During evolution plants have coordinated the seasonal timing of flowering and reproduction with the prevailing environmental conditions. With the onset of flowering plants undergo the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive development. In agriculture, flowering is a prerequisite for crop production whenever seeds or fruits are harvested. In contrast, avoidance of flowering is necessary for harvesting vegetative parts of a plant. Late flowering also severely hampers breeding success due to long generation times. Thus, FTi (flowering time) regulation is of utmost importance for genetic improvement of crops. There are many new challenges for plant geneticists and breeders in the future (e.g. changing climate, need for higher yields, demand for vegetative biomass for bioenergy production), requiring novel approaches for altering the phenological development of a plant species beyond the currently available genetic variation. Changes in the expression of a single FTi regulator can suffice to drastically alter FTi. Exploiting the molecular fundament of FTi control offers new perspectives for knowledge-based breeding. Pleiotropic effects of FTi gene regulation beyond flowering time, such as yield parameters/hybrid yield were most recently demonstrated. This emerging field of research offers new possibilities for gaining insight into the very foundations of yield potential in crop plants. The Priority Programme aims to develop a functional cross-species network of FTi regulators for modelling developmental and associated (e.g. yield) characters in relation to environmental cues. Plant species with different phenological development will be investigated. Phylogenetic similarities can be used to infer similar functional interactions between FTi regulators in related crop species. Comparative analysis of FTi regulation among and between closely and remotely related species will identify distinct evolutionary paths towards optimisation of FTi in a diverse set of species and the branching points of divergence. Projects in this Priority Programme focus on genomic approaches to gain a comprehensive understanding of FTi regulation also in crops, which thus far have not been a major target of research. Another focus is on non-genetic cues regulating FTi and hormonal constitution and nutrient supply.
The goal of this project is to infer a phylogeographical hypothesis of a selected group of Lepidoptera, the subtribe Pronophilina, based on comprehensive phylogenetic and distributional data, and by doing so, to propose spatial and temporal patterns for the evolution of Andean faunas. The hypothesis is that the study group evolved in South America, and that its radiation is congruent with the uplift of the Andes and changing paleoclimates, hence with the availability of suitable habitats in South and continental Central America.
In der aquatischen Umwelt zeigen Pilze starke Interaktionen zu einer Vielzahl anderer Organismen, darunter Algen, Metazoen und Bakterien, die die pilzliche Diversifizierung vorangetrieben haben. Die Pilzevolution begann frühzeitlich in der aquatischen Umwelt. Die Verbindungen mit anderen Organismen führten zu vielen biotrophen Lebensweisen und einer großen phylogenetischen Vielfalt. Es ist wahrscheinlich, dass die frühen Wasserpilze bereits die funktionellen Merkmale ausbildeten, die zum Erfolg des Pilzreichs, als eine der vielfältigsten Organismengruppen der Erde, geführt hat. Trotz der recht umfangreichen Studien, die die Komplexität der aquatischen Mikrobiome untersuchen, sind weder die große phylogenetische Vielfalt der aquatischen Pilze noch die Wechselwirkungen der aquatischen Pilze mit anderen Organismen gut beschrieben. Dieses Paradoxon ist das Resultat von zu wenigen Studien, die aquatische Mikrobiome ganzheitlich untersuchen, und ist zudem auch der Tatsache geschuldet, dass die aquatischen Pilze nicht als solche erkannt werden. Wasserpilze erscheinen oft als unbekannte genetische Elemente ohne erkennbare Übereinstimmung mit unseren Datenbanken. Das veranlasste uns dazu, den Begriff Dunkle Materiepilze (DMP) zu etablieren, um die Unbekanntheit der frühen divergierenden Pilzlinien in der aquatischen Umwelt hervorzuheben. Einer der vielversprechendsten aquatischen Lebensräume zur Untersuchung von DMP und deren Wechselwirkungen mit anderen Organismen im kleinen Maßstab ist der aquatische Biofilm. Insbesondere heterotrophe Biofilme können einen hohen Anteil an DMP aufweisen, was die Aufklärung von DMP-Interaktionen und ökologischen Funktionen erleichtert. Es ist völlig unklar, welche organismischen Wechselwirkungen die Determinanten für die DMP in Biofilmen sind und inwieweit DMP die Biofilmstruktur beeinflussen. Das Verständnis der Ökologie und der Evolution von DMP bleibt aufgrund der Komplexität der natürlichen Gemeinschaften eine Herausforderung. Aufgrund der neuen methodischen Entwicklungen ist es nun jedoch möglich, durch Manipulationsexperimente an natürlichen sowie an Modell-Biofilmgemeinschaften eine konzeptionelle Sicht auf die DMP-Ökologie und -Evolution aufzubauen. Das Ziel der vorgeschlagenen Emmy Noether-Forschungsgruppe ist es, die grundlegende Ökologie und Evolution der aquatischen DMP zu verstehen. Durch die Kombination von Mikrodissektion, Hochdurchsatz-Kultivierung und molekularer Sequenzierung der nächsten Generation, werden wir herausfinden, wie und welche Pilz-Interaktionen mit Mikroben die gesamte Struktur und Funktion der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft beeinflussen. Wir werden auch umfangreiche DMP-Barcode- und Genomdaten generieren, die als Schlüsselressourcen für das Erstellen einer robusten frühen Pilzphylogenie dienen werden, und es uns ermöglicht, die frühe Pilzevolution auf der Grundlage von Phylogenomik und biotrophen Interaktionen zu diskutieren.
Sauropod dinosaurs represent one of the most important components of Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrate faunas, yet their early evolution and diversification in the Jurassic is still poorly understood. Furthermore, most of the pertinent data so far comes from Early and Middle Jurassic rocks in eastern Asia. The only abundant basal sauropod material reported from the Western Hemisphere so far comes from the Middle Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Chubut province, Argentina, from where two species, Patagosaurus fariasi and Volkheimeria chubutensis, have been described. Especially the first of these taxa has figured prominently in basal sauropod phylogenies. However, recent research suggests that more sauropods are represented in the original material referred to this species, and intensive fieldwork in the rocks that have yielded these materials has resulted in the recovery of a wealth of new material. Thus, the objective of this project is a revision of the original materials of Patagosaurus as well as an incorporation of new materials. The alpha taxonomy of the sauropods from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation will be established, detailed osteological descriptions of the different taxa provided and their significance for our understanding of early sauropod evolution will be evaluated.
The uplift of the Himalaya-Tibet Orogen (HTO) has significantly influenced the global climate and due to its massive elevations and river incisions it likely played an important role as a speciation pump. However, our understanding of the historical biogeography of species in the HTO is far from being comprehensive, as are details of the spatiotemporal evolution of its uplift. The Himalaya plays a key role in elucidating these processes. Results from the applicant's preliminary work, based on molecular data from amphibians, provide initial indications for a Paleo-Tibetan origin of Himalayan faunal components, challenging the long-held belief of immigration from China-Indochina into the Himalaya. Yet, a comprehensive phylogeographic approach is needed, requiring a systematic sampling from biogeographically important regions and an extended analytical framework to pinpoint patterns of diversification in the Himalaya and adjacent regions and to uncover the relative contribution of in-situ speciation versus colonisation in the HTO. Within the project, the applicant will use four carefully chosen terrestrial model systems (spiny frogs, lazy toads, the Himalayan toad and ground skinks), that are sufficiently phylogenetically old and cover a range of different dispersal abilities and ecological preferences. Using cutting-edge targeted exon capture technology in combination with next generation DNA sequencing and state of the art phylogenetic analysis alternative phylogeographic hypotheses will be tested (immigration, vicariance, out-of-Tibet, Paleo-Tibetan origin) and estimate divergence times. The applicant pursues the following objectives with the study: i) Detailed phylogenetic inventory in areas along the southern slope of the Himalaya and surrounding mountain areas; ii) Reconstructing diversification/colonisation pattern; iii) Providing biological evidences for the time of (primary) uplifts of HTO components. Access to museum samples at the applicant's collaboration partners disposal includes almost all relevant species, guaranteeing fast progress of this project. Data amount and resulting statistical power will allow drawing conclusions in an unprecedented power on colonization history and uplift of the HTO. It will also allow identifying factors important for species diversification and contribute to an understanding of the Tertiary environmental conditions of the HTO.