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Entwicklung Luftqualität - Emissionswerte PM 2008/2009 (Umweltatlas)

Emissionswerte PM10 und PM2,5

Entwicklung Luftqualität - Emissionswerte NOx 1989 bis 2009 (Umweltatlas)

Emissionswerte NOx, Zeitabschnitt 1989 bis 2009

Langjährige Entwicklung der Luftqualität - Berliner Luftgütemessnetz - Standorte und Messdaten (Umweltatlas)

Darstellung aller Stationen und Messwerte der BLUME-, RUBIS- und Passivsammler-Messnetze seit 1975 sowie ausgewählter langjährig betriebener Berliner Klimastationen

Entwicklung Luftqualität - Emissionswerte SO2 1989 bis 2005 (Umweltatlas)

Emissionswerte SO2

Emissionswerte NOx, PM10, PM2.5, SO2 1989 bis 2009 (Umweltatlas)

Entwicklung der Luftqualität 1989 bis 2009: NOx-, SO2-, Feinstaub-Emissionen auf Grundlage eines 1x1km Rasters

Entwicklung des zukünftigen Wasserbedarfs in verschiedenen Sektoren - Bestimmungsmethoden, Projektionen und Szenarien

Der Klimawandel wirkt sich in Deutschland auf die verfügbaren Wasserressourcen und ihre regionale und saisonale Verteilung aus. Zukünftig wird es nicht nur erforderlich sein, die Prognosefähigkeit des Wasserhaushaltes hinsichtlich der verfügbaren Wassermenge regional und saisonal differenziert zu verbessern, sondern auch verbesserte Einschätzungen zur Entwicklung der Wasserbedarfe verfügbar zu haben. Die Wasserbedarfe werden neben politischen Entscheidungen, von technologischen Neuerungen, dem demografischen Wandel und vom Klimawandel beeinflusst. Aufbauend auf den Arbeiten verschiedener Refo-Plan Vorhaben (z.B. WADKlim, EE & Wasser) sowie Arbeiten anderer Institutionen wird die zukünftige Entwicklung von Wasserbedarfen in den Sektoren Haushalte, Landwirtschaft, Energie, Industrie und ggf. weiterer (z.B. Tourismus) zusammengetragen und gemeinsam analysiert. Dabei soll nach Zeithorizont und Region sowie verwendeter Datengrundlage und Methodik kategorisiert werden. Auf der Grundlage dieser zusammenfassenden Darstellung wird zunächst ein strukturierter Überblick über die zur Verfügung stehenden Methoden zur Bestimmung der Wasserbedarfe erarbeitet. Dieser Überblick zeigt die Einsatzbereiche der jeweiligen Methode, verdeutlicht aber auch methodische Grenzen und den geeigneten Zeithorizont. Weiterhin werden auf der Basis der vorangegangenen Arbeitsschritte Szenarien für zukünftige Wasserbedarfe entwickelt. Der zukünftige Wasserbedarf soll abgeschätzt und eventuelle Lücken in der Darstellung der Wasserbedarfe mit Simulationsrechnungen geschlossen werden. Die 'Wasserbedarfs-Szenarien' sollen -vergleichbar zu den Klimaszenarien- mögliche Entwicklungskorridore aufzeigen, verstärkende Effekte des Klimawandels berücksichtigen, Aussagen auf unterschiedlichen Skalen (z.B. national, aber auch regional – evtl. Ebene der Wasserversorgungskonzepte) ermöglichen, die Wirkung von Steuerungsmaßnahmen abbilden sowie die erforderlichen Daten nennen.

Carbon acquisition during pathogenic development of Ustilago maydis and Colletotrichum graminicola

The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis infects corn and induces the formation of tumors. In order for the fungus to proliferate in the infected tissue, U. maydis has to redirect the metabolism of the host to the site of infection. We wish to elucidate how this is accomplished. To this end we will perform transcript profiling during the time course of infection for both, the fungus and the maize plant. This will be complemented by metabolome analysis of different tissues during infection as well as by apoplastic fluid analysis. The goals will be to identify the carbon sources taken up by the fungus during biotrophic growth, to identify the transporters required for uptake, determine their specificity and elucidate how these carbon sources are provided by the plant. Fungal mutants affected in discrete stages of pathogenic development will be included in these studies. Likely candidate genes for carbon uptake/supply as well as for redirecting host metabolism will be functionally characterized by generating knockouts in the fungus and by isolating plants carrying mutations in respective genes or by generating transgenic plants expressing RNAi constructs.

Forest vegetation development in the Bavarian Forest National Park following the 1983 windfall event

In the Bavarian Forest National Park a brief, but intense storm event on 1 August 1983 created large windfall areas. The windfall ecosystems within the protection zone of the park were left develop without interference; outside this zone windfall areas were cleared of dead wood but not afforested. A set of permanent plots (transect design with 10 to 10 m plots) was established in 1988 in spruce forests of wet and cool valley bottoms in order to document vegetation development. Resampling shall take place every five years; up to now it was done in 1993 and 1998. On cleared areas an initial raspberry (Rubus idaeus) shrub community was followed by pioneer birch (Betula pubescens, B. pendula) woodland, a sequence well known from managed forest stands. In contrast to this, these two stages were restricted to root plates of fallen trees in uncleared windfalls; here shade-tolerant tree species of the terminal forest stages established rather quickly from saplings that had already been present in the preceeding forest stand. Soil surface disturbances are identified to be causal to the management pathway of forest development, wereas the untouched pathway is caused by relatively low disturbance levels. The simulation model FORSKA-M is used to analyse different options of further stand development with a simulation time period of one hundred years.

Barley dwarfs acting big in agronomy. Identification of genes and characterization of proteins involved in dwarfism, lodging resistance and crop yield

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is an important cereal grain which serves as major animal fodder crop as well as basis for malt beverages or staple food. Currently barley is ranked fourth in terms of quantity of cereal crops produced worldwide. In times of a constantly growing world population in conjunction with an unforeseeable climate change and groundwater depletion, the accumulation of knowledge concerning cereal growth and rate of yield gain is important. The Nordic Genetic Resource Center holds a major collection of barley mutants produced by irradiation or chemical treatment. One phenotypic group of barley varieties are dwarf mutants (erectoides, brachytic, semidwarf, uzu). They are characterized by a compact spike and high rate of yield while the straw is short and stiff, enhancing the lodging resistance of the plant. Obviously they are of applied interest, but they are also of scientific interest as virtually nothing is known about the genes behind the development of plant dwarfism. The aim of this project is to identify and isolate the genes carrying the mutations by using state of the art techniques for gene cloning at the Carlsberg Laboratory. The identified genes will be connected with the mutant phenotype to reveal the gene function in general. One or two genes will be overexpressed and the resulting recombinant proteins will be biochemically and structurally characterized. The insights how the mutation effects the protein will display the protein function in particular. Identified genes and their mutant alleles will be tested in the barley breeding program of the Carlsberg brewery.

Flowering time, development and yield in oilseed rape (Brassica napus): Sequence diversity in regulatory genes

Flowering time (FTi) genes play a key role as regulators of complex gene expression networks, and the influence of these networks on other complex systems means that FTi gene expression triggers a cascade of regulatory effects with a broad global effect on plant development. Hence, allelic and expression differences in FTi genes can play a central role in phenotypic variation throughput the plant lifecycle. A prime example for this is found in Brassica napus, a phenotypically and genetically diverse species with enormous variation in vernalisation requirement and flowering traits. The species includes oilseed rape (canola), one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide. Previously we have identified QTL clusters related to plant development, seed yield and heterosis in winter oilseed rape that seem to be conserved in diverse genetic backgrounds. We suspect that these QTL are controlled by global regulatory genes that influence numerous traits at different developmental stages. Interestingly, many of the QTL clusters for yield and biomass heterosis appear to correspond to the positions of meta-QTL for FTi in spring-type and/or winter-type B. napus. Based on the hypothesis that diversity in FTi genes has a key influence on plant development and yield, the aim of this study is a detailed analysis of DNA sequence variation in regulatory FTi genes in B. napus, combined with an investigation of associations between FTi gene haplotypes, developmental traits, yield components and seed yield.

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