Die Hanfindustrie hat sich in den vergangenen Jahren aufgrund neuer politischer Rahmenbedingungen und innovativer Produktfelder zu einem stark wachsenden Wirtschaftsbereich entwickelt. Hanfprodukte werden in der Lebensmittel-, Pharma-, Automobil-, Bau-, Textil- und Papierindustrie eingesetzt. Das stärkste Wachstum der Hanfindustrie findet in der Produktion von Lebensmittel- und Lebensmittelzusätzen aus Hanfsamen, Hanf- und CBD-Ölen statt. Als Nebenprodukte fallen in diesen Wirtschaftsbereichen Extraktionsreste an, für die es derzeit nur bedingt Verwertungsmöglichkeiten gibt. In der industriellen Hanffaserproduktion werden aus getrocknetem Hanfstroh hochwertige Naturfasern gewonnen, die z.B. im Fahrzeugleichtbau zur Herstellung von Fahrzeugarmaturen und Verkleidungen eingesetzt werden. Hanffasern sind darüber hinaus ein etabliertes ökologisches Dämmstoffmaterial. Hanfdämmstoffe zeichnen sich durch eine bessere CO2 Bilanz gegenüber konventionellen Dämmstoffmaterialien wie Mineralwolle oder Styropor aus und bieten die Möglichkeit CO2 über mehrere Jahrzehnte im Dämmstoff zu fixieren. Im Dämmstoffherstellungsverfahren fallen neben dem Hauptprodukt Hanffasern im etwa gleichen Umfang zellulosehaltige Reststoffe an, die derzeit nur zu einem geringen Teil wirtschaftlich genutzt werden. Im Hinblick auf eine zunehmende regenerative Energieversorgung sowie knapper werdende Ressourcen bzw. der kritischen Diskussion um den Einsatz nachwachsender Rohstoffe zur Energiegewinnung kommt der Erschließung biogener Rest- und Abfallstoffe für die Erzeugung effizienter, speicherbarer, flexibler und dezentraler Bioenergieträger zunehmende Bedeutung zu. Im Vorhaben HanfNRG sollen energetischen Nutzungsoptionen von Reststoffen der Hanfverarbeitung untersucht werden zur exemplarischen Einbindung in das Energiekonzept einer Hanffaserfabrik.
Changes in agroecosystem management (e.g. landscape diversity, management intensity) affect the natural control of pests. The effects of agricultural change on this ecosystem service, however, are not universal and the mechanisms affecting it remain to be understood. As biological control is effectively the product of networks of interactions between pests and their natural enemies, food web analysis provides a versatile tool to address this gap of knowledge. The proposed project will utilize a molecular food web approach and examine, for the first time, how changes in plant fertilisation and landscape complexity affect quantitative aphid-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid food webs on a species-specific level to unravel how changes in food web interactions affect parasitoid aphid control. Based on the fieldderived data, cage experiments will be conducted to assess how parasitoid diversity and identity affect parasitoid interactions and pest control, complementing the field results. The work proposed here will take research on parasitoid aphid control one step further, as it will provide a clearer understanding of how plant fertilization affects whole aphid-parasitoid food webs in both simple and complex landscapes, allowing for further improvements in natural pest control.
Die Hanfindustrie hat sich in den vergangenen Jahren aufgrund neuer politischer Rahmenbedingungen und innovativer Produktfelder zu einem stark wachsenden Wirtschaftsbereich entwickelt. Hanfprodukte werden in der Lebensmittel-, Pharma-, Automobil-, Bau-, Textil- und Papierindustrie eingesetzt. Das stärkste Wachstum der Hanfindustrie findet in der Produktion von Lebensmittel- und Lebensmittelzusätzen aus Hanfsamen, Hanf- und CBD-Ölen statt. Als Nebenprodukte fallen in diesen Wirtschaftsbereichen Extraktionsreste an, für die es derzeit nur bedingt Verwertungsmöglichkeiten gibt. In der industriellen Hanffaserproduktion werden aus getrocknetem Hanfstroh hochwertige Naturfasern gewonnen, die z.B. im Fahrzeugleichtbau zur Herstellung von Fahrzeugarmaturen und Verkleidungen eingesetzt werden. Hanffasern sind darüber hinaus ein etabliertes ökologisches Dämmstoffmaterial. Hanfdämmstoffe zeichnen sich durch eine bessere CO2 Bilanz gegenüber konventionellen Dämmstoffmaterialien wie Mineralwolle oder Styropor aus und bieten die Möglichkeit CO2 über mehrere Jahrzehnte im Dämmstoff zu fixieren. Im Dämmstoffherstellungsverfahren fallen neben dem Hauptprodukt Hanffasern im etwa gleichen Umfang zellulosehaltige Reststoffe an, die derzeit nur zu einem geringen Teil wirtschaftlich genutzt werden. Im Hinblick auf eine zunehmende regenerative Energieversorgung sowie knapper werdende Ressourcen bzw. der kritischen Diskussion um den Einsatz nachwachsender Rohstoffe zur Energiegewinnung kommt der Erschließung biogener Rest- und Abfallstoffe für die Erzeugung effizienter, speicherbarer, flexibler und dezentraler Bioenergieträger zunehmende Bedeutung zu. Im Vorhaben HanfNRG sollen energetischen Nutzungsoptionen von Reststoffen der Hanfverarbeitung untersucht werden zur exemplarischen Einbindung in das Energiekonzept einer Hanffaserfabrik.
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is an important cereal grain which serves as major animal fodder crop as well as basis for malt beverages or staple food. Currently barley is ranked fourth in terms of quantity of cereal crops produced worldwide. In times of a constantly growing world population in conjunction with an unforeseeable climate change and groundwater depletion, the accumulation of knowledge concerning cereal growth and rate of yield gain is important. The Nordic Genetic Resource Center holds a major collection of barley mutants produced by irradiation or chemical treatment. One phenotypic group of barley varieties are dwarf mutants (erectoides, brachytic, semidwarf, uzu). They are characterized by a compact spike and high rate of yield while the straw is short and stiff, enhancing the lodging resistance of the plant. Obviously they are of applied interest, but they are also of scientific interest as virtually nothing is known about the genes behind the development of plant dwarfism. The aim of this project is to identify and isolate the genes carrying the mutations by using state of the art techniques for gene cloning at the Carlsberg Laboratory. The identified genes will be connected with the mutant phenotype to reveal the gene function in general. One or two genes will be overexpressed and the resulting recombinant proteins will be biochemically and structurally characterized. The insights how the mutation effects the protein will display the protein function in particular. Identified genes and their mutant alleles will be tested in the barley breeding program of the Carlsberg brewery.
Farm structures are often characterized by regional heterogeneity, agglomeration effects, sub-optimal farm sizes and income disparities. The main objective of this study is to analyze whether this is a result of path dependent structural change, what the determinants of path dependence are, and how it may be overcome. The focus is on the German dairy sector which has been highly regulated and subsidized in the past and faces severe structural deficits. The future of this sector in the process of an ongoing liberalization will be analyzed by applying theoretical concepts of path dependence and path breaking. In these regards, key issues are the actual situation, technological and market trends as well as agricultural policies. The methodology will be based on a participative use of the agent-based model AgriPoliS and participatory laboratory experiments. On the one hand, AgriPoliS will be tested as a tool for stakeholder oriented analysis of mechanisms, trends and policy effects. This part aims to analyze whether and how path dependence of structural change can be overcome on a sector level. In a second part, AgriPoliS will be extended such that human players (farmers, students) can take over the role of agents in the model. This part aims to compare human agents with computer agents in order to overcome single farm path dependence.
Evidence is compelling for a positive correlation between urbanisation and increment of allergic sensitisation and diseases. The reason for this association is not clear to date. Some data point to a pro-allergic effect of anthropogenic factors on susceptible individuals. Data analysing the impact of environmental - natural and anthropogenic - factors on the allergenicity of allergen carriers such as pollen grains are scarce, and if applicable only taken from in vitro experimental designs. This study will analyse one of the most common allergy inducers in northern Europe - the birch pollen. Under natural exposure conditions, birch pollen will be analysed with respect to their allergenicity. Within an interdisciplinary research team this study will evaluate the effect of natural (e.g. soil, climate, genetic background) and anthropogenic (e.g. traffic pollutants) factors on birch pollen in a holistic approach including analysis of allergen bioavailability, release of pollen associated lipid mediators from birch pollen grains, in vitro immunostimulatory activity and in vivo allergenic potential. These data collected in the time course of three years will significantly add to our understanding how urbanisation and climate change influence the allergenicity of birch pollen and will help us in the future to set up primary prevention studies.
Community forestry has not met the great public expectations on a significant contribution to sustainable forestry yet. Recent research in the management and policy of community forestry describes a complex process of multi level social choice which determines the outcomes. Our hypothesis is that the key factors determining the outcomes of community forestry are the interests and power of the external stake holders. This hypothesis will be tested in a comparative quantitative and qualitative analysis. In seven countries comprising developed and developing countries 84 cases will be used for comparison. The comparative analysis will be carried out by one PhD student financed by the project. He will do the field work in close cooperation with PhD students who are already conducting their PhD analysis the different countries. The comparative analysis is aimed to explore key drivers of community forestry which are not yet identified in literature.
Previous studies indicated that the development and biogeochemistry of paddy soils relates to the parent material, thus the original soil paddies derive from. The proposed research focuses on redox-mediated changes in mineral composition and mineral-associated organic matter (OM) during paddy transformation of different soils. We plan to subject soil samples to a series of redox cycles, in order to mimic paddy soil formation and development. Soils with strongly different properties and mineral composition as well as at different states of paddy transformation; ranging from unchanged soils to fully developed paddy soils, are to be included. We hypothesize that dissolved organic matter is one key driver in redox-mediated transformations, serving as an electron donator as well as interacting with dissolved metals and minerals. The extent of effects shall depend on the parent soil's original mineral assemblage and organic matter and their mutual interactions. The experimental paddy soil transformation will tracked by analyses of soil solutions, of the (re-)distribution of carbon (by addition of 13C-labelled rice straw), of indicative biomolecules (sugars, amino sugars, fatty acids, lignin) and of minerals (including the redox state of Fe). For analyses of organic matter as well as of mineral characteristics we plan to utilize EXAFS and XPS, for Fe-bearing minerals also Mößbauer spectroscopy. This approach of experimental pedology seems appropriate to give insight into the major factors during paddy soil formation and development.
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one major source of subsoil organic matter (OM). P5 aims at quantifying the impact of DOM input, transport, and transformation to the OC storage in the subsoil environment. The central hypotheses of this proposal are that in matric soil the increasing 14C age of organic carbon (OC) with soil depth is due to a cascade effect, thus, leading to old OC in young subsoil, whereas within preferential flowpaths sorptive stabilization is weak, and young and bioa-vailable DOM is translocated to the subsoil at high quantities. These hypotheses will be tested by a combination of DOC flux measurements with the comparative analysis of the composition and the turnover of DOM and mineral-associated OM. The work programme utilizes a DOM monitoring at the Grinderwald subsoil observatory, supplemented by defined experiments under field and labora-tory conditions, and laboratory DOM leaching experiments on soils of regional variability. A central aspect of the experiments is the link of a 13C-leaf litter labelling experiment to the 14C age of DOM and OM. With that P5 contributes to the grand goal of the research unit and addresses the general hypotheses that subsoil OM largely consists of displaced and old OM from overlying horizons, the sorption capacity of DOM and the pool size of mineral-associated OM are controlled by interaction with minerals, and that preferential flowpaths represent 'hot spots' of high substrate availability.
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