available historical and archeomagnetic data, both directions and intensities, in a spherical harmonic model spanning the past 1000 years. Existing modelling methods will be adapted accordingly, and existing data bases will be complemented with newly published data. We will further acquire some new archeomagnetic data from the Cape Verde islands from historical times to better constrain the early evolution of the present-day SAA. In order to study the long-term field evolution and possible recurrences of similar weak field structures in this region, we will produce new paleomagnetic records from available marine sediment cores off the coasts of West Africa, Brazil and Chile. This region is weakly constrained in previous millennial scale models. Apart from our main aim to gain better insights into the previous evolution of dipole moment and SAA, the models will be used to study relations between dipole and non-dipole field contributions, hemispheric symmetries and large-scale flux patterns at the core-mantle boundary. These observational findings will provide new insights into geodynamo processes when compared with numerical dynamo simulation results.Moreover, the models can be used to estimate past geomagnetic shielding above Earths surface against solar wind and for nuclide production from galactic cosmic rays.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1803: EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota, Landschaftsentwicklung unter Berücksichtigung des tektonischen Spannungsfeldes: Direkte Kopplung von Tektonik und dem Einfluss von Biota auf die langfristige Landschaftsentwicklung in den Küstengebirge von Chile

In der Topografie der Chilenischen Küstengebirge ändert sich die Beziehung aus Neigung und Seehöhe systematisch von Nord nach Süd. Diese Beziehung kann durch den Einfluss von Biota auf die Landschaftsentwicklung entlang eines räumlichen Vegetationsgradienten interpretiert werden. Die Region bietet daher eine einzigartige Möglichkeit um zu erforschen, wie Landschaftsentwicklungsmodelle für den Einfluss von Biota adaptiert werden könnten. Es ist dafür geplant ein numerisches Modell zu verwenden, das die Antragsteller in Österreich entwickelt haben, mit dem Oberflächenprozesse (Erosion) auf einem mechanisch gekoppelten Raster beschrieben werden können. Das gut bekannte tektonische Spannungsfeld von Chile wird dazu verwendet, um die morphologische Hebung der Küstengebirge zu modellieren. Die Beschreibung der Oberflächenprozesse wird dann für den Einfluss von Biota moduliert, bis die beobachtete Beziehung aus Neigung und Seehöhe der Topografie reproduziert wird. Das Ergebnis ist ein quantitatives Werkzeug (ein Biota modulierte Erosionsgesetz), mit dem die relative Wichtigkeit von Biota und Tektonik auf Erosionsprozesse in Landschaftsentwicklungsmodellen beschrieben werden kann. Das Projekt ist ein eingeladener (österreichischer) Beitrag für das EarthShape Programm, weil: (a) die Benutzung des tektonischen Spannungsfeldes von Chile im Programm Portfolio fehlt, weil (b) der nummerische Code der hier benutzt wird in Deutschland nicht verfügbar ist und (c) weil die Fragestellung im Herz von Schwerpunktprogramms ist. Das Projekt wird 1 Jahr dauern und Ergebnisse werden dem deutlich länger laufenden Gesamt-Schwerprunkt Programm zur Verfügung gestellt.

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