Die Zirkulation des Antarktischen Zwischenwasser (AAIW) stellt eine entscheidende Rolle in der Atlantischen Meridionalen Umwälzbewegung (AMOC, Atlantic meridional overturning circulation) dar und ist daher entscheidend für das Verständnis des globalen Ozean-Klima-Systems. Die Zufuhr des kalten und salzarmen AAIW in den Nordatlantik beeinflusst die Bildung des Nordatlantischen Tiefenwassers (NADW, North Atlantic Deep Water). Vermutet wird, dass Änderungen in der AAIW Zirkulation während abrupter Kältephasen der letzten 20,000 Jahren zu einer verminderter NADW Bildung beigetragen haben. Spekulativ bleibt aber, ob diese Phasen abgeschwächter AMOC auf eine Zu- oder Abnahme der AAIW Zirkulation zurückzuführen sind. Aufgrund fehlender hochauflösender Klimaarchive ist bislang nur wenig bekannt über einen möglichen AAIW-NADW Kopplungsprozess. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist daher eine detaillierte Rekonstruktion der AAIW Zirkulation und dessen Einfluss auf die AMOC während der letzten Abschmelzphase und des frühen Holozäns, vor allem während des Heinrich Stadials 1 und der Jüngeren Dryas. Der äquatoriale Westatlantik ist für diese Fragestellung eine höchst spannende Region, da dieser eine Schlüsselregion im globalen ozeanischen Strömungssystem darstellt. Demnach haben Zirkulationsschwankungen innerhalb dieses Gebietes weitreichende Folgen für die Variabilität auch entfernter Regionen in Nord-und Südatlantik sowie das Klima dort. Zwei grundsätzliche Fragen ergeben sich aus der Abfolge der Klimaereignisse der letzten 20,000 Jahre: (1) Welche Veränderungen finden in der Zwischenwasserzirkulation des äquatoriale Westatlantik während Phasen abgeschwächter AMOC statt, und inwieweit stehen diese Veränderungen im Zusammenhang mit einer Zu- oder Abnahme der AAIW Zirkulation. (2) Inwieweit besteht ein Zusammenhang zwischen Änderungen in der AAIW Zirkulation und Klimaänderungen in der Südhemisphäre? Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, werden entlang eines Transekts mehrere hochauflösende Sedimentkerne aus verschiedenen Wassertiefen (bis zu 2000 m) entlang des brasilianischen Kontinentalhanges untersucht. Die Rekonstruktionen basieren hauptsächlich auf isotopengeochemischen Messungen an Foraminiferen, welche durch Spurenelementanalysen ergänzt werden. Dadurch können Herkunft und Transportwege von Wassermassen im Ozean entschlüsselt und Veränderungen der Ozeanzirkulation im Zusammenhang mit Klimaschwankungen der Vergangenheit gebracht werden.
Die Verordnung (EU) Nr. 517/2014 über fluorierte Treibhausgase und zur Aufhebung der Verordnung (EG) Nr. 842/2006 ('F-Gas-VO') gibt seit dem Jahr 2015 mittels des 'Phase-down' eine schrittweise Reduzierung der in der EU verwendeten Mengen an teilfluorierten Kohlenwasserstoffen (HFKW) um 79 % bis zum Jahr 2030 vor. Betrachtungen, in welchem Umfang die gesetzlichen Vorgaben zu einer Durchsetzung von HFKW-Alternativen in den einzelnen betroffenen Sektoren in Deutschland geführt haben, gab es bislang nicht. Dieses Vorhaben beleuchtet den Stand der Umsetzung der F-Gas-VO in Deutschland und analysiert die aktuelle Verwendung von HFKW-Alternativen im Kälte-Klima-Sektor. Zudem zeigen Projektionen die Marktdurchdringung der Alternativen in den Sektoren Gewerbekälte, Industriekälte, Transportkälte sowie der stationären und mobilen Klimatisierung bis zum Jahr 2030, wobei Neu- und Bestandsanlagen betrachtet werden. Alle Daten werden mit Hilfe eines Modells berechnet, wobei detaillierte Annahmen zu den künftigen Verwendungsmengen von HFKW sowie deren Alternativen getroffen wurden. Die Gegenüberstellung der in Deutschland zur Verfügung stehenden HFKW-Verwendungsmengen (SOLL-Mengen) und der projizierten HFKW-Mengen (IST-Mengen) in der Kälte- und Klimatechnik zeigt 2018 über alle Sektoren ein deutliches Überschreiten der insgesamt zur Verfügung stehenden HFKW-Mengen, ausgedrückt in CO2-Äquivalenten. Zwar sinken entsprechend der getroffenen Annahmen die HFKW-Verwendungsmengen im IST-Szenario kontinuierlich, allerdings nicht in ausreichendem Maße, um in den Jahren der Reduktionsschritte das SOLL zu erfüllen. Dabei ist auch zu beachten, dass andere Anwendungen außerhalb der Kälte- und Klimatechnik, wie etwa der Einsatz von HFKW als Schaumtreibmittel, Aerosol, Lösemittel oder Feuerlöschmittel, noch nicht eingerechnet sind. Auch der HFKW-Bedarf für die Umrüstung von Bestandsanlagen ist im Modell nicht berücksichtigt. Daneben wird grundsätzlich angenommen, dass fortlaufend technische Innovationen stattfinden, die zur Verringerung der erforderlichen HFKW-Mengen führen. In den einzelnen Anwendungssektoren stellt sich das Bild sehr unterschiedlich dar: Für viele Sektoren wird eine kontinuierliche Überschreitung der zur Verfügung stehenden HFKW-Mengen projiziert. In der Industriekälte ist jedoch mit einem deutlichen Rückgang der Verwendungsmengen zu rechnen und auch andere Sektoren können nach anfänglichem Überschreiten der Mengen ihren HFKW-Bedarf durch den Einsatz von Niedrig-GWP-Kältemitteln deutlich reduzieren (Flüssigkeitskühlsätze und PKWs). Insgesamt können gemäß diesen Berechnungen die EU HFKW-Phase-down Schritte nur zeitverzögert erfüllt werden.
Objective: The overall objective of the work is to formulate promising solutions for decentralised systems in the area of Western Balkans based on the utilisation of renewable energy sources and hybrid systems. Aiming to contribute to sustainable development differen t technological concept including biomass combustion and gasification, wind, solar and hydropower will be examined in parallel with the local capacity and particularities. Alteration of existing technologies in order to achieve increased efficiency and rel iability of stand-alone power supply in selected isolated regions will be investigated. The technical, operational, economic and environmental characteristics of renewable energy systems will be examined and hybrid systems will be formulated for the optimi sed grid performance with the optimum utilisation of local energy sources. Proposals for type of technology and units' size will be formed. The specific needs of the existing and the future regional energy demand side will be taken into account. For the ad vanced utilisation of renewable sources the alteration of existing technological solution with the production of Hydrogen will be investigated and the opportunities of the introduction of novel technologies such as Fuel cells in decentralised energy grids will be assessed. The work to be carried out will result into the formulation of Specifications for the optimisation of Grid penetration in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in conjunction with the determination of specific low cost power production schemes for decentralised areas in these 3 WE countries.'
Im Vinschgau, in Südtirol wurde am Beginn des letzten Jahrhunderts ein großes Aufforstungsprogramm durchgeführt, um den schlechten Vitalitätszustand der Wälder zu verbessern und Bodenerosion zu verhindern. In der Zeit von 1951-1965 wurden 6 Mio. Schwarzkiefern (Pinus nigra) gepflanzt, die aufgrund ihrer mangelnden Standortseignung in Folge zu einer Veränderung des Bodenzustands und der Humusformen auf den Waldstandorten führte. Es zeigten sich eine Rückgang der steppengeprägten Bodenvegetation, Verjüngungshemnisse bei Flaumeiche (Quercus pubescens), Mannaesche (Fraxinus ornus) und Hopfenbuche (Ostry carpinifolia) sowie biotische Schäden durch den Kiefernprozessionspinner (thaumetopoea pinivora). Diese Rahmenbedingungen führten zu einer Überführung dieser sekundären Kiefernwälder mit standortangepaßten Baumarten. Unter Schirm von mäßig gelichteten Kiefernwälder wurden 1x1m große Biozellen mit je 21 Flaumeichen (Quercus pubescens) unterschiedlicher Herkunft (Eyrs, Kastelbell, Laatsch) in den Jahren 1995 - 1999 angelegt. Der Anwuchserfolg der Flaumeichen soll durch dieses Forschungsprojekt ermittelt werden. Die Auswahl der Probeflächen erfolgte in Abhängigkeit von Standort, Herkunft und Zeitpunkt der Pflanzung. Detaillierte Informationen über die jungen Pflanzen, Bestandes- und Standortsdaten von 490 Biozellen wurden im Sommer 1999 erhoben. Hemisphärenphotos wurden zur Charakterisierung der Lichtökologie im Bestand eingesetzt.
ARROWS proposes to adapt and develop low cost autonomous underwater vehicle technologies to significantly reduce the cost of archaeological operations, covering the full extent of archaeological campaign. Benefiting from the significant investments already made for military security and offshore oil and gas applications, the project aims to demonstrate an illustrative portfolio of mapping, diagnosis and excavation tasks. ARROWS approach is to identify the archaeologists requirements in all phases of the campaign, identify problems and propose technological solutions with the technological readiness levels that predict their maturation for exploitation within 3-5 years. The individual technologies are then developed during the course of the project using agile development method comprising rapid cycles of testing and comparison against the end user requirements. To ensure the wide exploitability of the results the requirements are defined and the solutions are tested in two historically significant but environmentally very different contexts, in The Mediterranean Sea and in The Baltic Sea. Both immediate, low risk and long term, high risk developments will be pursued. In particular: - Fast a low cost horizontal surveys of large areas using customised AUVs with multimodal sensing. - Fast and low cost semi-automated data analysing tools for site and object relocation - High quality maps from better image reconstruction methods and better localization abilities of AUVs. - Shipwreck penetration and internal mapping using small low cost vehicles localising using fixed pingers. - Soft excavation tool for diagnosis and excavation of fragile objects. - Mixed reality environments for virtual exploration of archaeological sites. - Monitoring of changes via back-to-the-site missions. The ARROWS consortium comprises expertise from underwater archaeology, underwater engineering, robotics, image processing and recognition from academia and industry.
Small-scale production of local sorghum beer has a long tradition in Sahelian countries. In Burkina Faso the beer called 'Dolo' is deeply embedded in the local culture and consumed with moderation by the Burkinabè population. The craft of Dolo production is exclusively reserved to women, the so-called 'Dolotières', of which a few hundred are active in Ougadougou, Burkina Faso's capital. The production process in the dry country is very firewood intensive: In fact, according to the Ministry of Environment, firewood consumed by the Dolotières accounts for 50Prozent of total firewood consumption in Ouagadougou. The firewood usage in Ouagadougou, in turn, imposes substantial pressures on firewood markets and wood stands in surrounding rural areas, which has tremendous implications for large parts of the country's population that rely on this fuel for their day-to-day cooking purposes. Against this background, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) has incorporated one component in its Improved Cooking Stoves program 'Foyers Améliorés Au Burkina Faso' (FAFASO) that aims at introducing improved brewing devices among the brewers through promotion and subsidization activities. Like the mobile improved cooking stoves for households, these stationary stoves are designed to reduce fuel consumption per stove application and to curb smoke emissions. The purpose of this research project is to assess the impacts of this intervention on the firewood consumption in the beer brewing sector. In September 2010, a baseline survey was conducted by a local institute. Together with the International Institute of Social Studies (ISS), RWI will implement a follow-up survey in September 2012 in order to assess the extent to which the Dolotières have adopted the improved brewing devices and in how far this has actually brought down firewood consumption. If possible, a difference-in-difference approach will be applied. Depending on the penetration rate of the brewing devices and the take-up rate among the baseline sample, a further cross-sectional dimension will be added to the identification approach. This research effort will thus show whether focussing on commercial firewood users is an effective way to relieve pressures on the firewood market.
Snow avalanches are a major natural hazard in mountainous areas throughout the world. Avalanche forecasting, which aims at warning the public on the current and near future avalanche risk, relies on weather observations and forecasts as well as snow cover instability observations. Snow slab avalanches, which represent the vast majority of destructive avalanches,start with a failure in a buried weak snowpack layer. Such weak layers often form at or near the snow surface. Avalanche forecasters and researchers alike are therefore extremely interested in snow properties at the snow surface as well as within the snow cover. Traditional manual snowpack observations, which are still widely uised, are too time consuming and subjective to provide accurate measurements of the properties of the snow cover. Numerical models and modern measuring techniques, specifically the SnowMicroPenetrometer (SMP), have therefore been developed to improve avalanche forecasting. The SMP is a portable measuring device which records high resolution penetration resistance data of the snow stratigraphy. However, due to the difficult interpretation of the data, especially in relation to avalanche formation, thus far these modern technologies are not widely used to improve avalanche forecasting. This is in part because the physical processes leading to the formation of weak snowpack layers are not yet fully understood nor is the relation between SMP penetration resistance data and the physical properties of snow. The aim of the proposal is therefore to increase the knowledge on the formation of weak snowpack layers and to develop a signal processing method to automatically identify and characterize layers within SMP signals. This will be done by developing experimental procedures to study the physical processes governing the formation of near surface weak snowpack layers in the cold laboratory. Several experiments with different controlled boundary conditions will be performed, the changes of the physical properties of the snow will be tracked and the limiting conditions for layer reproduction will be identified. In parallel, systematic measurements on homogeneous as well as layered snow samples with the SMP will be performed in the cold laboratory. This will help relating SMP penetration resistance data to physical parameters of snow and lead to the development of a signal processing method to automatically identify and characterize layers within SMP signals. Additionally, field data will be collected to validate the automatic layer identification method.
Objective: The main objective of the proposed Network of Excellence (NoE) DER-Lab is to support the sustainable integration of renewable energy sources (RES) and distributed energy resources (DER) in the electricity supply by developing common requirements, quality criteria, as well as proposing test and certification procedures concerning connection, safety, operation and communication of DER-components and systems. DER-Lab intends to strengthen the EC domestic market and to protect European interests on the international standardisation level. A major objective is to establish a durable European DER-Lab Network that will be a world player in this field. The NoE will bring together a group of organisations for the development of certification procedures for DER- components for electricity grids. The NoE will act as a platform to exchange the current state of knowledge between the different European institutes and other groups. The scattered, but high quality research and test facilities will be combined with great benefit for the European research infrastructure DER-Lab will contribute by developing new concepts for control and supervision of electricity supply and distribution and will bundle at European level specific aspects concerning the integration of RES technologies. The absence of European and international standards for the quality and certification of components and systems for DER is a hindrance to the growth of the European market and for European penetration of the world market. It is within the aims of the proposed NoE to reduce these barriers and to work towards common certification procedures for DER components that will be accepted throughout Europe and the world. Obviously this work cannot be done on a national basis. The results of the project and afterwards the output of the network will be a significant contribution to the European standardisation activities and will contribute to the harmonisation of the different national standards.
Soil erosion is a world-wide problem with both economic and environmental effects. Consequences include loss of arable land and sediment-derived impacts on receiving water bodies. Even relatively small amounts of erosion can exceed the soil generation rate. Soil sediments are potential pollutants of receiving waters as they reduce light penetration and carry chemical pollutants such as pesticides and phosphorus. Soil erosion can be considered at local and basin scales. Rain is often the main initiator of erosion; other mechanisms include sheet erosion, rilling and gullying. These are all inherently hillslope-scale processes, the mechanisms of which involve connections between rainfall and raindrop impact, water flow, shear stress at the surface of the soil, sediment entrainment and deposition, etc. Management of soil erosion needs to be considered at the basin scale while attenuation measures are local. Physical understanding of erosion is based on local scale processes. At this scale overland flow-borne sediments and rilling (small channels that can be removed relatively easily) are the most important mechanisms. Rills have the potential to form channels under conditions of continued erosion. In addition, rills form in areas of flow concentration and thus rills are much more serious for erosion than interrill areas. The long-term goal of this fundamental research is to develop and validate process-based models of erosion-derived sediment transport at the scale of an element in a discretized catchment model, along with accompanying transport and transformations of nutrients and pollutants. This project seeks to fill one of the fundamental gaps in knowledge: mechanistic modelling of sediment transport at the local scale within a catchment. The project will further develop the mechanistic hillslope-scale Hairsine-Rose erosion model. This model includes both overland flow and sediment dynamics, and has been found to predict well erosion experimental data. However, it involves mechanistic assumptions that need to be clarified, and in addition it needs to be applied to circumstances that are more representative of reality, rather than constrained laboratory conditions. Potential mechanisms that could have significant effects on erosion modelling include the effect of infiltration/redistribution within the soil and the role of specific erosional mechanisms such as re-entrainment of previously eroded material verses transport by raindrop impact. Other factors to be investigated and modelled are multiple rainfall events and the effect of variable stone cover. Experiments and modelling will provide the basis of ascertaining the importance of such mechanisms.
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