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Late-Glacial and Holocene vegetational stability of southern South America

This project focuses on the long-term stability (or otherwise) of vegetation, based on a series of multi-proxy records in southern South America. We will build a network of sites suitable for high-resolution reconstructions of changes in vegetation since the Last Glacial Maximum, and use these to test a null hypothesis that changes in vegetation over the past 14,000 years are driven by internal dynamics rather than external forcing factors. The extent to which the null hypothesis can be falsified will reveal the degree to which we can expect to be able to predict how vegetation is affected by external events, including future climate change. The southern fringes of the South American landmass provide a rare opportunity to examine the development of moorland vegetation with sparse tree cover in a wet, cool temperate climate of the Southern Hemisphere. We present a record of changes in vegetation over the past 17,000 years, from a lake in extreme southern Chile (Isla Santa Inés, Magallanes region, 53°38.97S; 72°25.24W; Fontana, Bennett 2012: The Holocene), where human influence on vegetation is negligible. The western archipelago of Tierra del Fuego remained treeless for most of the Lateglacial period. Nothofagus may have survived the last glacial maximum at the eastern edge of the Magellan glaciers from where it spread southwestwards and established in the region at around 10,500 cal. yr BP. Nothofagus antarctica was likely the earlier colonizing tree in the western islands, followed shortly after by Nothofagus betuloides. At 9000 cal. yr BP moorland communities expanded at the expense of Nothofagus woodland. Simultaneously, Nothofagus species shifted to dominance of the evergreen Nothofagus betuloides and the Magellanic rain forest established in the region. Rapid and drastic vegetation changes occurred at 5200 cal. yr BP, after the Mt Burney MB2 eruption, including the expansion and establishment of Pilgerodendron uviferum and the development of mixed Nothofagus-Pilgerodendron-Drimys woodland. Scattered populations of Nothofagus, as they occur today in westernmost Tierra del Fuego may be a good analogue for Nothofagus populations during the Lateglacial in eastern sites. Climate, dispersal barriers and/or fire disturbance may have played a role controlling the postglacial spread of Nothofagus. Climate change during the Lateglacial and early Holocene was a prerequisite for the expansion of Nothofagus populations and may have controlled it at many sites in Tierra del Fuego. The delayed arrival at the site, with respect to the Holocene warming, may be due to dispersal barriers and/or fire disturbance at eastern sites, reducing the size of the source populations. The retreat of Nothofagus woodland after 9000 cal. yr BP may be due to competitive interactions with bog communities. Volcanic disturbance had a positive influence on the expansion of Pilgerodendron uviferum and facilitated the development of mixed Nothofagus-Pilgerodendron-Drimys woodland.

Gekoppelte Land-Ozean-Prozesse als Ursache der paläoklimatischen Variabilität in der Atacama-Wüste im Norden Chiles (SO-Pazifik), Vorhaben: Paläoozeanographische Variabilität im SO-Pazifik vor Nord-Chile

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1803: EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota, Korrelation zwischen der Zusammensetzung mikrobieller Biofilme und der Verwitterung exponierter Felsoberflächen (Biodeterioration) entlang eines klimatischen und zeitlichen Gradienten in Chile

Mögliche Korrelationen zwischen der taxonomischen Zusammensetzung mikrobieller Biofilmen, die offene Felsen aus hartem magmatischen Gestein besiedeln, und einer Verwitterung bzw. Erosion der Felsoberflächen zu untersuchen sind wichtige Ziele dieses Projektes. Die Diversität sowohl phototrophe (Cyanobakterien, eukaryotische Algen) als auch heterotrophe (andere Prokaryoten und Mikropilze) Biofilm-Komponenten werden mit New Generation Sequencing (NGS) möglichst umfassend bestimmt. Zusätzlich werden auch Kulturen der phototrophen Biofilmorganismen untersucht. Veränderungen der mikrobiellen Lebensgemeinschaften auf und im Gestein werden entlang eines klimatischen Gradienten in Bezug auf Feuchtigkeit und Temperatur untersucht. Dazu dienen Proben von Biofilmen und Bohrkernen aus drei klimatisch unterschiedlichen Zonen in der Küsten-nahen Cordillera Region in Chile, d.h. den ausgewiesenen primären Schwerpunktuntersuchungsarealen des SPP 1803. Verschiedene Sukzessionsstadien der Biofilme ergeben zusammen mit Altersbestimmung anhand von 14C Beschleunigungs-Massenspektrometrie eine biologische Zeitskala. Für einen breiteren Einblick in die Funktionalität von Diversitätsveränderungen in den Biofilmen dienen sowohl hoch auflösende Flächenanalytik von Hartteilschnitten als auch biochemische Analysen zum Nachweis Signaturen mikrobiellen Stoffwechsels an der Schnittstelle Biofilm/Fels. Die räumliche Verteilung und relative Abundanzen der verschiedenen Organismengruppen innerhalb der Biofilme werden mithilfe der in situ Hybridisierung und Fluoreszenzmikroskopie untersucht. Parallel dazu werden exponierte künstliche Hartsteinsubstrate auf eine Entwicklung der Besiedelung und Verwitterung untersucht. Ebenfalls für das Erstellen einer biologischen Zeitskala der Verwitterung dienen Analysen von Detritus in nächster Nähe der untersuchten Felsen, d.h. Gesteinspartikel mit Biofilmen dar, die aufgrund der Verwitterung bereits vom Felskörper abgefallen sind. Die Zusammensetzung mikrobieller Gemeinschaften des Detritus gibt möglicherweise Hinweise auf den Beginn dessen Besiedlung und in einem späteren Stadium auch des Bodens, der sich aus dem Detritus bildet. Somit ergibt sich hier eine Schnittstelle von der biogenen Gesteinsverwitterung zur Besiedlung von Böden. Um Effekte der Erosion durch Biofilme untersuchen zu können und zur Etablierung einer geologischen Zeitskala dienen Analysen kosmogener Nuklide (CNA). Damit wird analysiert 1) ob und wenn ja welche Beziehungen zwischen der artlichen (OTU) Zusammensetzung der Biofilme und Erosion der Felsoberflächen bestehen und 2) eine graduelle Erosion der Oberfläche, d.h. Biodeterioration, stattfindet. In dem ariden nördlichen Untersuchungsgebiet (Atacama Wüste) sind auch Felsen ohne nachweisbaren Biofilm zu erwarten. Vergleiche der Konzentrationen kosmogener Nuklide von Proben mit und ohne Biofilm werden dann zeigen, ob und in wie fern Biofilme die Oberflächenverwitterung über lange Zeiträume hinweg beeinflussen.

Begleitforschung zum großskaligen Aufbau der Produktion von grünem Methanol und DME in Chile, Teilvorhaben: Nachhaltigkeitsanalyse der MeOH- und DME-Herstellung in Chile

Model Output Statistics for MATAVERI / ISLA DE PASCUA (85469)

DWD’s fully automatic MOSMIX product optimizes and interprets the forecast calculations of the NWP models ICON (DWD) and IFS (ECMWF), combines these and calculates statistically optimized weather forecasts in terms of point forecasts (PFCs). Thus, statistically corrected, updated forecasts for the next ten days are calculated for about 5400 locations around the world. Most forecasting locations are spread over Germany and Europe. MOSMIX forecasts (PFCs) include nearly all common meteorological parameters measured by weather stations. For further information please refer to: [in German: https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/met_verfahren_mosmix/met_verfahren_mosmix.html ] [in English: https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/met_application_mosmix/met_application_mosmix.html ]

Model Output Statistics for PUDAHUEL (85574)

DWD’s fully automatic MOSMIX product optimizes and interprets the forecast calculations of the NWP models ICON (DWD) and IFS (ECMWF), combines these and calculates statistically optimized weather forecasts in terms of point forecasts (PFCs). Thus, statistically corrected, updated forecasts for the next ten days are calculated for about 5400 locations around the world. Most forecasting locations are spread over Germany and Europe. MOSMIX forecasts (PFCs) include nearly all common meteorological parameters measured by weather stations. For further information please refer to: [in German: https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/met_verfahren_mosmix/met_verfahren_mosmix.html ] [in English: https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/met_application_mosmix/met_application_mosmix.html ]

Model Output Statistics for ANTOFAGASTA (85442)

DWD’s fully automatic MOSMIX product optimizes and interprets the forecast calculations of the NWP models ICON (DWD) and IFS (ECMWF), combines these and calculates statistically optimized weather forecasts in terms of point forecasts (PFCs). Thus, statistically corrected, updated forecasts for the next ten days are calculated for about 5400 locations around the world. Most forecasting locations are spread over Germany and Europe. MOSMIX forecasts (PFCs) include nearly all common meteorological parameters measured by weather stations. For further information please refer to: [in German: https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/met_verfahren_mosmix/met_verfahren_mosmix.html ] [in English: https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/met_application_mosmix/met_application_mosmix.html ]

Model Output Statistics for PUERTO MONTT (EL TEPUAL INT. AERO) (85799)

DWD’s fully automatic MOSMIX product optimizes and interprets the forecast calculations of the NWP models ICON (DWD) and IFS (ECMWF), combines these and calculates statistically optimized weather forecasts in terms of point forecasts (PFCs). Thus, statistically corrected, updated forecasts for the next ten days are calculated for about 5400 locations around the world. Most forecasting locations are spread over Germany and Europe. MOSMIX forecasts (PFCs) include nearly all common meteorological parameters measured by weather stations. For further information please refer to: [in German: https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/met_verfahren_mosmix/met_verfahren_mosmix.html ] [in English: https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/met_application_mosmix/met_application_mosmix.html ]

Model Output Statistics for QUINTA NORMAL (85577)

DWD’s fully automatic MOSMIX product optimizes and interprets the forecast calculations of the NWP models ICON (DWD) and IFS (ECMWF), combines these and calculates statistically optimized weather forecasts in terms of point forecasts (PFCs). Thus, statistically corrected, updated forecasts for the next ten days are calculated for about 5400 locations around the world. Most forecasting locations are spread over Germany and Europe. MOSMIX forecasts (PFCs) include nearly all common meteorological parameters measured by weather stations. For further information please refer to: [in German: https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/met_verfahren_mosmix/met_verfahren_mosmix.html ] [in English: https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/met_application_mosmix/met_application_mosmix.html ]

Model Output Statistics for BALMACEDA (85874)

DWD’s fully automatic MOSMIX product optimizes and interprets the forecast calculations of the NWP models ICON (DWD) and IFS (ECMWF), combines these and calculates statistically optimized weather forecasts in terms of point forecasts (PFCs). Thus, statistically corrected, updated forecasts for the next ten days are calculated for about 5400 locations around the world. Most forecasting locations are spread over Germany and Europe. MOSMIX forecasts (PFCs) include nearly all common meteorological parameters measured by weather stations. For further information please refer to: [in German: https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/met_verfahren_mosmix/met_verfahren_mosmix.html ] [in English: https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/met_application_mosmix/met_application_mosmix.html ]

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