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In this dataset we provide data for 6 experimental models of caldera collapse and subsequent resurgence monitored through geophysical sensors (a force or “impact sensor”, Piezotronics PCB 104 200B02 and a Triaxial piezoelectric accelerometer, Model 356B18). The analogue modelling experiments were carried out at the TOOLab (Tectonic Modelling Laboratory), which is a joint laboratory between the Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy and the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Florence. The laboratory work that produced these data was partly supported by the European Plate Observing System (EPOS), by the Joint Research Unit (JRU) EPOS Italia and by the “Monitoring Earth's Evolution and Tectonics” (MEET) project (NextGenerationEU). Specifically, this work was performed in the frame of the DynamiCal project, funded by the 2° TNA-NOA call of the ILGE-MEET project.
Seismological experiment at Strokkur from 2020" is a seismological experiment realized at the most active geyser on Iceland by Eva Eibl (University of Potsdam) in collaboration with Gylfi P. Hersir formerly at ISOR Iceland. The geyser is part of the Haukadalur geothermal area in south Iceland, which contains numerous geothermal anomalies, hot springs, and basins (Walter et al., 2018). Strokkur is a pool geyser and has a silica sinter edifice with a water basin on top, which is about 12m in diameter with a central tube of more than 20m depth. The aim of the seismic experiment is to monitor eruptions of Strokkur geyser from March 2020 using three broadband seismic stations (Nanometrics Trillium Compact 120s). Sensors were buried at distances of 38.8m (GE4, SE), 47.3m (GE3, SW), and 42.5m (GE2, N) from Strokkur center. Within this time period about 1 month of data is missing due to power outages. At any other times at least one station recorded the eruptions. From this dataset, converted to MSEED using Pyrocko, currently a catalogue of 506,131 water fountains was determined and further investigated in Eibl et al. (2025). In addition, Eibl et al. (2025) assessed the effect of the weather on the system including the bubble trap suspected at around 24 m depth by Eibl et al. (2021). Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 2Z.
This dataset documents surface deformation and fracture evolution on Mount Thorbjörn during the 2023 - 2024 volcano-tectonic unrest in the Svartsengi volcanic system on the Reykjanes Peninsula (SW Iceland). The data consist of four cm-resolution orthophotos and digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from four drone photogrammetric surveys conducted on 23 July 2022, 18 November 2023, 25 April 2024 and 20 August 2024. The drone images were processed using Agisoft Metashape software to generate products for structural mapping and temporal comparison. The drone data evidences fracture reactivation processes and associated new surface fractures and sinkholes. The dataset includes maps of these structures, carried out using QGIS, and describes their temporal evolution. A full description of the data can be found in the file description.
During this research at the 40Ar-39Ar Geochronology Laboratory, CNR, Pisa, Italy, the analysis focused on 40Ar- 39Ar radiometric dating to investigate three distinct periods of volcanism from the Kula Volcanic Province in western Türkiye. This area is a monogenetic volcanic field (MVF) and exhibits three eruptive periods in the Quaternary Period. The three periods of volcanism are named the Burgaz (first stage), the Elikcitepe (second stage), and the DivilitTepe (third stage). This type of volcanism is poorly understood due to their small eruption size and limited material, lack of suitable datable material, and short eruption duration, with geological histories often poorly constrained. The data publication includes data of four samples from the three different eruptive phases that were analysed, including one from the first stage, one from the second stage, and two from the third stage. The samples were successfully dated and gave ages as the Early Pleistocene (first stage), the Middle Pleistocene (second stage) and the Holocene (third stage). The data from this work will be used as part of a PhD thesis. The ages will be integrated into a more detailed geochemical analysis and facilitate a detailed examination of the temporal and spatial relationships for the evolution of the volcano, and insights into the mechanisms driving volcanic activity in the region. Data was acquired by an ARGUS VI multi-collector noble gas mass spectrometer, using the step-heating process for all samples. Between 9.9 and 11.1 mg of groundmass material was analysed.
Temporary stations of the Goethe University Frankfurt as contribution to the virtual network _EIFELLNX. Waveform data is available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 6X.
This network of sixteen geophones and six broadbands was installed in Kåfjord, Troms og Finnmark, Norway, to study two rockslides: Njárgavárri and Indre Nordneset. Each study site had three broadbands from September 2023 to June 2025. In addition, were installed and recording: September – November 2023: six geophones on each site; April – August 2024: four geophones at Njárgavárri and ten at Indre Nordneset. The geophones were installed locally around the rockslides while the broadbands were installed one to a few kilometers from the rockslides (except for one of them directly at Indre Nordneset). The geophones in Njárgavárri were first installed as two triangular antennas of four stations each (three in triangle and one in the middle) and were then replaced by a small aperture array around the most active part of the unstable slope. The goal was to record all activities: rock falls, cracking and creeping movements. In Indre Nordneset, the geophone stations were placed in a small aperture array all around the main scarp and surface of failure to record the cracking activity. The geophones are of type 3-D Geophone PE-6/B with DATA-CUBE3 (built-in GPS). The broadbands are of type STS-2.5 with EDR-10 digitizers. Sampling frequency was 400 Hz for geophone stations, 200 Hz broadbands. Gain was at 16 (15.258789 nV/count) for the geophone stations, set on high (100 nV/bit) for the broadband stations. Waveform data is available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 8I.
- Installation of 29 short-period seismometers between Copiapo and Taltal to monitor seismic events - The deployment was between February 2023 and June 2023 - Registering continuously 250 SPS - Onshore component of research cruise SO297 with RV Sonne. Waveform data is available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 5R.
This dataset presents the raw data from one experimental series (named CCEX, i.e., Caldera Collapse under regional Extension) of analogue models performed to investigate the process of caldera collapse followed by regional extension. Our experimental series tested the case of perfectly circular collapsed calderas afterward stretched under regional extensional conditions, that resulted in elongated calderas. The models are primarily intended to quantify the role of regional extension on the elongation of collapsed calderas observed in extensional settings, such as the East African Rift System. An overview of the performed analogue models is provided in Table 1. Analogue models have been analysed quantitatively by means of photogrammetric reconstruction of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) used for 3D quantification of the deformation, and top-view photo analysis for qualitative descriptions. The analogue materials used in the setup of these models are described in Montanari et al. (2017), Del Ventisette et al. (2019), Bonini et al., 2021 and Maestrelli et al. (2021a,b).
BayStress4 is a package of MatLab routine, designed to constrain the state of stress of a volcanic system by means of posterior Probability Density Functions (PDFs) of the stress tensor components. To do so, it employs the model of three-dimensional (3D) dyke pathways developed by Mantiloni et al., 2023 (SAM: Simplified Analytical Model of dyke Pathways in Three Dimensions) to match the known locations of past eruptive vents to the known or assumed volume in the subsurface ("Dyke nucleation zone" or "D") where their parent dykes nucleated from. This is achieved by a) using SAM to backtrack dyke pathways from the vents down through the crust for a given stress model; b) quantifying the intersection between such pathways and D through a misfit function; c) using this procedure to run a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm to sample the stress parameters' space. The posterior information provided by the stress inversions can then be used to produce forward simulations of dyke pathways with SAM and forecast the surface distribution of future eruptive vents across the volcanic system. This repository contains InVent4Cast, a package of MatLab routines designed to constrain the state of stress of a volcanic system by means of posterior Probability Density Functions (PDFs) of the stress tensor components. To do so, it employs the model of three-dimensional (3D) dyke pathways developed by Mantiloni et al., 2023a (SAM: Simplified Analytical Model of dyke Pathways in Three Dimensions) to match the known locations of past eruptive vents to the known or assumed volume in the subsurface ("Dyke nucleation zone" or "D") where their parent dykes nucleated from. This is achieved by a) using SAM to backtrack dyke pathways from the vents down through the crust for a given stress model; b) quantifying the intersection between such pathways and D through a misfit function; c) using this procedure to run a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm to sample the stress parameters' space. The posterior information provided by the stress inversions can then be used to produce forward simulations of dyke pathways with SAM and forecast the surface distribution of future eruptive vents across the volcanic system. The repository also collects data, figures and results of the application of InVent4Cast to some of the synthetic scenarios of dyke pathways in calderas presented by Mantiloni et al., 2023a. These results were detailed and discussed by Mantiloni et al., 2024a, to which the reader is referred for further information. The synthetic scenarios include numerical models of crustal stress state, focusing on gravitational loading/unloading due to topography and tectonic processes as the dominant stress sources. These stress sources are accounted for by a set of stress parameters. Results include posterior probability density functions (PDFs) of such stress parameters after applying the stress inversion to the scenarios, as well as probability maps of eruptive vent opening across the synthetic volcanic areas. Synthetic scenarios, stress inversions and vent forecasts were produced between May 2022 and November 2023.
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