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Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) - Diskussionsbeitrag zur Integration in die nationalen Klimaschutzstrategien

Das UBA-Positionspapier beurteilt den Nutzen des Abscheidens und Speicherns von CO2 (kurz CCS , für Englisch "Carbon Capture and Storage") als Klimaschutzinstrument und beschreibt Leitplanken für einen nachhaltigen Einsatz, ebenso wie das nötige Monitoring und die Risikovorsorge. Auswirkungen von CCS auf menschliche Gesundheit und die Umwelt werden ebenfalls betrachtet. CCS kann laut Papier Treibhausgasminderungen und den schnellen Ausstieg aus fossilen Techniken nicht ersetzen. CCS darf auch nicht dazu führen, fossile Energieversorgungsstrukturen zu verfestigen und den Ausbau der Erneuerbaren Energien zu behindern. Das UBA schlägt daher vor, die Technik zunächst in Müllverbrennungsanlagen zu testen, in denen aus nicht recycelbarem Abfall Wärme und Strom erzeugt wird, aber auch CO2 anfällt. Quelle: umweltbundesamt.de

All options, not silver bullets, needed to limit global warming to 1.5 ˚C: a scenario appraisal

Climate science provides strong evidence of the necessity of limiting global warming to 1.5 ˚C, in line with the Paris Climate Agreement. The IPCC 1.5 ˚C special report (SR1.5) presents 414 emissions scenarios modelled for the report, of which around 50 are classified as '1.5 ˚C scenarios', with no or low temperature overshoot. These emission scenarios differ in their reliance on individual mitigation levers, including reduction of global energy demand, decarbonisation of energy production, development of land-management systems, and the pace and scale of deploying carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies. The reliance of 1.5 ˚C scenarios on these levers needs to be critically assessed in light of the potentials of the relevant technologies and roll-out plans. We use a set of five parameters to bundle and characterise the mitigation levers employed in the SR1.5 1.5 ˚C scenarios. For each of these levers, we draw on the literature to define 'medium' and 'high' upper bounds that delineate between their 'reasonable', 'challenging' and 'speculative' use by mid century. We do not find any 1.5 ˚C scenarios that stay within all medium upper bounds on the five mitigation levers. Scenarios most frequently 'over use' CDR with geological storage as a mitigation lever, whilst reductions of energy demand and carbon intensity of energy production are 'over used' less frequently. If we allow mitigation levers to be employed up to our high upper bounds, we are left with 22 of the SR1.5 1.5 ˚C scenarios with no or low overshoot. The scenarios that fulfil these criteria are characterised by greater coverage of the available mitigation levers than those scenarios that exceed at least one of the high upper bounds. When excluding the two scenarios that exceed the SR1.5 carbon budget for limiting global warming to 1.5 ˚C, this subset of 1.5 ˚C scenarios shows a range of 15-22 Gt CO2 (16-22 Gt CO2 interquartile range) for emissions in 2030. For the year of reaching net zero CO2 emissions the range is 2039-2061 (2049-2057 interquartile range). © 2021 The Author(s).

The Research & Funding Landscape of Solar Radiation Modification (SRM)

For many years, research into SRM was only publicly funded to a limited extent. Private funding, mainly from philanthropic institutions, was the main source. More recently, growing interest from both the public and private sectors has been reported, although concrete data on expanded funding streams is limited and the overall scale and direction of this investment remains unclear This factsheet attempts to trace the evolution of Solar Radiation Modification (SRM) project initiatives and their financing. It is based on the project overview table linked below.

The EU Carbon Removal Certification Framework: Options for using certified removal units and funding mitigation activities

With the Carbon Removal Certification Framework (CRCF), adopted in 2024, the EU established a voluntary framework for carbon removal certification, which includes criteria for the certification of removals, rules for the certification process and the recognition of certification schemes. This report discusses the options for how certified removal units may be used and what policy options are available to complement funding for removals besides revenues generated through the CRCF.

Assessment of bio-CCS in 2°C compatible scenarios

Since the adoption of the 5th Assessment Report of the ⁠ IPCC ⁠ (AR5), there has been a growing discussion of methods for Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) from the atmosphere. With CDR as a supplement to GHG-emission reductions it would be possible to stabilize the ⁠ CO2 ⁠ concentration in the atmosphere more quickly or perhaps even to reduce it. Bioenergy combined with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is the most commonly discussed CDR approach in the literature where it has been assessed to have the greatest carbon sequestration potential. This report provides a critical assessment of the assumptions behind the AR5 GHG-emission scenarios with regards to BECCS. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 09/2019.

Assumptions on potentials for Carbon Dioxide Removals in the EU

This report analyses and critically reviews assumptions on natural carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and storage potentials with a view to the objectives of the EU Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (⁠ LULUCF ⁠) and Carbon Removal Certification Framework (CRCF) legislation agreed until February 2024. Therefore, EU impact assessment reports that were published over a period of eight years were analysed and compared with estimates in the scientific literature. It shows that potentials from the impact assessments are rather at the lower end of the range. While highest CDR potentials for 2050 in studies underlying the EU legislation assume -400 to -500 Mt CO 2 eq, literature studies often operate in the range of -500 to -600 Mt CO 2 eq, with one estimate reaching almost -800 Mt CO 2 eq. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 35/2024.

Technische Ansätze zur Entfernung von Methan aus der Atmosphäre (methane removal)

Vor dem Hintergrund der Diskussion über die Entnahme und Speicherung von CO 2 (Carbon Dioxide Removal) kommt die Frage auf, ob es auch Technologien gibt, um das 30-fach klimawirksamere Methan (CH 4 ) aus der ⁠ Atmosphäre ⁠ zu entfernen (Methane Removal). Methan wird in der Atmosphäre durch natürliche Oxidationsprozesse mit einer mittleren Verweilzeit von 9 bis 12 Jahren in CO 2 umgewandelt. In diesem Factsheet wird der Entwicklungsstand von technischen Ansätzen vorgestellt, die diesen Prozess beschleunigen und Methan bei der aktuellen atmosphärischen Konzentration von ca. 2 ⁠ ppm ⁠ aus der Atmosphäre entfernen sollen. Die Ansätze sind keine Alternative zu Vermeidung und Reduktion der Methanemissionen. Veröffentlicht in Fact Sheet.

Short Typology of Carbon Dioxide Removals

On 30 November 2022, the Commission proposed a voluntary EU carbon removal certification framework (CRCF) in order to promote carbon dioxide removal (CDR) through natural and technical approaches and spur investments into the respective technologies. This paper analyzes CDR typologies, compares them to CDR in the CRCF and identifies room for improvements. The aim is to stimulate the public debate by highlighting key aspects and implications of CDR activities that should be taken into account in implementing the framework and in future CDR policy-making. Veröffentlicht in Fact Sheet.

How to measure and quantify biogenic carbon removals

Robust quantification of carbon dioxide removals (CDR) lies at the heart of any certification mechanism and is central for their functionality and environmental integrity. For the establishment of a Carbon Removal Certification Framework (CRCF) that was recently adopted, the EU Commission is currently conducting an inventory of the existing knowledge base. The objective of most certification mechanisms is to turn greenhouse gas emission reductions or removals into tradable commodities. To achieve this, each certificate issued by a mechanism must reliably represent the same amount of greenhouse gas reduced or removed from the atmosphere. The report compares selected standards to work out advantages and disadvantages of existing monitoring methods for an EU certification of carbon removals. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 42/2024.

Technical approaches to removing methane from the atmosphere (methane removal)

Against the background of the discussion on Carbon Dioxide Removal, the question arises as to whether there are also technologies to remove methane (CH 4 ) from the atmosphere (Methane Removal), which is 30 times more harmful to the climate. Methane is converted into CO 2 in the atmosphere by natural oxidation processes with an average residence time of 9 to 12 years. This factsheet presents the development status of technical approaches to accelerate this process and remove methane from the atmosphere at the current atmospheric concentration of approx. 2 ⁠ ppm ⁠. These approaches are not an alternative to avoiding and reducing methane emissions. Veröffentlicht in Fact Sheet.

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