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3D regional models to test influences of hydraulic boundary conditions on the deep fluid flow in the central Upper Rhine Graben

Knowledge of groundwater flow is of high relevance for groundwater management and the planning of different subsurface utilizations such as deep geothermal facilities. While numerical models can help to understand the hydrodynamics of the targeted reservoir, their predictive capabilities are limited by the assumptions made in their set up. Among others, the choice of appropriate hydraulic boundary conditions, adopted to represent the regional to local flow dynamics in the simulation run, is of crucial importance for the final modelling result. In this publication we present the hydrogeological models to obtain results to quantify how and to which degree different upper hydraulic boundary conditions and vertical cross boundary fluid movement influence the calculated deep fluid conditions Therefore, we take the central Upper Rhine Graben area as a natural laboratory. The presented three models are set up with different sets of boundary conditions. The Reference Model uses the topography as upper hydraulic pressure surface of 0 kPa. In model S1, a subdued replica of the topography, which was built on the base of hydraulic head measurements is applied as the upper hydraulic boundary condition and in model S2 vertical cross boundary flow is implemented. Based on our results, we illustrate in the landing paper that for the Upper Rhine Graben specific characteristics of the flow field are robust and insensitive to the choice of imposed hydraulic boundary conditions, while specific local characteristics are more sensitive. Accordingly, these robust features characterizing the first order groundwater flow dynamics in the Upper Rhine Graben include: (i) a regional groundwater flow component descending from the graben shoulders to rise at its centre; (ii) infiltration of fluids across the graben shoulders, which locally rise along the main border faults; (iii) the presence of heterogeneous hydraulic potentials at the rift shoulders. The configuration of the adopted boundary conditions influence primarily calculated flow velocities and the absolute position of the upflow axis within the graben sediments. In addition, the choice of upper hydraulic boundary conditions exerts a direct control on the evolving local flow dynamics, with the degree of influence gradually decreasing with increasing depth. With respect to regional flow modelling of basin hosted, deep water resources, the main conclusions derived from this study are: (i) the often considered water table as an exact replica of the model topography (Reference Model) likely introduces a source of error in the simulations in regional hydraulic modelling approaches. Here, we show that these errors can be minimized by making use of a water table as upper boundary condition derived from available hydraulic head measurements (model S1). If the study area is part of a supra-regional flow system - like the central Upper Rhine Graben is part of the whole Upper Rhine Graben - the in- and outflow across vertical boundaries need to be considered (model S2).

Seismological Monitoring using Interferometric Concepts (SeisMIC)

Monitoring Velocity Changes using Ambient Seismic Noise SeisMIC (Seismological Monitoring using Interferometric Concepts) is a python software that emerged from the miic library. SeisMIC provides functionality to apply some concepts of seismic interferometry to different data of elastic waves. Its main use case is the monitoring of temporal changes in a mediums Green's Function (i.e., monitoring of temporal velocity changes). SeisMIC will handle the whole workflow to create velocity-change time-series including: Downloading raw data, Adaptable preprocessing of the waveform data, Computating cross- and/or autocorrelation, Plotting tools for correlations, Database management of ambient seismic noise correlations, Adaptable postprocessing of correlations, Computation of velocity change (dv/v) time series, postprocessing of dv/v time series, plotting of dv/v time-series

WeTeDe - Well Test Deconvolution

The aim of this software is to assess the influence of water well production rates to the measured water level data dependent on the reservoir properties. Daily abstraction rates can be used for this production rate well test analysis. For the analysis, a modified deconvolution algorithm is implemented in the code. The algorithm derives the reservoir response function by solving a least square problem with the unique feature of imposing only implicit constraints on the solution space.

Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product (G3P)

The Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product (G3P) provides groundwater storage anomalies (GWSA) from a cross-cutting combination of GRACE/GRACE-FO-based terrestrial water storage (TWS) and storage compartments of the water cycle (WSCs) that are part of the Copernicus portfolio. The data set comprises gridded anomalies of groundwater, TWS, and the WSCs glacier, snow, soil moisture and surface water bodies plus layers containing uncertainty information for the individual data products. All WSCs are spatially filtered with a Gaussian filter to be compatible with TWS. Spatial coverage is global, except Greenland and Antarctica, with 0.5-degree resolution. Temporal coverage is from April 2002 to September 2023 with monthly temporal resolution. Gridded data sets are available as NetCDF files containing variables for the parameter value as anomaly in mm equivalent water height and the parameter’s uncertainty as mm equivalent water height. The latest version of the data is visualized at the GravIS portal: https://gravis.gfz-potsdam.de/gws. From GravIS, the data is also available as area averages for several large river basins and aquifers, as well as for climatically similar regions. G3P was funded by the EU Horizon 2020 programme in response to the call LC-SPACE-04-EO-2019-2020 “Copernicus evolution – Research activities in support of cross-cutting applications between Copernicus services” under grant agreement No. 870353. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Version History: 10 March 2023: Release of Version v1.11. That version is the initial release of the data (Güntner et al., 2023; https://doi.org/10.5880/G3P.2023.001) (DATE TO BE ADDED) Release of Version v1.12. Temporal coverage has been extended until September 2023.

Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product (G3P)

The Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product (G3P) provides groundwater storage anomalies (GWSA) from a cross-cutting combination of GRACE/GRACE-FO-based terrestrial water storage (TWS) and storage compartments of the water cycle (WSCs) that are part of the Copernicus portfolio. The data set comprises gridded anomalies of groundwater, TWS, and the WSCs glacier, snow, soil moisture and surface water bodies plus layers containing uncertainty information for the individual data products. All WSCs are spatially filtered with a Gaussian filter to be compatible with TWS. Spatial coverage is global, except Greenland and Antarctica, with 0.5-degree resolution. Temporal coverage is from April 2002 to December 2020 with monthly temporal resolution. Gridded data sets are available as NetCDF files containing variables for the parameter value as anomaly in mm equivalent water height and the parameter’s uncertainty as mm equivalent water height. The latest version of the data is visualized at the GravIS portal: https://gravis.gfz-potsdam.de/gws. From GravIS, the data is also available as area averages for several large river basins and aquifers, as well as for climatically similar regions. G3P was funded by the EU Horizon 2020 programme in response to the call LC-SPACE-04-EO-2019-2020 “Copernicus evolution – Research activities in support of cross-cutting applications between Copernicus services” under grant agreement No. 870353. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Version History: 10 March 2023: Release of Version v1.11. This is the initial release of the data.

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