This data set composes quality controlled in situ measurements of eight major pigments based on HPLC collected from various expeditions from 2016 to 2023. There are two subsets: subset 1 is the test dataset (99 matchups) extracted from and takes up 30 % of a global in situ PFT matchup data set, while the other 70 % was used for the retuning of the PFT algorithm for Sentinel 3 OLCI sensors. Subset 1 spans from 2016 to 2021 and is part of the global data set described in Xi et al. (2023): https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.954738. Subset 2 containing 134 matchups is a newly compiled dataset that composites in situ PFT data collected from four recent mostly polar expeditions with the research vessel Polarstern (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2017), that are PS126 (May–June 2021), PS131/1 (June–Aug 2022) and PS136 (May–June 2023) in the north Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean, and PS133 (Oct–Nov 2022) in the Southern Ocean. The in situ PFT data were derived from quality-controlled HPLC pigment concentrations using diagnostic pigment analysis (DPA) with updated pigment-specific weighting coefficients following Xi et al. (2023). This published data set has been used to validate satellite PFT products generated for the EU funded Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS, https://marine.copernicus.eu/), which are derived from multi-sensor ocean color reflectance data and sea surface temperature using an empirical orthogonal function based approach (Xi et al. 2020; 2021).
The overarching goal of IMMERSE project is to ensure that the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) will have continuing access to world-class marine modelling tools for its next generation systems while leveraging advances in space and information technologies, therefore allowing it to address the ever-increasing and evolving demands for marine monitoring and prediction in the 2020s and beyond.
In response to the future priorities for CMEMS, IMMERSE will develop new capabilities to:
- enable the production of ocean forecasts and analyses that exploit upcoming high resolution satellite datasets,
- deliver ocean analyses and forecasts with the higher spatial resolution and additional process complexity demanded by users,
- exploit the opportunities of new high performance computing (HPC) technology
- allow easy interfacing of CMEMS products with detailed local coastal models.
These developments will be delivered in the NEMO ocean model, an established, world-class ocean modelling system that already forms the basis of the majority of CMEMS analysis and forecast products. Hence the pathway from the research in IMMERSE to implementation in CMEMS will be simple and seamless, as the model code developed will be directly applicable in CMEMS models. NEMO has a long track record of producing and maintaining a stable, robustly engineered code base of the type that is needed for operational applications, including CMEMS.
The IMMERSE consortium combines world-class expertise in ocean modelling, applied mathematics and HPC, established software engineering processes and infrastructure, and in-depth knowledge of the CMEMS systems and downstream CMEMS systems. Thus IMMERSE is exceptionally well placed to deliver the operational-quality model code required to meet the emerging needs of CMEMS, and maintain it into the future.
This data set composes a large amount of quality controlled in situ measurements of major pigments based on HPLC collected from various expeditions across the Atlantic Ocean spanning from 71°S to 84°N, including 11 expeditions with RV Polarstern from the North Atlantic to the Arctic Fram Strait: PS74, PSS76, PS78, PS80, PS85, PS93.2 (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.894872), PS99.1 (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.905502), PS99.2 ( https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.894874), PS106 (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.899284), PS107 (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.894860), PS121 (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.941011), four expeditions (two with RV Polarstern and two Atlantic Meridional Transect expeditions with RRS James Clark Ross and RRS Discovery) in the trans-Atlantic Ocean: PS113 ( https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.911061), PS120, AMT28 and AMT29, and one expedition with RV Polarstern in the Southern Ocean: PS103 (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.898941). Chlorophyll a concentration (Chl-a) of six phytoplankton functions groups (PFTs) derived from these pigments have been also included. This published data set has contributed to validate satellite PFT products available on the EU funded Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS, https://marine.copernicus.eu/), which are derived from multi-sensor ocean colour reflectance data and sea surface temperature using an empirical orthogonal function based approach (Xi et al. 2020; 2021).
Description on in situ PFT Chl-a determination from pigment data: PFT Chl-a in this data set were derived using an updated diagnostic pigment analysis (DPA) method (Soppa et al., 2014; Losa et al., 2017) with retuned coefficients by Alvarado et al (2021), that was originally developed by Vidussi et al. (2001), adapted in Uitz et al. (2006) and further refined by Hirata et al. (2011) and Brewin et al. (2015). The values of retuned DPA weighting coefficients for PFT Chl-a determination are: 1.56 for fucoxanthin, 1.53 for peridinin, 0.89 for 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, 0.44 for 19'-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, 1.94 for alloxanthin, 2.63 for total chlorophyll b, and 0.99 for zeaxanthin. The coefficient retuning was based on an updated global HPLC pigment data base for the open ocean (water depth >200 m), which was compiled based on the previously published data sets spanning from 1988 to 2012 described in Losa et al. (2017), with updates in Xi et al. (2021) and Álvarez et al. (2022), by adding other newly available HPLC pigment data collected between 2012 and 2018 mainly from SeaBASS (https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/), PANGAEA, British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC, https://www.bodc.ac.uk/), and Australian Open Access to Ocean Data (AODN, https://portal.aodn.org.au/) (as of February 2020, see Table 1 attached in the 'Additional metadata' for more details on the data sources).
WAVE2NEMO contributes to the development of the COPERNICUS Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS). It specifically aims at improving the coupling of the ocean model system to wave models. The target areas are the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The main objectives of the project are: - Further development of the NEMO ocean model and the forcing which will explicitly include the effect of waves from wave models on the upper ocean dynamics; - Providing software for additional parameters which have to be exchanged between waves and hydrodynamic models; - Improved validation methods by retrieved wave information from satellite data and in situ platforms (buoys, moorings, HF radars, etc.); - Demonstrating the interaction of waves and currents at small scales both in the ocean interior as well as near the shoreline.
Most of the CMEMS target fields - marine safety, marine resources, marine environment and forecasting - will directly benefit from the proposed R&D work proposed here. Thus, it could be expected that the project will make connections to CMEMS in order to support the future production of more consistent ocean-marine weather information including on surface waves, which is often requested by users.