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Multibeam bathymetry processed data (EM 1002 echosounder entire dataset) of RV MARIA S. MERIAN during cruise MSM62/2

Swath sonar bathymetry data used for that dataset was recorded during RV MARIA S. MERIAN cruise MSM62/2 using Kongsberg EM1002 multibeam echosounder. The cruise took place between 23.03.2017 and 27.03.2017 in the Baltic Sea. The cruise aimed to investigate the impact of the Littorina transgression on the inflow of saline waters into the western Baltic and assessed the potential for future diminution of ventilation in the central and northern deeper basins due to isostatic uplift [CSR]. CI Citation: Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de) as responsible party for bathymetry raw data ingest and approval. During the MSM62/2 cruise, the moonpooled KONGSBERG EM1002 multibeam echosounder (MBES) was utilized to perform bathymetric mapping in shallow depths. The echosounder has a curved transducer in which 111 beams are formed for each ping while the seafloor is detected using amplitude and phase information for each beam sounding. For further information on the system, consult https://www.km.kongsberg.com/. Postprocessing and products were conducted by the Seafloor-Imaging & Mapping group of MARUM/FB5, responsible person Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de). The open source software MB-System (Caress, D. W., and D. N. Chayes, MB-System: Mapping the Seafloor, https://www.mbari.org/products/research-software/mb-system, 2017) was utilized for this purpose. A sound velocity correction profile was applied to the MSM62/2 data; there were no further corrections for roll, pitch and heave applied during postprocessing. A tide correction was applied, based on the Oregon State University (OSU) tidal prediction software (OTPS) that is retrievable through MB-System. CTD measurements during the cruise were sufficient to represent the changes in the sound velocity throughout the study area. Using Mbeditviz, artefacts were cleaned manually. NetCDF (GMT) grids of the edited data as well as statistics were created with mbgrid. The published bathymetric EM1002 grid of the cruise MSM62/2 has a resolution of 15 m. No total propagated uncertainty (TPU) has been calculated to gather vertical or horizontal accuracy. A higher resolution is, at least partly, achievable. The grid extended with _num represents a raster dataset with the statistical number of beams/depths taken into account to create the depth of the cell. The extended _sd -grid contains the standard deviation for each cell. The DTMs projections are given in Geographic coordinate system Lat/Lon; Geodetic Datum: WGS84.

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (EM 1002 echosounder entire dataset) of RV MARIA S. MERIAN during cruise MSM52

Swath sonar bathymetry data used for that dataset was recorded during RV MARIA S. MERIAN cruise MSM52 using Kongsberg EM1002 multibeam echosounder. The cruise took place between 01.03.2016 and 28.03.2016 in the Baltic Sea. The cruise aimed gapless imagining of the major pre-alpine tectonic lineaments due to the fact that the Glückstadt Graben and the Avalonia-Baltica suture zone run across the southern Baltic [DOI: 10.2312/cr_msm52]. CI Citation: Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de) as responsible party for bathymetry raw data ingest and approval. During the MSM52 cruise, the moonpooled KONGSBERG EM1002 multibeam echosounder (MBES) was utilized to perform bathymetric mapping in shallow depths. It has a curved transducer of which 111 beams are formed for each ping while the seafloor is detected using amplitude and phase information for each beam sounding. For further information on the system, consult https://www.km.kongsberg.com/. Generally, the system was acquiring data throughout the entire cruise. Responsible person during this cruise / PI: Laura Frahm. Postprocessing and products were conducted by the Seafloor-Imaging & Mapping group of MARUM/FB5, responsible person Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de). The open source software MB-System (Caress, D. W., and D. N. Chayes, MB-System: Mapping the Seafloor, https://www.mbari.org/products/research-software/mb-system, 2017) was utilized for this purpose. A sound velocity correction profile was applied to the MSM52 data; there were no further corrections for roll, pitch and heave applied during postprocessing. A tide correction was applied, based on the Oregon State University (OSU) tidal prediction software (OTPS) that is retrievable through MB-System. CTD measurements during the cruise were sufficient to represent the changes in the sound velocity throughout the study area. Using Mbeditviz, artefacts were cleaned manually. NetCDF (GMT) grids of the edited data as well as statistics were created with mbgrid. The published bathymetric EM1002 grid of the cruise MSM52 has a resolution of 35 m. No total propagated uncertainty (TPU) has been calculated to gather vertical or horizontal accuracy. A higher resolution is, at least partly, achievable. The grid extended with _num represents a raster dataset with the statistical number of beams/depths taken into account to create the depth of the cell. The extended _sd -grid contains the standard deviation for each cell. The DTMs projections are given in Geographic coordinate system Lat/Lon; Geodetic Datum: WGS84.

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (EM 1002 echosounder entire dataset) of RV MARIA S. MERIAN during cruise MSM51/1

Swath sonar bathymetry data used for that dataset was recorded during RV MARIA S. MERIAN cruise MSM51/1 using Kongsberg EM1002 multibeam echosounder. The cruise took place between 01.02.2016 and 27.02.2016 in the Baltic Sea. The cruise aimed to perform seismo- and hydroacoustic surveys, sampling of Holocene sediments and to investigate the water column wintertime mixing close to sea-ice limits. These surveys improved the understanding of variations in the ventilation of the deeper Baltic, considering not only external climate forcing but also the effects of postglacial sealevel rise and isostatic uplift [CSR]. CI Citation: Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de) as responsible party for bathymetry raw data ingest and approval. During the MSM51-1 cruise, the moonpooled KONGSBERG EM1002 multibeam echosounder (MBES) was utilized to perform bathymetric mapping in shallow depths. 111 beams are formed for each ping while the seafloor is detected using amplitude and phase information for each beam sounding. For further information on the system, consult https://www.km.kongsberg.com/. Postprocessing and products were conducted by the Seafloor-Imaging & Mapping group of MARUM/FB5, responsible person Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de). The open source software MB-System (Caress, D. W., and D. N. Chayes, MB-System: Mapping the Seafloor, https://www.mbari.org/products/research-software/mb-system, 2017) was utilized for this purpose. A sound velocity correction profile was applied to the MSM51-1 data; there were no further corrections for roll, pitch and heave applied during postprocessing. A tide correction was applied, based on the Oregon State University (OSU) tidal prediction software (OTPS) that is retrievable through MB-System. CTD measurements during the cruise were sufficient to represent the changes in the sound velocity throughout the study area. Using Mbeditviz, artefacts were cleaned manually. NetCDF (GMT) grids of the edited data as well as statistics were created with mbgrid. The published bathymetric EM1002 grid of the cruise MSM51-1 has a resolution of 15 m. No total propagated uncertainty (TPU) has been calculated to gather vertical or horizontal accuracy. A higher resolution is, at least partly, achievable. The grid extended with _num represents a raster dataset with the statistical number of beams/depths taken into account to create the depth of the cell. The extended _sd -grid contains the standard deviation for each cell. The DTMs projections are given in Geographic coordinate system Lat/Lon; Geodetic Datum: WGS84.

High-Resolution Orthomosaics and Digital Elevation Models of Biogenic Structures in the German Wadden Sea

This dataset contains high-resolution (5 cm/pixel) orthomosaics and digital elevation models (DEMs) from unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys of biogenic structures in the German Wadden Sea. Two Pacific oyster reefs (Kaiserbalje, Nordland) and one blue mussel bed (Nordstrand) were monitored between 2020 and 2022. The data, processed via structure from motion (SfM) and georeferenced, are provided as raster files (*.tiff), ready for GIS analysis. The Random Forest (RF) classification shapefiles support the mapping of biogenic structures. This dataset facilitates research on biogenic structure growth, sediment dynamics, and geomorphological processes in intertidal environments

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Cloud-Top Height (CTH), Level 3 – Global

The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product displays the Cloud-Top Height (CTH) around the globe. Clouds play a crucial role in the Earth's climate system and have significant effects on trace gas retrievals. The cloud-top height is retrieved from the O2-A band using the ROCINN algorithm. Daily observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

RS92 GRUAN Data Product (beta)

This product is based on Vaisala RS92 radiosonde measurements of temperature, humidity, wind and pressure that have been processed following the requirements of the GCOS Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN) that were described in Immler et al. [2010]. The GRUAN data product file comply to the requirements of GRUAN in particular by providing a full uncertainty analysis. The uncertainty is calculated according to the recommendations of the “Guide for expressing uncertainty in measurement” [GUM2008]. The total uncertainty is assessed from estimates of the calibration uncertainty, the uncertainty of corrections and statistical standard deviations. Corrections are applied such that the data is bias free according to current knowledge.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1488: Planetary Magnetism (PlanetMag), Evolution of geomagnetic dipole moment and South Atlantic Anomaly

The geomagnetic field shields our habitat against solar wind and radiation from space. Due to the geometry of the field, the shielding in general is weakest at high latitudes. It is also anomalously weak in a region around the south Atlantic known as South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), and the global dipole moment has been decreasing by nearly 10 percent since direct measurements of field intensity became possible in 1832. Due to our limited understanding of the geodynamo processes in Earths core, it is impossible to reliably predict the future evolution of both dipole moment and SAA over the coming decades. However, lack of magnetic field shielding as would be a consequence of further weakening of dipole moment and SAA region field intensity would cause increasing problems for modern technology, in particular satellites, which are vulnerable to radiation damage. A better understanding of the underlying processes is required to estimate the future development of magnetic field characteristics. The study of the past evolution of such characteristics based on historical, archeo- and paleomagnetic data, on time-scales of centuries to millennia, is essential to detect any recurrences and periodicities and provide new insights in dynamo processes in comparison to or in combination with numerical dynamo simulations. We propose to develop two new global spherical harmonic geomagnetic field models, spanning 1 and 10 kyrs, respectively, and designed in particular to study how long the uninterrupted decay of the dipole moment has been going on prior to 1832, and if the SAA is a recurring structure of the field.We will combine for the first time all available historical and archeomagnetic data, both directions and intensities, in a spherical harmonic model spanning the past 1000 years. Existing modelling methods will be adapted accordingly, and existing data bases will be complemented with newly published data. We will further acquire some new archeomagnetic data from the Cape Verde islands from historical times to better constrain the early evolution of the present-day SAA. In order to study the long-term field evolution and possible recurrences of similar weak field structures in this region, we will produce new paleomagnetic records from available marine sediment cores off the coasts of West Africa, Brazil and Chile. This region is weakly constrained in previous millennial scale models. Apart from our main aim to gain better insights into the previous evolution of dipole moment and SAA, the models will be used to study relations between dipole and non-dipole field contributions, hemispheric symmetries and large-scale flux patterns at the core-mantle boundary. These observational findings will provide new insights into geodynamo processes when compared with numerical dynamo simulation results.Moreover, the models can be used to estimate past geomagnetic shielding above Earths surface against solar wind and for nuclide production from galactic cosmic rays.

SubSurfaceGeoRobo: A Comprehensive Underground Dataset for SLAM-based Geomonitoring with Sensor Calibration

With the introduction of mobile mapping technologies, geomonitoring has become increasingly efficient and automated. The integration of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) and robotics has effectively addressed the challenges posed by many mapping or monitoring technologies, such as GNSS and unmanned aerial vehicles, which fail to work in underground environments. However, the complexity of underground environments, the high cost of research in this area, and the limited availability of experimental sites have hindered the progress of relevant research in the field of SLAM-based underground geomonitoring. In response, we present SubSurfaceGeoRobo, a dataset specifically focused on underground environments with unique characteristics of subsurface settings, such as extremely narrow passages, high humidity, standing water, reflective surfaces, uneven illumination, dusty conditions, complex geometry, and texture less areas. This aims to provide researchers with a free platform to develop, test, and train their methods, ultimately promoting the advancement of SLAM, navigation, and SLAM-based geomonitoring in underground environments. SubSurfaceGeoRobo was collected in September 2024 in the Freiberg silver mine in Germany using an unmanned ground vehicle equipped with a multi-sensor system, including radars, 3D LiDAR, depth and RGB cameras, IMU, and 2D laser scanners. Data from all sensors are stored as bag files, allowing researchers to replay the collected data and export it into the desired format according to their needs. To ensure the accuracy and usability of the dataset, as well as the effective fusion of sensors, all sensors have been jointly calibrated. The calibration methods and results are included as part of this dataset. Finally, a 3D point cloud ground truth with an accuracy of less than 2 mm, captured using a RIEGL scanner, is provided as a reference standard.

METOP GOME-2 - Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) - Global

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Currently, there are three GOME-2 instruments operating on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in October 2006, September 2012, and November 2018, respectively. GOME-2 can measure a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distributions. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp level 2 products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (AC-SAF). GOME-2 near-real-time products are available already two hours after sensing. The operational SO2 total column products are generated using the algorithm GDP (GOME Data Processor) version 4.x integrated into the UPAS (Universal Processor for UV / VIS Atmospheric Spectrometers) processor for generating level 2 trace gas and cloud products. GDP 4.x performs a DOAS fit for SO2 slant column followed by an AMF / VCD computation using a single wavelength. Corrections are applied to the slant column for equatorial offset, interference of SO2 and SO2 absorption, and SZA dependence. For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/

Geological contacts - central Northern Calcareous Alps (Eastern Alps, Austria)

Geological mapping in the central Northern Calcareous Alps (Eastern Alps, Austria) during the years 2021 to 2023 has been performed. The aim of mapping has been to revise the 1:50,000 scale geological maps published by the Austrian Geological Survey (GBA/Geosphere) for inconsistencies in lithostratigraphic identification and contact definition. Critically, maps in the area were completed at a time when the emplacement of thrust sheets through gliding tectonics was still the dominant paradigm and pre-date advances in salt tectonics (see Fernandez et al., 2024, for a complete discussion). In consequence, mapping has aimed to correctly identify contacts compatible with salt tectonics, units remobilized in mass-transport deposits, low-angle thrusting, and syn-orogenic extension. The focus has been on two key areas of the central Northern Calcareous Alps: the Traun River and the Lammertal River valleys (roughly between longitudes 13° and 14°E, latitudes 47°30' and 48°N). Revised geological contacts (stratigraphic contacts and faults) are provided as SHP files. Stratigraphic contacts contain attributes describing the stratigraphic unit above and below and the type of contact. Faults contain information relating to type and sense of throw. No polygons have been generated. Data are in WGS84 UTM33 coordinates.

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