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Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Cloud Optical Thickness (COT), Level 3 – Global

This product displays the Cloud Optical Thickness (COT) around the globe. Clouds play a crucial role in the Earth's climate system and have significant effects on trace gas retrievals. The cloud optical thickness is retrieved from the O2-A band using the ROCINN algorithm. The TROPOMI instrument aboard the SENTINEL-5P space craft is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer covering wavelength bands between the ultraviolet and the shortwave infra-red. TROPOMI's purpose is to measure atmospheric properties and constituents. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum, allowing operational retrieval of the following trace gas constituents: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4). Within the INPULS project, innovative algorithms and processors for the generation of Level 3 and Level 4 products, improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users are developed.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI - Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Level 3 - Global

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) as derived from TROPOMI observations. AOD describes the attenuation of the transmitted radiant power by the absence of aerosols. Attenuation can be caused by absorption and/or scattering. AOD is the primary parameter to evaluate the impact of aerosols on weather and climate. Daily AOD observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Experimental data on enhanced benthic weathering in Baltic Sea sediments from winter 2025

This data collection comprises sedimentary porewater, solid-phase, microprofile measurements, cell counts and microbial sulfate reduction rates, from a calcite amendment laboratory experiment. The sediment cores for the experiment were collected in Kiel Bight in February 2025 (cruise L25-02b). For that, six sediment cores were collected and kept in MUC core liner in the dark in the cool room at 8°C for the timespan of the experiment at GEOMAR, Kiel. Furthermore, water sample data from within the core liner were taken at regular timesteps. Three sediment cores were incubated with 7.86 g of grounded limestone (>99% calcium carbonate) distributed at the sediment surface; additional three unamended treatments were used as reference. All sediment cores were kept under controlled oxygen depletion and subsequent reoxidation cycles. Data includes organic carbon (COrg), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), sulfur (S, %) and data from sequential iron (Fe) extraction from solid-phase, calcium ions, Fe total, manganese (Mn) total (ICP-OES), sulfate (ion chromatography, IC), total alkalinity, hydrogen sulfide and nutrients from porewaters as well as sulfate reduction rates. Bottom water chemistry on top of the sediment core was monitored via optical oxygen sensors, alkalinity was titrated, calcium ion concentrations determined over time and dinitrogen was measured at the end of the experiments. High resolution electrochemical microprofiles resolved vertical gradients of sulfide, oxygen, pH and redox across the sediment-water interface. These datasets enable assessments of calcite dissolution, alkalinity generation and microbial responses to enhanced benthic weathering in seasonally hypoxic Baltic Sea sediments.

Kiel Bight sediment core liner water-column data from sediment core incubation experiment in 2025

This dataset consists of water chemistry from within three calcite amended and three reference sediment cores from Kiel Bight from February 2025. Dissolved oxygen was monitored non-invasively using optical sensor spots (OXSP5, PyroScience) at 5cm above the sediment. Total alkalinity and calcium ion concentration were measured at regular intervals over four weeks, covering sediment settlement, calcite amendment, deoxygenation and reoxygenated phases. Water exchanges with nitrogen (N2) deoxygenated seawater-maintained calcite dissolution and N2 was determined at the end of the experiment. The dataset enables reconstruction of alkalinity generation, calcium release and oxygen dynamics during enhanced benthic weathering. This is supporting the assessments of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) efficiency and benthic dynamics.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Aerosol Index (AI), Level 3 – Global

Aerosol Index (AI) as derived from TROPOMI observations. AI is an indicator for episodic aerosol plumes from dust outbreaks, volcanic ash, and biomass burning. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Surface Nitrogendioxide (NO2), Level 4 – Regional (Germany and neighboring countries)

The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product displays the Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) near surface concentration for Germany and neighboring countries as derived from the POLYPHEMUS/DLR air quality model. Surface NO2 is mainly generated by anthropogenic sources, e.g. transport and industry. POLYPHEMUS/DLR is a state-of-the-art air quality model taking into consideration - meteorological conditions, - photochemistry, - anthropogenic and natural (biogenic) emissions, - TROPOMI NO2 observations for data assimilation. This Level 4 air quality product (surface NO2 at 15:00 UTC) is based on innovative algorithms, processors, data assimilation schemes and operational processing and dissemination chain developed in the framework of the INPULS project. The DLR project INPULS develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Water Vapour (H2O), Level 3 – Global

Water Vapour (H2O) concentration (globally) as derived from Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI observations. H2O is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. In addition it is one of the most powerful drivers for weather phenomena in the troposphere. Daily observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. The TROPOMI instrument aboard the SENTINEL-5P space craft is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer covering wavelength bands between the ultraviolet and the shortwave infra-red. TROPOMI's purpose is to measure atmospheric properties and constituents. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum, allowing operational retrieval of the following trace gas constituents: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Water Vapour (H2O), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4). Within the INPULS project, innovative algorithms and processors for the generation of Level 3 and Level 4 products, improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users are developed.

Tree Species - Sentinel-2 - Germany, 2016

The Tree Species Germany product provides a map of dominant tree species across Germany for the year 2016 at a spatial resolution of 10 meters. The map depicts the distribution of ten tree species groups derived from multi-temporal optical Sentinel-2 data. The input features explicitly incorporate phenological information to capture seasonal vegetation dynamics relevant for species discrimination. A total of over 100,000 training and test samples were compiled from publicly accessible sources, including urban tree inventories, Google Earth Pro, Google Street View, and field observations. The final product was created by majority-voting on annual XGBoost Sentinel-2 tree species classifications (2016–2024) and filtering with forest structure data. If no clear majority vote was achieved, the class uncertain was assigned. The Tree Species Germany 2016 product achieves an overall F1-score of 0.95. For the dominant species pine, spruce, beech, and oak, class-wise F1-scores range from 0.92 to 0.99, while F1-scores for other widespread species such as birch, alder, larch, Douglas fir, fir, and other deciduous species range from 0.85 to 0.96. The product provides a consistent, high-resolution, and up-to-date representation of tree species distribution across Germany. Its transferable, cost-efficient, and repeatable methodology enables reliable large-scale forest monitoring and offers a valuable basis for assessing spatial patterns and temporal changes in forest composition in the context of ongoing climatic and environmental dynamics.

Erfassung oekologisch orientierter Innovationspotentiale und -projekte der ehemaligen DDR zur Revitalisierung fuer die Wirtschaftsentwicklung in den neuen Bundeslaendern

Kiel Bight sedimentary data from sediment core incubation experiment in 2025

This dataset presents porewater and solid-phase geochemistry as well as microbial cell counts and microbial induced sulfate reduction rates from calcite-amended and unamended sediment cores collected in Kiel Bight in February 2025 during cruise L25-02b. Sediment cores were incubated at 8° C under controlled oxygen cycles in the laboratory of the home institute. Porewater was extracted by centrifugation and anoxic filtration. Solid phase analyses included organic carbon (COrg), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), total sulfur (%) and data from sequential iron (Fe) extraction (Cline Assay), calcium ions, Fe total, manganese (Mn total, ICP-OES), sulfate (IC), alkalinity, hydrogen sulfide. Sulfate reduction rates were quantified using 35S-radiotracer incubation and cold chromium distillation (Kallmeyer et al., 2004, Roy et al., 2014). Furthermore, cell counts were determined. The dataset supports evaluation of enhanced benthic weathering effects on sulfur cycling, iron speciation and microbial activity in dynamic and seasonally hypoxic coastal sediments.

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