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We provide sample information and geochemical data for obtaining erosion, weathering, and denudation rates from a framework based cosmogenic meteoric 10Be versus stable 9Be (10Be/9Be) ratios. We modified this published silicate framework (von Blanckenburg et al., 2012) to carbonate landscapes, and performed thorough ground-truthing and testing of assumptions, as this is the first application of the framework for carbonate lithologies. The most important methodological findings are as follows: 1) We amended a sequential extraction step specific for solubilizing total carbonate-bound Be using acetic acid. As this extraction cannot distinguish between secondary and primary carbonate, we employed carbon stable isotopes to obtain the fraction of Be associated with secondary carbonate. We find that >90% of total carbonate-bound Be is bound to secondary carbonate, meaning that distinguishing between secondary and primary carbonate and employing carbon stable isotopes may not be necessary. 2) Using radiogenic strontium isotope ratios we found that about a third of the 9Be contained in secondary carbonate is derived from the dissolution of silicate phases, likely clastic impurities such as clays. These silicate phases also adsorb meteoric 10Be during weathering. The method is thus applicable to pure limestone as well as mixed carbonate-siliciclastic lithologies. 3) Total 9Be concentrations in bedrock are heterogeneous in the Jura, and are potentially controlled by the amount of silicate impurities contained in limestone. Yet the average 9Beparent in summed carbonate- and silicate-bound fractions (0.07 ug/g) is about 9 times lower than values from existing rock databases. In limestones studies, 9Beparent must be thus determined case-by-case on local bedrock. 4) The analysis of partition coefficients Kd for 10Be and 9Be, respectively, and very similar 10Be/9Be ratios show that dissolved Be has equilibrated between reactive (amorphous and crystalline Fe-oxides) and secondary carbonate phases. Secondary carbonate phases are thus part of the reactive Be pool in limestone settings. 5) As in previous studies in silicate lithologies 10Be and 9Be concentrations show pronounced differences between soil and sediment samples that we attribute to grain size dependence and sorting. The 10Be/9Be ratios however cover a remarkably narrow range for all samples, resulting a in narrow range in denudation rates. 6) The fraction of 9Be released by weathering and partitioned into the secondary reactive or dissolved phase serves as a Be-specific proxy for the degree of weathering. 7) The atmospheric depositional flux of 10Be estimated for the Jura mountains from concentrations of dissolved and particulate 10Be and river gauging is about 80% of estimates from independent global GCM-based distribution maps. The GCM estimates thus provide sufficient accuracy. From application of these new principles, weathering and erosion in the French Jura Mountains can be described as follows: The proportion of weathering in total denudation W/D is >0.9, due to the high purity of the limestone that almost completely dissolved except for a small silicate mineral fraction that, however, carries 50% of the bedrock’s 9Be. Resulting 10Be/9Be-derived denudation rates are on average 300 t/km2/yr for soils and 580 t/km2/yr for river sediments. The soil-derived values agree well with previous estimates from gauging data despite their entirely different (decadal vs. millennial) integration time scales. That sediment-derived denudation rates exceed those from soil we attribute to a 30-60% contribution from subsurface bedrock weathering. On a global scale, our data provides the first cosmogenic-based denudation rates for the precipitation (MAP) range of 1200 to 1700 mm/yr under a temperate climate and dense vegetation cover. Previous millennial-scale denudation rates from in situ-36Cl in calcite from less vegetated sites do not exceed 250 t/km2/yr in this precipitation range. With 500-600 t/km2/yr our denudation rates peak at MAP of 1200-1300 mm/yr, and then show a trend of decreasing D with increasing MAP.
Here we provide in situ 10Be data, meteoric 10Be data, X-Ray fluorescence data, infiltration rate field date, chemical extraction data, a summary of grain size data, all grain size data (Table S7), mineral point counting data, XRD data, soil grain size data, and data from laboratory measurements of hydrological parameters. Field work in Santa Gracia was conducted in February of the years 2019 and 2020 and laboratory work was conducted between 2019 and 2023. This data publication accompanies our study (Lodes et al., 2024), in which we investigate whether lithology controls drainage density in Santa Gracia, a semi-arid field site in Central Chile. In the study, we compare the density of drainages in two distinct, neighbouring landscapes underlain by a monzogranite and two diorite plutons (which we refer to as the “inner diorite” and the “outer diorite”). We collected multiple datasets to understand the underlying mechanisms behind the drainage density differences. The data was collected as part of the German Science Foundation (DFG) priority research program SPP-1803 “EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” (grant SCHE 1676/4-1 and -2 to D. S.; funding of P. G. through grant BE 1780/53-1 and -2).
The database presented here contains radiogenic neodymium and strontium isotope ratios measured on both terrestrial and marine sediments. It was compiled to help assessing sediment provenance and transport processes for various time intervals. This can be achieved by either mapping sediment isotopic signature and/or fingerprinting source areas using statistical tools (e.g. Blanchet, 2018b, 2018a). The database has been built by incorporating data from the literature and various databases and data compilations, and harmonizing the metadata, especially units and geographical coordinates. The original data were processed in three steps. Firstly, a specific attention has been devoted to provide geographical coordinates to each sample in order to be able to map the data. When available, the original geographical coordinates from the reference (generally DMS coordinates, with different precision standard) were transferred into the decimal degrees system. When coordinates were not provided, an approximate location was derived from available information in the original publication. Secondly, all samples were assigned a set of standardized criteria that help splitting the dataset in specific categories. We defined categories associated with the sample location, the type of sample, the sedimentary fraction measured, or the deposition age (as given in the original publication). This dataset consists of one spreadsheet: "Dataset_Nd_Sr_isotopes_V3.txt", which contains the assembled dataset of marine and terrestrial Nd and/or Sr concentration and isotopes, together with sorting criteria and geographical locations. A full reference list is provided in the file “References_Database_Nd_Sr_isotopes_V3.pdf”. R code for mapping the data and running statistical analyses is also available for this dataset (Blanchet, 2018b, 2018a).
Because of the multi-stepped pathways of sediment comprising the foreland fold-thrust belt (FFTB), detrital quartz grains that recycle from the FFTB sources contain cosmogenic radionuclides (CRN), such as 10Be and 26Al, accumulated during previous exposure, resulting in inheritance and, hence, anomalously low erosion rates. This inhibits the straightforward use of 10Be as tracers for modern erosion rates and sediment discharge from the FFTB, prevalent at the external edges of collisional orogens such as the Himalaya. We present a novel approach for quantifying the erosion rates of FFTB by comparing measured and modeled CRN concentrations in fluvial sediments. We apply this approach to the Mohand Range, an emergent fault-related fold in the frontal part of the northwestern Himalaya (see the location map below). The 10Be and 26Al datasets presented here were used to calibrate our model, which we used to quantify the erosion rates in and sediment flux from the Mohand Range. Datasets provided here include a summary of the location and depositional age of 33 fluvial sediments and two sandstone samples collected from the Mohand Range, 10Be analysis results of 23 of these fluvial sediments and two bedrock samples, and 26Al-10Be pair analysis results of the remaining ten fluvial sediment samples (Dataset S1). Moreover, the data include the depositional age map of uplifted older foreland sediments across the western Mohand Range (Dataset 2) and the map of best-fit 10Be concentration inherited from Himalayan paleoerosion (Dataset 3) and sediment burial in the foreland (Dataset 4). We also include a map of the best-fit 10Be concentration produced during modern erosion of the Mohand Range (Dataset 5) and a map of the best-fit uplift/erosion rates across the western Mohand Range (Dataset 6). For more information (e.g., sampling method, analytical procedure, and data processing), please refer to the main article (Mandal et al., 2023).
At valley glaciers, rockwall erosion supplies debris to glacier surfaces. Once deposited on the ice, rockwall debris is passively entrained and becomes part of the glacial system, e.g., forming medial moraines as downglacier transport continues. Where debris occurs supraglacial, it modifies ice ablation and, thus, changes in rockwall erosion and debris supply rates modify glacial debris cover and mass balance and may affect glacier retreat in response to climate change. Yet, estimates on rockwall erosion rates close to glacier surfaces are few and quantifying spatiotemporal supply patterns is not trivial. This data publication is supplementary to the study on rockwall erosion rates at five Swiss valley glaciers around Pigne d’Arolla, by Wetterauer & Scherler (2023). We temporally and spatially assess rockwall erosion by measuring in situ-produced cosmogenic 10Be concentrations ('[10Be]measured') in medial moraine debris, which we systematically sampled along downglacier-profiles, and by comparing records from various medial moraines, which are supplied by rockwalls differing in exposure and morphology. However, as '[10Be]measured' within supraglacial debris is the sum of '[10Be]rockwall', accumulated during rockwall erosion, and '[10Be]transport', accumulated during post-depositional downglacier transport, medial moraine '[10Be]measured' should be corrected for '[10Be]transport'. If glacier velocities through time are known, '[10Be]transport' can be estimated by downglacier debris trajectory modelling. Providing our 10Be dataset and ~40-year records of glacier surface velocities from four of the five valley glaciers (Glacier du Brenay, Glacier de Cheilon, Glacier de Pièce, Glacier de Tsijiore Nouve) is the main objective of this data publication. The dataset of the fifth glacier (Glacier d’Otemma) has already been published as case study by Wetterauer et al. (2022a,b).
As reverse weathering has been shown to impact long-term changes in atmospheric CO2 levels, it is crucial to develop quantitative tools to reconstruct marine authigenic clay formation. We explored the potential of the beryllium (Be) isotope ratio (10Be/9Be) recorded in marine clay-sized sediment to track neoformation of authigenic clays. The power of such proxy relies on the orders-of-magnitude difference in 10Be/9Be ratios between continental Be and Be dissolved in seawater. On riverine and marine sediments collected along a Chilean margin transect we chemically extracted reactive phases and separated the clay-sized sediment fraction. We compare the riverine and marine 10Be/9Be ratio of this fraction. Moreover, we compare the elemental and mineralogical composition and the Nd and Sr-isotopic composition of these samples. 10Be/9Be ratios increase four-fold from riverine to marine sediment. We attribute this increase to the incorporation of Be high in 10Be/9Be from dissolved biogenic opal, which also serves as a Si-source for the precipitation of marine authigenic clays. 10Be/9Be ratios thus sensitively track reverse-weathering reactions forming marine authigenic clays.
This data publication is supplementary to the study on headwall erosion rates at Glacier d'Otemma in Switzerland, by Wetterauer et al. (2022). Debris on glacier surfaces stems from steep bedrock hillslopes that tower above the ice, so-called headwalls. Recently, rock walls in high-alpine glacial environments experience increased destabilization due to climate warming. Since supraglacial debris alters the melt behaviour of the ice underneath, increased headwall erosion and debris delivery to glacier surfaces will modify glacial mass balances. Therefore, we expect that the response of glaciers to climate change is likely linked to how headwall erosion responds to climate change. As headwall debris is deposited on the ice surface of valley glaciers it is passively transported downglacier, both supra- and englacially. Where two glaciers join, debris along their margins is merged to form medial moraines. Since medial moraine debris tends to be older downglacier, systematic downglacier-sampling of medial moraine debris and the measurement of in situ-produced cosmogenic 10Be concentrations ([10Be]) hold the potential to assess long-term (>10^2-10^4 yrs) headwall erosion rates through time. However, to obtain the cosmogenic signals of headwall erosion, [10Be] within supraglacial debris need to be corrected for glacial transport time, as cosmogenic nuclides continue to accumulate during exposure and transport. This additional 10Be accumulation during debris transport can be accounted for by simple downglacier debris trajectory modelling. Providing our 10Be dataset together with detailed information on our 1-D modelling approach is the main objective of this data publication. The data is presented as one single xlsx-file with three different tables. A detailed description of the sample processing and the debris trajectory model are provided in the data description file of this data publication. For more information see our study Wetterauer et al. (2022).
Cosmogenic nuclide measurements are commonly biased by weathering within the cosmogenic nuclide production zone. The code package “WeCode” (Weathering Corrections for denudation rates) integrated within the CRONUScalc v2.1 (Marrero et al., 2016) software performs weathering corrections and calculations, as well as offering pixel-by-pixel catchment production rate estimates for alluvial samples. Weathering corrections can be applied for weathering within the regolith or along the regolith-bedrock interface, as is common in carbonate bedrock. The methods for the weathering corrections are described in Ott et al. (2022). Please refer to the README for information on how to use the software. A set of input examples and scripts is provided for illustration. CRONUScalc can be downloaded here https://bitbucket.org/cronusearth/cronus-calc/src/v2.1
We present a new Python-based Jupyter Notebook that helps interpreting detrital tracer thermochronometry datasets and quantifying the statistical confidence of such analysis. Users are referred to the linked GitHub repository for usage and methods. https://github.com/mdlndr/ESD_thermotrace
The Chilean Coastal Cordillera features a spectacular climate and vegetation gradient, ranging from arid and unvegetated areas in the north to humid and forested areas in the south. The DFG Priority Program "EarthShape" (Earth Surface Shaping by Biota) uses this natural gradient to investigate how climate and biological processes shape the Earth's surface. We explored the critical zone, the Earth's uppermost layer, in four key sites located in desert, semidesert, mediterranean, and temperate climate zones of the Coastal Cordillera, with the focus on weathering of granitic rock. Here, we present first results from four ~2m-deep regolith profiles to document: (1) architecture of weathering zone; (2) degree and rate of rock weathering, thus the release of mineral-derived nutrients to the terrestrial ecosystems; (3) denudation rates; and (4) microbial abundances of bacteria and archaea in the saprolite. From north to south, denudation rates from cosmogenic nuclides are ~10 t km-2 yr-1 at the arid Pan de Azúcar site, ~20 t km-2 yr-1 at the semi-arid site of Santa Gracia, ~60 t km-2 yr-1 at the mediterranean climate site of La Campana, and ~30 t km-2 yr-1 at the humid site of Nahuelbuta. A and B horizons increase in thickness and elemental depletion or enrichment increases from north (~26 °S) to south (~38 °S) in these horizons. Differences in the degree of chemical weathering, quantified by the chemical depletion fraction (CDF), are significant only between the arid and sparsely vegetated site and the other three sites. Differences in the CDF between the sites, and elemental depletion within the sites are sometimes smaller than the variations induced by the bedrock heterogeneity. Microbial abundances (bacteria and archaea) in saprolite substantially increase from the arid to the semi-arid sites. With this study, we provide a comprehensive dataset characterizing the Critical Zone geochemistry in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera. This dataset confirms climatic controls on weathering and denudation rates and provides prerequisites to quantify the role of biota in future studies. The data are supplementary material to Oeser et al. (2018). All samples are assigned with International Geo Sample Numbers (IGSN), a globally unique and persistent Identifier for physical samples. The IGSNs are provided in the data tables and link to a comprehensive sample description in the internet. The content of the eight data tables is: Table S1: Catena properties of the four primary EarthShape study areas. Table S2: Major and selected trace element concentration for bedrock samples. Table S3 Normative modal abundance of rock-forming minerals. Table S4: Major and selected trace element concentration for regolith samples and dithionite and oxalate soluble pedogenic oxides. Table S5: Weathering indices CDF and CIA, and the mass transfer coefficients (τ) for major and trace elements along with volumetric strain (ɛ). Table S6: Chemical weathering and physical erosion rates Table S7: Relative microbial abundances in saprolite of the four study areas. Table S8: Uncorrected major and trace element concentration. The data tables are provided as one Excel file with eight spreadsheets, as individual tables in .csv format in a zipped archive and as printable PDF versions in a zipped archive.
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