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Urease- and nitrification inhibitors for climate and environmental protection: opportunity or risk?

Urease and nitrification inhibitors are used in agriculture to reduce ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions and the leaching of nitrate. However, the risks of inhibitors for human health and the environment have not yet been sufficiently investigated. Also, the specific effectiveness of different urease and nitrification inhibitors has not yet been sufficiently clarified. These uncertainties have so far only been partially considered in legal regulations. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge on the effects of the substances and examines the extent to which the legal regulations take the risks into account. Finally, recommendations are made as to how legal regulations should be changed so that the inhibitors contribute to achieving environmental and climate goals.

Approaches to measure greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands

This publication compares different methodological approaches to accounting for greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands in Germany: national GHG reporting under the UN Climate Convention, corporate reporting based on the GHG Protocol, and standards for peatland climate protection projects. It analyses differences in objectives, spatial and temporal references, and methodological accuracy. The study addresses public experts and decision-makers, supporting them in critically assessing the quality and limitations of each approach and selecting suitable methods for climate protection strategies.

Identifying and supporting vulnerable households in light of rising fossil energy costs

Rising energy prices, poor energy performance of buildings and low incomes can leave households unable to meet their energy needs, adequately heat their homes or pay their energy bills. These households are referred to as energy poor or vulnerable households. However, a standardised definition and robust indicators of energy poverty are currently lacking in Germany. This study therefore addresses the concepts of energy poverty and vulnerability, presents definitions and indicators, and looks at policies and measures to support affected groups. The study emphasises that energy poverty should not be seen as part of general poverty, but as a distinct structural problem. Due to budget constraints or lack of decision-making power, affected households are unable to respond adequately to an increase in fossil fuel prices, for example as a result of CO2 pricing, by investing in energy-efficient refurbishment or renewable heat.To prevent a worsening of social inequalities as a result of the European carbon pricing scheme for buildings and transport (ETS2), the Social Climate Fund will be established at EU level to complement the ETS2. The National Social Climate Plans, due in mid-2025, require EU member states to define energy poverty and vulnerability, develop indicators to identify these groups, and design policies and measures to help these groups transition to climate-friendly technologies.Using a range of indicators, the study concludes that around 3 million households in Germany are vulnerable to rising fossil fuel prices. This represents around 10% of the 30 million households that use fossil fuels for heating. More than 80% of these vulnerable households live in multi-family dwellings and almost all of them are tenants.The study examines different instruments to support vulnerable households and also looks at good practice examples from other countries. Socially differentiated financing of efficiency and decarbonisation measures, similar to the French MaPrimeRénov' programme, could also help those households to invest that have so far hardly benefited from state funding programmes in Germany.

Identification, analysis and presentation of the products in the industrial sectors covered by the EU ETS, their economic importance and their significance for CO₂ emissions

In this data research project, quantitative data from available sources of information relating to two core topics will be researched and compiled in a uniform data format:1. product-related material flows, energy consumption and (direct and indirect) greenhouse gas emissions within the scope of the EU-ETS 1, with a focus on the steel, cement, aluminium, refinery and basic chemicals industries.2. building on this, the further process steps along the value chain up to two selected end products: a) a passenger car and b) plastic packaging. Based on the data from the analysis for the scope of EU-ETS 1 (step 1. as mentioned above), the case studies were developed to determine and quantify the CO₂ emissions and the cost shares caused by these emissions through the EU-ETS 1 along the value chain at the end product level.

Ambitious GHG mitigation opportunities and challenges in the agriculture sector

Climate change is a major threat to ecosystems and livelihoods, requiring urgent cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Food systems, including crop and livestock production, contribute significantly to global emissions. Monocultures and intense farming worsen biodiversity loss, pollution, and water stress. Transitioning to plant-based diets and adopting better farming practices is essential to meet the Paris Agreement goals. This report shares findings from the project “Ambitious GHG Reduction in Agriculture: Analysis of Sustainable Potentials in Selected Priority Countries" (FKZ 3720 41 504 0) which identifies key options for reducing emissions in agriculture, implementation barriers, and solutions. It emphasizes the importance of tailored approaches and the role of agriculture in climate targets, sustainable development, and food security.

Deutsche Szenarien zur Treibhausgasneutralität im Vergleich

Treibhausgasneutralitätsszenarien stoßen teilweise in Neuland hinsichtlich Bilanzierungsfragen von Kohlenstoffsenken und -nutzung vor und ziehen unterschiedliche, meist unsystematische Lösungen heran.Die vorliegende Studie stellt die zentralen Ergebnisse eines Szenarienvergleichs verschiedener deutscher Treibhausgasneutralitätsszenarien vor, der einen einheitlichen Ansatz verwendet. Es wird zwischen erzeugten Treibhausgasen, Brutto- und Netto-Emissionen unterschieden. Neben dem LULUCF-Sektor werden verschiedene technische Senken betrachtet. Kohlenstoffabscheidungen zur Nutzung werden bezüglich der Bindungsdauer unterschieden.Die Annahmen und zugrundliegenden Daten wurden separat veröffentlicht.

Technisches Hintergrundpapier zur Szenarienanalyse

Das Hintergrundpapier begleitet das parallel veröffentlichte Analysepapier „Deutsche Szenarien zur Treibhausgasneutralität im Vergleich“ (Gores et al. 2025). Es erläutert im Detail die Annahmen zur Bilanzierungsmethodik, die für einen Szenarienvergleich verschiedener deutscher Treibhausgasneutralitätsszenarien verwendet wurden. Es wird zwischen erzeugten Treibhausgasen, Brutto- und Netto-Emissionen unterschieden. Neben dem LULUCF-Sektor werden verschiedene technische Senken betrachtet. Kohlenstoffabscheidungen zur Nutzung werden bezüglich der Bindungsdauer unterschieden.

Umweltbewusstseinsstudie 2024

Der wissenschaftliche Bericht zur Umweltbewusstseinsstudie 2024 umfasst vertiefende Analysen der Hauptbefragung, welche im Herbst 2024 mit rund 2.500 Personen durchgeführt wurde. Zudem werden Segmentierungsanalysen zur Einteilung der Stichprobe in soziale Milieus sowie Umwelttypen vorgestellt und es wird auf die Ergebnisse ergänzender qualitativer und quantitativer Erhebungen eingegangen, unter anderem zum Thema Klimaanpassung.Die Analysen zum Schwerpunktthema „Umwelt, Gesundheit und Lebensqualität“ zeigen Unterschiede in Abhängigkeit vom Geschlecht und anderer sozialer Merkmale der Befragten auf. So berichteten weibliche Personen sowie Menschen mit niedrigem Einkommen und niedriger formaler Bildung häufiger, dass sie sich beispielsweise von Hitzeperioden stärker belastet fühlen.Als zentrale Ergebnistrends werden das sinkende Umweltbewusstsein in der Bevölkerung sowie die soziale Gerechtigkeit beim Umwelt- und Klimaschutz diskutiert. Abschließend werden Empfehlungen für die Umweltpolitik und -kommunikation sowie für zukünftige Forschung abgeleitet.

Effectiveness of EU Emissions Trading: What drives emission developments?

European emissions trading (EU ETS) is a central component of German and European climate policy. This final report summarises the results of a research project that investigated the causes of emissions trends in the most relevant sectors in terms of emissions (combustion, iron and steel industry, cement clinker production, refineries) of the EU ETS 1 in the period 2005 and, depending on the sector or approach, until 2017/2019/2022. As part of the project, the development of the four sectors mentioned was analysed with regard to emissions and other parameters and their causes. In addition, two decomposition analyses were used to identify the main drivers of emissions trends in cement clinker production and iron and steel production in the EU ETS.

Report on typical GHG emission values for the cultivation of agricultural raw materials for NUTS 2 regions or a more disaggregated level in Germany according to RED II

This report explains the calculation of the updated typical greenhouse gas emission values for the cultivation of agricultural raw materials for NUTS 2 regions in Germany and presents the results. The calculations for eleven energy crops are based on updated input variables consisting of standardized factors and comprehensive data sources such as yields, fertilizer consumption and diesel consumption. Particular attention was paid to emissions of nitrous oxide and nitrogen fertilizer. The values are differentiated for mineral and organic soils. Compared to the first report from 2010, the current values are generally significantly lower but vary to larger extend between NUTS 2 regions.

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