Other language confidence: 0.9945476309393472
This dataset is part of a research collaboration between Energie und Wasser Potsdam (EWP) and the GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences. The main objective of this research collaboration was to evaluate the suitability of the subsurface in the Potsdam area for deep geothermal energy. EWP is currently constructing a geothermal power plant using the aquifer of the here exploited Jurassic sandstones. From December 2022 to May 2023, two deep wells were drilled in the center of the city Potsdam, Germany, targeting the Jurassic Aalenian Sandstone at depths between 983 and 1180 m below surface. Hydraulic tests were performed immediately after completion of each well. More than 15,000 m3 of formation water was produced. Geochemical analysis were performed on the produced formation water with the objective of characterizing the fluid properties in terms of geothermal usage, e.g. corrosion and scaling potential. The results of the analysis of physicochemical on-site monitoring and performed on-site tests, inorganics, organics, gas composition, heat capacity and naturally occurring radioactive materials are presented in this data publication.
This dataset contains element concentrations of six different hydrological compartments sampled on a daily basis over the course of one year in two neighboured first order headwater catchments located in the Conventwald (Black Forest, Germany). Critical Zone water compartments include above-canopy precipitation (bulk precipitation including rainwater, snow and fog water), below-canopy precipitation (throughfall), subsurface flow from three distinct soil layers (organic layer, upper mineral soil, deep mineral soil), groundwater, creek water and spring water. Element concentrations include major elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na, Si, S), trace elements (Al, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, P, Sr, Zn), anion (Cl), and dissolved organic elements (DOC, DON). The data were used to explore concentration (C) - discharge (Q) relationships and to calculate short-term element-specific chemical weathering fluxes, which were compared with previously published long-term element-specific chemical weathering fluxes. The ratio of both weathering fluxes, described by the so-called “Dissolved Export Efficiency” (DEE) metric revealed deficits in the stream dissolved load. These deficits were attributed to colloid-bound export and either storage in re-growing forest biomass or export in biogenic particulate form. Tables supplementary to the article, including data quality control, are provided in .pdf and .xlsx formats. In addition, data measured in the course of the study are also provided as machine readable ASCII files.
The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. On 10th of May 2021, two thermal water samples were taken by TNO before and after the heat exchanger at the geothermal site Heemskerk in the Netherlands. The samples sent to Hydroisotop were analysed for their hydrochemical composition, heavy metal and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content and stable isotopes (18O, 2H, 13C-DIC). It should be noted that the pH measured in the laboratory diverges from previously observed pH values which in the past have not been reported below 5,4. Concentrations of major ions had initially been reported too low but re-measurement of the samples yielded values in ranges that had previously been recorded. However, the concentraton of Lithium is much higher than expected. In order to resolve these uncertainties, the site Heemskerk will be sampled again. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) Lab. (muS/cm),pH value Lab.,Temperature Lab. (degC),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) Lab. (mmol/l),Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Ammonium (mg/l),Hydrogen carbonate (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Uranium (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l),DOC (mg/l),Oxygen-18 d18O-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium d2H-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium-excess (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-DIC (per mille VPDB). Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C)
The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. At the geothermal site Blumau in Austria five thermal water samples were taken by Hydroisotop at the production and injection well, as well as after the heat exchanger on 29th of June 2020. Besides the hydrochemical composition, dissolved gases, the heavy metal content, DOC and stable isotopes (18O, 2H, 13C-DIC) were analysed. Additionally, three thermal water samples were taken by the operator on 09th of March 2021 and sent to Hydroisotop for DOC measurements. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project reflect. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory,Lab No.,Sampling date,Temperature at sampling (degC),Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) at sampling,Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) Lab. (muS/cm),pH value at sampling,pH value Lab.,Temperature Lab. (degC),Dissolved oxygen content (mg/l),Redox potential (mV),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) Lab. (mmol/l),Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Ammonium (mg/l),Hydrogen carbonate (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Nitrite (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Boron (mg/l),Bromide (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Molybdenum (mg/l),Ortho-phosphate (mg/l),Selenium (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Sulphide total (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Cadmium (mg/l),Chromium total (mg/l),Cobalt (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Mercury (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l),Tin (mg/l),DOC (mg/l),Hydrogen (Nml/kg),Oxygen (Nml/kg),Nitrogen (Nml/kg),Carbon dioxide (Nml/kg),Methane (Nml/kg),Ethane (Nml/kg),Propane (Nml/kg),Butane (Nml/kg),Pentane (Nml/kg),Ethene (Nml/kg),Propene (Nml/kg),Helium (Nml/kg),Argon (Nml/kg),Sum Gases (Nml/kg),Oxygen-18 d18O-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium d2H-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium-excess (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-DIC (per mille VPDB) Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C).
The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. Two thermal water samples were taken by Hydroisotop at the production and injection wells in Insheim on 18th of June 2020. The samples were analysed for their hydrochemical composition, heavy metal and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content, dissolved gases and stable isotopes of water and gas components (18O, 2H, 34S-H2S, 34S-SO4, 18O-SO4, 13C-DIC, 13C-CO2, 13C-CH4, 2H-CH4). Nitrate and a positive redox potential is present in both water samples when reducing conditions would be expected in a deep geothermal well. On-site measurements showed no oxygen present. It is however possible that air contamination during sampling caused some ammonium to oxidize to nitrate. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Temperature at sampling (degC),Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) at sampling (muS/cm),Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) Lab. (muS/cm),pH value at sampling,pH value Lab.,Dissolved oxygen content (mg/l),Redox potential (mV),Base capacity (pH 8.2) (mmol/l),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) on site (mmol/l),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) Lab. (mmol/l),Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Ammonium (mg/l),Hydrogen carbonate (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Bromide (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Molybdenum (mg/l),Total phosphate (mg/l),Ortho-phosphate (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Sulphide total (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Uranium (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l),DOC (mg/l),Hydrogen (Nml/kg),Oxygen (Nml/kg),Nitrogen (Nml/kg),Carbon dioxide (Nml/kg),Methane (Nml/kg),Ethane (Nml/kg),Propane (Nml/kg),Butane (Nml/kg),Pentane (Nml/kg),Helium (Nml/kg),Argon (Nml/kg),Sum Gases (Nml/kg),Oxygen-18 d18O-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium d2H-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium-excess (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-DIC (per mille VPDB),Sulphur-34 d34S-SO4 (per mille V-CDT),Sulphur-34 d34S-H2S (per mille V-CDT),Oxygen-18 d18O-SO4 (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-CO2 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-CH4 (per mille VPDB),Deuterium d2H-CH4 (per mille VPDB). Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C)
The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. One sample of thermal water was taken from the production well at Balmatt, Belgium on May 17th 2021 and sent to Hydroisotop for analysis of main cations and anions and heavy metals. It can be seen that the nitrate content is remarkably high. However, all meaurements had to be conducted from the same sample bottle, which had been acidified, presumably with HNO3 which can be expected to be the source of the high nitrate content. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Uranium (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l) Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C).
The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. At Neustadt-Glewe one thermal water sample was taken by GFZ on June 02, 2021 and sent to Hydroisotop for analysis of main cations, anions, heavy metals, DOC, gases and isotopes (18O, 2H, 18O-SO4, 2H, 13C-DIC, 13C-CO2, 13C-CH4, 13C-CxHy, 2H-CH4, 34S-SO4, 34S-H2S, 2H-CH4). There was too little H2S in sample 363469 to conduct the 34S-H2S measurement. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) Lab.,pH value Lab.,Temperature Lab. (degC),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) Lab. (mmol/l),Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Ammonium (mg/l),Hydrogen carbonate (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Chromium total (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Uranium (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l),DOC (mg/l),Hydrogen (Nml/kg),Oxygen (Nml/kg),Nitrogen (Nml/kg),Carbon dioxide (Nml/kg),Methane (Nml/kg),Ethane (Nml/kg),Propane (Nml/kg),Butane (Nml/kg),Pentane (Nml/kg),Helium (Nml/kg),Argon (Nml/kg),Sum Gases (Nml/kg),Oxygen-18 d18O-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium d2H-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium-excess (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-DIC (per mille VPDB),Sulphur-34 d34S-SO4 (per mille V-CDT),Oxygen-18 d18O-SO4 (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-CO2 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-CH4 (per mille VPDB),Deuterium d2H-CH4 (per mille VSMPW),Carbon-13 d13C-C2H6 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-C3H8 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-i-C4H10 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-n-C4H10 (per mille VPDB) Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C) .
The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. In order to gain information about the increased methane content (about 65 vol-%) in the gas samples of the Groß Schönebeck production well (GrSk05/05) collected in February 2021 as compared to previous samples in 2010-2018 (10-14 vol-%), three gas samples were sampled by GFZ on 02 March 2021 at the valve at the wellhead when releasing the pressure from the wellhead. Main gas composition was measured by GFZ indicating again predominantly CH4 (63,9-64,2 Vol-%) followed by N2 (30,9 – 31,2 vol.-%) with minor amounts of H2 (3,4 vol-%) and CO2 (0,01-0,04 vol-%). Potential reasons for the increased methane content could be either microbial activity or contribution of fluid / gas from a different source within the reservoir. To determine the origin of methane, therefore, isotope analyses were performed. The samples arrived at Hydroisotop on March 13th 2021 for the analysis of higher hydrocarbons (C2-C5) and their isotopic composition (13C-CO2, 13C -CH4, 13C-CxHy and 2H-CH4). Together with the measured high amounts of higher hydrocarbons (ethane, propane etc.) they indicate a rather thermogenic source of the hydrocarbons. To better clarify the question of the source of methane, additionally, two downhole water samples from two different depths (1500 and 4000 m) were taken by GFZ on 09th and 10th of June 2021 and sent to Hydroisotop for analysis of main cations and anions, heavy metals, trace elements and isotopes (13C-CH4) in July 2021. The water sample composition resembles those of earlier measurements of samples collected in Groß Schönebeck (e.g. Regenspurg et al., 2010). However, since the well had not been in operation for a while a depth differentiation between the sample from 4000 m and the one from 1500 m is obvious. This was already visible by the black precipitate observed in the 4000 m sample, whereas the sample at 1500 m showed da reddish precipitate of presumably iron oxides. It should be noted that the nitrate content of the water samples is unusually high since reducing conditions are expected. This could have been caused by air contact of the sample and subsequent oxidation. Furthermore, a reduced silicon content shows in sample 365871 compared to sample 365870. Given the high temperature of the well, the higher silicon content is more plausible. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Bromide (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Uranium (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l),Ethane (vpm),Propane (vpm),i-Butane (vpm),n-Butane (vpm),i-Pentane (vpm),n-Pentane (vpm),Ethene (vpm),Propene (vpm),1-Butene (vpm),Carbon-13 d13C-CO2 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-CH4 (per mille VPDB),Deuterium d2H-CH4 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-C2H6 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-C3H8 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-i-C4H10 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-n-C4H10 (per mille VPDB) Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C).
The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. On 29th and 30th of April 2021 five thermal water samples were taken by Hydroisotop from five different springs/wells located at Wildbad-Einöd. The samples were analysed for hydrochemical composition, heavy metals and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. It can be noted that the bromide content of sample 361625 is much lower than the bromide content in the other four springs. Since the chloride content in all springs is the same order of magnitude and Cl/Br ratios are expected to be similar in the same The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Temperature at sampling (degC),Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) at sampling (muS/cm),Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) Lab. (muS/cm),pH value at sampling,pH value Lab.,Temperature Lab. (degC),Dissolved oxygen content (mg/l),Redox potential (mV),Base capacity (pH 8.2) (mmol/l),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) on site (mmol/l),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) Lab. (mmol/l),Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Ammonium (mg/l),Hydrogen carbonate (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Nitrite (mg/l),Bromide (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),DOC (mg/l) Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C)
Groundwater can respond quickly to precipitation and is the main contribution to streamflow in most catchments in humid, temperate climates. To better understand shallow groundwater dynamics in a boreal headwater catchment, we installed a network of groundwater wells in two areas in the Krycklan catchment in Northern Sweden. This dataset contains groundwater level data and sampling data from a small headwater catchment (3.5 ha, 54 wells) and a hillslope (1 ha, 21 wells). The dataset is arranged in to subsets, Dataset 1 and 2, the first containing groundwater levels and related information while the second contains information on the chemical sampling procedure and laboratory results. The average wells depth was 274 cm (range: 70 - 581 cm) and recorded the groundwater level variation at a 10-30 min interval between 18. July 2018 – 1. November 2020. Manual water level measurements (0 - 26 per well) during the summer seasons in 2018 and 2019 were used to confirm and re-calibrate the water level logger results. The groundwater level data for each well was carefully processed and quality controlled, using six data labels. The location and depths of the wells are in the file 2022-020_Erdbruegger-et-al_Krycklan_gw_wells.csv and the groundwater levels and classifications 2022-020_Erdbruegger-et-al_Krycklan_gw_levels.csv. The absolute and relative positions of the wells were measured with a high-precision GPS and terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) to determine differences in groundwater levels and thus groundwater gradients (the report of the registration of the point clouds can be found in the files 2022-020_Erdbruegger-et-al_TSL_registration_report_[A/B].rtf). During the summer of 2019, all wells with sufficient water were sampled and analyzed for electrical conductivity, pH, absorbance, anion and cation concentrations, as well as δ18O and δ2H (information on the sampling and the laboratory results can be found in the files 2022-020_Erdbruegger-et-al_Krycklan_gw_chemistry.csv, 2022-020_Erdbruegger-et-al_Field_protocol.csv, 2022-020_Erdbruegger-et-al_Lab_analysis_description.pdf). This combined hydrometric and hydrochemical dataset can be useful to test models that simulate groundwater dynamics and to evaluate subsurface hydrological connectivity. The full description of the data and methods is provided in citation of article XX when available.
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