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This dataset is part of a research collaboration between Energie und Wasser Potsdam (EWP) and the GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences. The main objective of this research collaboration was to evaluate the suitability of the subsurface in the Potsdam area for deep geothermal energy. EWP is currently constructing a geothermal power plant using the aquifer of the here exploited Jurassic sandstones. From December 2022 to May 2023, two deep wells were drilled in the center of the city Potsdam, Germany, targeting the Jurassic Aalenian Sandstone at depths between 983 and 1180 m below surface. Hydraulic tests were performed immediately after completion of each well. More than 15,000 m3 of formation water was produced. Geochemical analysis were performed on the produced formation water with the objective of characterizing the fluid properties in terms of geothermal usage, e.g. corrosion and scaling potential. The results of the analysis of physicochemical on-site monitoring and performed on-site tests, inorganics, organics, gas composition, heat capacity and naturally occurring radioactive materials are presented in this data publication.
Since 1963, the International Heat Flow Commission (IHFC | www.ihfc-iugg.org) has been dedicated to providing standards for heat flow measurements and maintaining the Global Heat Flow Database (GHFDB) — a collection of heat flow data from around the world. The first quality framework for heat-flow-density data was proposed by Jessop et al. (1976), reflecting the state of knowledge, measurement techniques, and technical developments at that time. In 2019, the IHFC initiated a major revision of the GHFDB to develop an authenticated and quality-assessed database. This initiative involved multinational working groups and led to a comprehensive update of key parameters affecting heat-flow calculations. These updates included measurement methods for both temperature and thermal conductivity, as well as metadata structures. The new standard for a revised GHFDB structure was developed through a collaborative community approach and published in 2021 (Fuchs et al., 2021). This standard reflected changes in database technology and scientific documentation and served as a template for users submitting data to the GHFDB. It was further developed into the currently valid data and metadata standard in 2023, which also introduced an enhanced quality evaluation framework (Fuchs et al., 2023). The ongoing assessment work and the latest release of the GHFDB (Global Heat Flow Database Assessment Group et al., 2024), along with its frequent use, revealed the need for additional refinements. These refinements were particularly necessary in aspects related to metadata consistency, measurement techniques, and classification criteria. Consequently, further updates were implemented to improve the reliability and applicability of the dataset, ensuring a more robust evaluation of global heat-flow data. Here, we present the 2026.03 version of the GHFDB Data Template. The previous template introduced by Fuchs et al. (2023) has been improved based on the latest data ass6ssment process. The current version of the template incorporates the advancements in data collection methodologies, the IHFC quality evaluation framework, and metadata management, ensuring that data submitted to the GHFDB follows the IHFC standards for the GHFDB. A changelog is available and a summary of changes is also provided in the data descripton file (PDF). To promote open access, the template is also hosted on the official GitHub repository of the IHFC: https://github.com/ihfc-iugg. Users can download both the original version from 2023 and the revised templates. Version 2025.06 is also available in the previous-versions folder of this data publication. Maintaining the GHFDB Data Template in a version-controlled environment ensures transparency regarding changes over time and fosters a documentation style that sets high standards to support the reproducibility of research results. Moreover, it supports a smooth and fast integration of data from the research community into the Global Heat Flow Database of the IHFC.
This project has been funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection (BMUV, grant agreement No. 0325217), the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement No. 850626) and the Helmholtz Association. In the context of the German national geoscientific large-scale infrastructure project GeoLaB (https://www.geolab.kit.edu/english/index.php). This data publication presents newly acquired viscosity data for synthetic aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl₂), which have been prepared in a single salt and mixed form. The solutions covered a wide range of concentrations and mixing ratios representative of those encountered in geothermal settings. The data presented here span temperatures between 293 K and 353 K at ambient pressure. The measured data were obtained at the Laboratory for Fluid physics at GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences.
This study, which has been funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection (BMUV, grant agreement No. 0325217), the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement No. 850626) and the Helmholtz Association in the framework of the national German geoscientific large-scale infrastructure project GeoLaB (https://www.geolab.kit.edu/english/index.php), reports on newly acquired density data of synthetic aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl₂), which have been prepared in a single salt and mixed form. The solutions span a wide range of concentrations and mixing ratios that are geothermally encountered. The data presented here cover temperatures between 293 K and 353 K at ambient pressure. The measured data were obtained at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences.
The database help assess the technical feasibility questions for CO2 underground storage in North German Basin and the German North Sea region serving as a reference for “direct air capture and storage for reaching CO2 neutrality” project. The main purpose for this database was to gather uniform geological data information for characterizing depleted hydrocarbon fields and deep saline aquifers, supporting strategic decision making for pilot project to establish a direct air capture and storage demonstrator in Germany. All data collected for the database comes from public domains and therefore making it suitable for preliminary site screening and selection. However, detailed site characterization and further investigation are required for more comprehensive evaluation. For each of the identified storage sites found from previous publication and projects (Höding et al., 2009;Hystories, 2022; Poulsen et al., 2013), 9 parameters were selected for geological characterization for CO2 storage assessment, which are depth and thickness of storage formation, porosity and permeability, estimated storage capacity, caprock thickness, and reservoir integrity, as well as geothermal gradient. The determination of this parameters were generally following the instructions of International Organization for Standardization (2017), the ISO 27914:2017 standard outlines the requirements for carbon dioxide capture, transportation, and geological storage and other publications for site screening and selection instructions (Callas et al., 2022, 2023; Kim et al., 2022; Raza et al., 2016; Uliasz-Misiak et al., 2021), and further carved considering sound scientific approaches, best practice methodologies, availability of high-quality data, and in-situ storage conditions. The geological coordinates have been converted to WGS 84 / UTM zone 33N with QGIS authority projection number as European Petroleum Survey Group (32633). Most geological parameters were extracted based on TUNB model(BGR, LAGB, LBEG, LBGR, LLUR, & LUNG, 2022), additional petrophysical information were mainly collected from Müller & Reinhold, (2011), Reinhold et al., (2011) and Petroleum Geological Atlas of the Southern Permian Basin Area, (2010) projects. Additionally, this database can also serve as a valuable resource for other types of underground storage characterization.
Heat Flow Quality Analysis Toolbox hfqa_tool is a Python package containing tools for validating and evaluating the quality of heat flow data. It is designed for researchers and professionals. hfqa_tool simplifies heat flow data analysis by providing standardized and reproducible quality checks. This is developed in compliance with the paper by Fuchs et al. (2023) titled "Quality-assurance of heat-flow data: The new structure and evaluation scheme of the IHFC Global Heat Flow Database," published in Tectonophysics 863: 229976. Also revised for the newer release 2024. There are mainly 2 functions defined in this tool with description as follows: vocabulary_check(): This set of code has been developed to check whether all the values entered in a Heatflow database adhere to a controlled vocabulary and proper structure described in the aforementioned scientific paper. It generates an error message for each entry where the value entered is out of bounds and does not meet the assigned criteria. The code also enables checking the vocabulary for multiple values entered in a single column for a particular Heatflow data entry. It's a recommended prerequisite before calculating 'Quality Scores' for a given Heatflow dataset. quality_scores(): This code has been developed to assess the quality of the Heatflow database in terms of U-score (Uncertainty quantification), M-Score (Methodological quality), and P-Flags (Perturbation effects) adhering to the data structure described in the aforementioned scientific paper.
The Gt BTrKoe 1/2021 borehole was drilled in the framework of a research project called GeoFern, funded by the German Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action under the grant number 03EE4007. The overall objective of this research project was to support the development of the geothermal heat utilization for urban areas. Therefore, the integration of reservoir utilization concepts into heat supply systems need to be studied. The GeoFern project aimed to contribute to the knowledge on geological structure and the lithological composition of the subsurface to minimize the explorational risks for future site developments in SE Berlin, Germany. It focused on the exploration of possible Mesozoic aquifers, suitable for aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) in depths of up to 500 m. As stopping criteria for drilling, the presence of terrestrial (arid) clayey Keuper sediments of the Exter Formation (Upper German Triassic) were defined. In this data publication we provide the results of the investigations and measurements conducted on site in the field laboratory as well as the open-hole geophysical well-logging data of the Gt BTrKoe 1/2021 borehole acquired by a commercial contractor. In addition, a temperature log of the borehole, measured by the GFZ about two months after the end of drilling activities, is part of this data publication. The drilling of the Gt BTrKoe 1/2021 borehole started at the 15th of November 2021 with the setting of the conductor pipe and reached its final depth of 456 m in Triassic sediments on the 19th of December 2021. The drilling was conducted in two main sections using two different technologies. For the upper section, covering Cenozoic sediments and reaching a depth of 211 m, reverse drilling technology was used. This section comprises the Quaternary to Tertiary groundwater system and the Tertiary “Rupelton” (Oligocene, Rupelian). The latter represents an about 100 m thick clayey succession that do act as a regional aquitard, separating the deeper saline groundwater systems from the upper utilized (freshwater) groundwater levels. After setting and cementing of the casing, the borehole was further deepened by using conventional Rotary drilling technology. Due to the lack of knowledge on the geological situation of the pre-Cenozoic strata before the drilling, this section represents the most relevant part for answering the research goals of the project. In order to allow the most accurate description and characterization of the drilled strata, this section was completely cored using wireline coring equipment with 3-m core barrels. In total, 90 core runs were conducted and 197.4 m of cores retrieved, showing a core recovery factor of 81%. The core show a mean core diameter of about 100 mm. The drilling was stopped after encountering the multicolored terrestrial playa sediments of the Upper Triassic in the last core run. While the token cutting samples were not assigned with International Generic Sample Numbers (IGSN), the borehole (Norden, 2022) and all taken cores were registered with IGSNs.
This dataset comprises 47 fluid samples from 11 geothermal sites (Germany, Austria, Iceland, Turkey, Netherlands, Belgium, French West Indies). The samples were collected within the REFLECT project (Redefining geothermal properties at extreme conditions to optimize future geothermal energy extraction). The focus with these analyses were on the organic compound composition of the fluids, since they are rarely included in the analyses of fluids taken from geothermal power plants. Understanding the organic compound composition of geothermal fluids might help to better understand chemical reactions within the fluids and might help to mitigate problems that arise with the operation of a geothermal power plant such as mineral precipitation (scaling) and corrosion of the casing and pipes.
The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. On 10th of May 2021, two thermal water samples were taken by TNO before and after the heat exchanger at the geothermal site Heemskerk in the Netherlands. The samples sent to Hydroisotop were analysed for their hydrochemical composition, heavy metal and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content and stable isotopes (18O, 2H, 13C-DIC). It should be noted that the pH measured in the laboratory diverges from previously observed pH values which in the past have not been reported below 5,4. Concentrations of major ions had initially been reported too low but re-measurement of the samples yielded values in ranges that had previously been recorded. However, the concentraton of Lithium is much higher than expected. In order to resolve these uncertainties, the site Heemskerk will be sampled again. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) Lab. (muS/cm),pH value Lab.,Temperature Lab. (degC),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) Lab. (mmol/l),Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Ammonium (mg/l),Hydrogen carbonate (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Uranium (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l),DOC (mg/l),Oxygen-18 d18O-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium d2H-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium-excess (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-DIC (per mille VPDB). Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C)
The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. Two thermal water samples were taken by Hydroisotop at the production and injection wells in Insheim on 18th of June 2020. The samples were analysed for their hydrochemical composition, heavy metal and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content, dissolved gases and stable isotopes of water and gas components (18O, 2H, 34S-H2S, 34S-SO4, 18O-SO4, 13C-DIC, 13C-CO2, 13C-CH4, 2H-CH4). Nitrate and a positive redox potential is present in both water samples when reducing conditions would be expected in a deep geothermal well. On-site measurements showed no oxygen present. It is however possible that air contamination during sampling caused some ammonium to oxidize to nitrate. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Temperature at sampling (degC),Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) at sampling (muS/cm),Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) Lab. (muS/cm),pH value at sampling,pH value Lab.,Dissolved oxygen content (mg/l),Redox potential (mV),Base capacity (pH 8.2) (mmol/l),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) on site (mmol/l),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) Lab. (mmol/l),Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Ammonium (mg/l),Hydrogen carbonate (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Bromide (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Molybdenum (mg/l),Total phosphate (mg/l),Ortho-phosphate (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Sulphide total (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Uranium (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l),DOC (mg/l),Hydrogen (Nml/kg),Oxygen (Nml/kg),Nitrogen (Nml/kg),Carbon dioxide (Nml/kg),Methane (Nml/kg),Ethane (Nml/kg),Propane (Nml/kg),Butane (Nml/kg),Pentane (Nml/kg),Helium (Nml/kg),Argon (Nml/kg),Sum Gases (Nml/kg),Oxygen-18 d18O-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium d2H-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium-excess (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-DIC (per mille VPDB),Sulphur-34 d34S-SO4 (per mille V-CDT),Sulphur-34 d34S-H2S (per mille V-CDT),Oxygen-18 d18O-SO4 (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-CO2 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-CH4 (per mille VPDB),Deuterium d2H-CH4 (per mille VPDB). Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C)
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