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Acoustic Recordings of Strokkur Geyser Eruptions: Data from August 23–27, 2023

This dataset comprises acoustic recordings of eruptive events at Strokkur Geyser, Iceland, collected during a field campaign from August 23–27, 2023. The data were recorded using four Chaparral M-60 UHP2 infrasound microphones with a flat frequency response from 0.05–200 Hz. The microphones were deployed in a semicircular array around the geyser pool, approximately 7.5 meters from its center. The signals were digitized using DiGOS Data-Cube3 digitizers with a sampling rate of 400 Hz, ensuring high-resolution capture of both low-frequency infrasound and high-frequency audio signals. Each recording spans approximately 2 ½ hours per day and is timestamped using GPS for precise temporal accuracy. The data are provided as miniSEED files with applied sensitivity, allowing direct calculation of sound pressure levels in Pascal (Pa). The exact locations for each sensor on each day are given below. The dataset highlights acoustic signals associated with the growth, rupture, and disintegration of the water bulge preceding Strokkur’s eruptions. Distinct features, such as "M-shaped" infrasound waveforms, are evident and provide insight into the dynamic processes driving geyser eruptions. The dataset offers a valuable resource for studying acoustic emissions during geyser activity, providing a high-resolution foundation for research on subsurface processes and fluid dynamics. It also facilitates comparative studies of geophysical signals in geysers and analogous volcanic systems. August 23 (Small array configuration): Recording times: 6:25 – 9:41 UTC (exact start times for each sensor may vary as they were started separately). Sensor C3H: 64.31299, -20.30095 Sensor C3G: 64.31308, -20.30089 Sensor C3F: 64.31311, -20.30064 Sensor C3C: 64.31303, -20.30070 August 24 (Half circle around the geyser, until 8:36 UTC): Recording times: 6:50 – 9:17 UTC (exact start times for each sensor may vary). Sensor C3H: 64.31276, -20.30093 Sensor C3G: 64.31280, -20.30073 Sensor C3F: 64.31273, -20.30066 Sensor C3C: 64.31267, -20.30062 August 24 (After 8:36 UTC, modified configuration): Sensor C3F moved to 64.313203, -20.301558 to record gas bubble sounds near another ground opening. Sensor C3H: 64.31276, -20.30093 Sensor C3G: 64.31280, -20.30073 Sensor C3C: 64.31267, -20.30062 August 25 (Half circle around the geyser): Recording times: 6:56 – 9:20 UTC (exact start times for each sensor may vary). Sensor C3H: 64.31276, -20.30093 Sensor C3G: 64.31280, -20.30073 Sensor C3F: 64.31273, -20.30066 Sensor C3C: 64.31267, -20.30062 August 26: No measurements were taken. August 27 (Line configuration, before 8:01 UTC): Recording times: 6:18 – 9:26 UTC (exact start times for each sensor may vary). Sensor C3H: 64.31276, -20.30072 Sensor C3G: 64.31283, -20.30071 Sensor C3F: 64.31288, -20.30071 Sensor C3C: 64.31292, -20.30062 August 27 (After 8:01 UTC, returned to half circle around the geyser): Sensor C3H: 64.31276, -20.30093 Sensor C3G: 64.31280, -20.30073 Sensor C3F: 64.31273, -20.30066 Sensor C3C: 64.31267, -20.30062

High-Speed Video Recordings of Water Bulge Growth and Rupture at Strokkur Geyser, Iceland (August 23–27, 2023)

This dataset comprises unprocessed high-speed video recordings of eruptive events at Strokkur Geyser, Iceland, captured during a field campaign from August 23–27, 2023. The videos are provided as sequences of individual TIFF files for each frame, enabling detailed analysis of the geyser’s eruption cycle. These high-resolution recordings, made using a Chronos 2.1-HD high-speed camera at 500 frames per second with a resolution of 1920×1080 pixels, are specifically focused on capturing the growth and rupture of the water bulge, rather than the resulting geyser fountain. Each video is, on average, 4.29 seconds long, providing high temporal resolution of these rapid processes. The dataset includes 29 analyzed events, selected for their detailed capture of the water bulge dynamics. These videos document critical stages of the eruption process, including the bulge’s growth, rupture, and associated fluid dynamics. The recordings were synchronized with infrasound and audio data collected during the campaign, allowing for integrated analysis of acoustic signals and visual observations. This dataset provides a valuable resource for studying water bulge dynamics and associated acoustic emissions. It complements other geophysical data collected during the campaign and offers insights into surface and subsurface processes relevant to geysers and analogous volcanic systems.

Drone based photogrammetry data at the Geysir geothermal field, Iceland

Geysers are localized hydrothermal vents that periodically erupt with gas bubbles at the surface. Understanding their distribution, dynamics, and conduit geometry is critical to understand the fluid and heat transfer through the crust. To explore this at the Geysir geothermal field in Iceland, we analyzed the spatial distribution of thermal features using high-resolution UAV-based optical and infrared cameras. Based on this, Walter et al. (2020) identified 364 distinct thermal spots. Here we release the high-resolution drone orthomosaic dataset at the Geysir geothermal field, Iceland.

Catalog of start and end times of lava fountaining episodes from 2 May to 14 June 2021 during the Fagradalsfjall eruption

The Fagradalsfjall eruption from 19 March to 18 September 2021 featured lava fountaining episodes from 2 May to 14 June. These episodes were recorded as tremor pulses on our broadband seismic station NUPH (Nanometrics Trillium Compact 120s) at 5.5 km southeast of the active vent. We used the seismic data bandpass filtered between 1 and 4 Hz to mark the start and end of 7058 tremor pulses. The catalog hence comprises 14116 markers, that are statistically further evaluated in Eibl et al. (in review). From 2 May to 14 June, several changes in pulse duration and repose time were found and used to subdivide this time interval into 6 periods with characteristic pulse pattern. We find exponentially decreasing pulse durations, coexisting short and long pulses and stable pulse durations superimposed by gradually increasing or suddenly decreasing repose times. We discuss the findings in the context of an evolving shallow-conduit container, the crater geometries, partial collapses from the crater rim and the amount of accumulating outgassed magma in Eibl et al. (in review). This data publications releases the catalog of 14116 tremor pulses /lava fountaining episodes.

Seismic experiment at the Strokkur Geyser, Iceland, allows to derive a catalogue of over 70,000 eruptions

Geysers are accessible sites of hot pots, springs and pools that regularly erupt. To investigate the frequency and dynamics of water eruptions we setup a local broadband seismic network at Strokkur geyser, Iceland. The experiment was running for 1 year, from June 2017 to June 2018. Four broadband seismic stations (Nanometrics Trillium Compact Posthole 20s) were buried 30-40 cm deep in the ground at a distance of 39 m (G4, SE), 47 m (G3, SW), 43m (G2, N) and 96 m (G1, NE) from the center of the Strokkur pool geyser. Regular visits and 2-month interval battery replacement allowed to power the stations without solar panels, therewith limiting visibility and site impact. From this data we picked a catalog of 73,466 eruptions, that are statistically further evaluated in Eibl et al. (2020), allowing to distinguish 50,135 single eruptions, and over 20,000 multiplet eruptions (i.e. several eruptions in close succession). The mean waiting time after an eruption at Strokkur linearly increased from 3.7 to 16.4 min for single and multiplets, respectively. This data publications releases the catalog of 73,466 eruptions.

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