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Microstructure and mechanical properties of massive and porous of lavas from S. Miguel Island (Azores, Portugal)

The role of elongated pores and crystals of lavas influences their mechanical and physical behaviour, providing a first microstructural clue. In the context of a doctoral project, two samples – a trachyte and a basalt/andesite (s.l.) - representative of Fogo Volcano (S. Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal) were collected as part of an intact rock study. They were microstructurally assessed in the INGV-OV (Naples) using the ZEISS Xradia Versa 410 X-ray computed microtomography to obtain high-resolution 3D images, as well as to perform real-time in-situ mechanical tests (uniaxial – 7 mm diameter cylinders - and Brazilian – 13 mm diameter discs) to assess how elongated pores/crystals control strength. In addition to 3D images of the samples, which allow segmentation of the pore space and crystals, mechanical tests show that trachytes are more competent than vesicular basalts/andesites. Both pores and crystals control the development of the crack pattern.

Trace element concentration of minerals in the Morro São João malignites (Serra do Mar, Brazil)

The Morro São João intrusion is located in the easternmost part of the Serra do Mar province, along the Cabo Frio lineament (Fig. 1) and has an area of approximately 10 km². It is a Late Cretaceous intrusion formed by clinopyroxenites, melagabbros, shonkinites, malignites, nepheline syenites, and phonolite dikes, without olivine, and is thought to have formed by closed system crystallization of a fairly evolved tephritic melt of potassic/ultrapotassic affinity (cf. Brotzu et al., 2007). We have analyzed two malignites, and specifically, their liquidus phases (clinopyroxene, titanite, garnet, amphibole). Analyzing the trace elements in these minerals helps us to better understand the different fractionation of the elements in these coexisting phases, and the implications for the evolution processes that occurred in the Morro São João magma reservoir. These analyses also provided important information about the concentration of rare earth elements (REEs) and high field strength elements (HFSEs), and their change with the magmatic evolution of the suite. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Mass spectrometry la-icp laboratory (IGG-CNR, Italy) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

Dense Seismic Array of Ambient Vibrations Applied for Site Characterization to a Liquefiable Site in the Po Plain at San Felice sul Panaro

The dataset consists of microtremor recordings collected from multiple arrays in mid-September 2024 at San Felice sul Panaro, located in the Quaternary deposits of the Po Plain (Emilia-Romagna, Italy). Data collection was performed using seismic nodes and six-component seismic stations: five stations Reftek recorders provided by INGV - Sezione Roma 1 (Italy) and six Certimus seismic stations from Cerema, as part of a collaboration between the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and Cerema. Five concentric arrays, with radii of 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 meters, were installed, each consisting of five stations. These arrays were active for a few days, centered around the SAN0 seismic station, which recorded the second shock of the Emilia Romagna seismic sequence in 2012. The Certimus seismic stations, co-located with nodes, were placed at the 400-meter radius and at the center, while INGV stations, also co-located with nodes, were installed on the 200-meter circle. Nodes alone were used for the remaining circles. Additionally, 46 single-station recordings were performed. The project proposal “SISFelice: Towards the Identification of the Physical Mechanisms Driving Nonlinear Soil Behavior Using Accelerometric Data: Site Characterization of San Felice” (PI: Julie Régnier) aims to study the impact of nonlinear soil behavior on site response during earthquakes. Within the framework of Joya El Hitti’s PhD, our research seeks to differentiate the physical mechanisms behind nonlinear soil behavior for more accurate earthquake predictions based on seismological observations. In this project, we plan to utilize earthquake recordings from the 2012 Emilia Romagna earthquake sequence at SAN0, San Felice sul Panaro, a site known for liquefaction. Despite nearby geotechnical tests, there remains a gap in characterizing the variability of site response and shear wave velocity profiles. Our project aims to address this by conducting single-station H/V measurements to assess spatial variability in site response and characterize the shear wave velocity profile down to bedrock. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at INGV – lab Effetti di SITO (ESITO) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005

Trace element analysis of the main minerals in the Salitre lamprophyre (APIP, Brazil)

The Upper Cretaceous Salitre intrusion, subdivided into Salitre I and Salitre II and dated to ~86-82 Ma by Sonoki and Garda (1988), is part of the Alto Paranaíba Igneous Province (APIP, Fig. 1) in Brazil, which is one of the largest ultrapotassic / carbonatitic / kimberlitic provinces in the world. The intrusion is characterized by the presence of lamproites, carbonatites and one lamprophyre (analyzed here), as well as along with a variety of intrusive cumulitic rocks. Among the Salitre studied samples, this alkaline lamprophyre is characterized by low SiO2 (35.6 wt%), ultrapotassic (K2O/Na2O = 5; K2O = 4.4 wt%) and peralkaline (PI = 1.3). It exhibits variable MgO content (14 wt%) and is enriched in REEs (∑REE=~1,300 ppm) and other trace elements (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Sr, Ba). This lamprophyre is characterized by olivine and phlogopite phenocrysts set in a fine-grained groundmass of clinopyroxene, apatite, phlogopite, magnetite, chromite, and perovskite, with rare titanite and garnet; kalsilite is absent. Analyzing the trace elements of the main minerals in this lamprophyre helped us learn more about the origin and evolution of these magmas, as well as their possible genetic link with the other Salitre rocks. This analysis also provided important information about their enrichment in rare earth elements (REEs) and high field strength elements (HFSEs). This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Mass spectrometry la-icp laboratory (IGG-CNR, Italy) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

3D textural characterization of rocks representing S. Miguel Island (Azores, Portugal)

The role of the physical and microstructural properties of lavas impacts the dynamics of magma ascent and of the volcanic edifice itself. In the context of a doctoral project, ten samples representative of the central volcanoes of S. Miguel Island (Azores, Portugal), priorily collected in available outcrops in the island, were microstructurally assessed for the first time in the INGV-OV (Naples). Imaging was processed by the ZEISS Xradia Versa 410 X-ray computed microtomography. This tool enables accurate and complete textural characterization of rocks by providing 3D images of the samples. Posteriorly, the rocks were analysed with a dedicated image analysis software to resolve the internal microstructure of the samples. determining several key properties (porosity, permeability, fracturation, and crystal content) that are of major relevance for a posterior physical and mechanical assessment. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at magLab, INGV-OV (Naples, Italy) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

Mineral trace element analysis of xenocrysts and xenoliths hosted in the Limeira I kimberlite (APIP, Brazil)

The Limeira I kimberlite (91±6 Ma; Guarino et al., 2013) is part of the Alto Paranaíba Igneous Province (APIP) and was emplaced in the southern part of the São Francisco Craton in Brazil. This Kimberlite contains macrocrysts and phenocrysts of olivine, resorbed phlogopite/ tetraferriphlogopite, Al-free magnetite, chromite, magnesian ilmenite, rutile, perovskite, monticellite, apatite, serpentine and carbonate. It also contains a suite of xenocrysts and xenoliths (among which we recall wehrlite, phlogopite-ilmenite-websterite, olivine-ilmenite-glimmerite, clinopyroxenites bearing potassic-richterite, chromite-monticellite-kalsilite xenoliths, rutile with priderite or perovskite reaction rims, magnesian chromian ilmenite with perovskite rims). In this part of the project, we analyzed the xenocryst minerals and the main minerals found in the xenoliths entrapped in the Limeira I kimberlite. Analyzing the trace element concentrations in these minerals, helped us to better understand the processes that may occur in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the Alto Paranaíba Igneous Province. These analyses also provided important information about the minerals' enrichment in rare earth elements (REEs) and high field strength elements (HFSEs). This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Mass spectrometry la-icp laboratory (IGG-CNR, Italy) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

Noble Gas Isotopic Composition from Geothermal Springs of the North-Western Himalaya

This dataset contains noble gas (He, Ne, Ar) isotopic and elemental compositions of geothermal spring fluids collected across the North-Western Himalaya as part of the “Himalayan Geothermal Project: Investigating Geothermal Systems in the North Western Himalaya – Origin and Tectonic Influence”. The primary purpose of data collection was to determine the sources, mixing processes, and crust–mantle interactions governing geothermal fluid evolution in an active continental collision zone. Water samples were collected from major geothermal localities in Himachal Pradesh (India) using glass water. The entire analysis was carried out in the Laboratory of Noble Gas Isotopes at the INGV Section in Palermo following all standard procedures. The resultant dataset is provided as a single CSV file containing all processed noble gas concentrations, isotopic ratios and other realted data. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Laboratory of Noble Gas Isotopes at the INGV Section in Palermo (Italy) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

Mechanical data of rotary shear experiments in bituminous dolostones

Mirror-like Surfaces (MSs) are ultra-polished fault surfaces widespread in carbonate seismic terrains, but their formation process is still debated. We deformed gouge samples from exposed fault surfaces hosted in bituminous dolostone rocks in a rotary shear apparatus (SHIVA) at seismic slip rates (1 m/s). By changing the water availability (water-pressurised and room-humidity conditions) and the organic matter/dolomite content (> 35%, dark gouge DG; < 30% bright gouge BG) we investigated the mechanical behaviour leading to MSs formation in fault gouges. We run tests at 15 MPa effective normal stress, 2 MPa confinement and 1 MPa pore pressure for the water-pressurised experiments and a total displacement of 0.13 m. Mirror-like fault surfaces were obtained in all successful experiments; mirrors were more developed under room-humidity conditions. Bituminous dolostones under room-humidity conditions had a slip neutral behaviour with a low friction (0.3). Bituminous dolostones under water-pressurised conditions showed a slip weakening behaviour with an initial peak effective friction μp = 0.65, followed by a drop to effective friction μss DG than in BG (i.e., μss of 0.25 vs 0.28). Future work will focus on the microstructural analysis of the experimental products and the investigation of the slip behaviour of bituminous dolostones at sub-seismic slip rates for a complete study of the slip behaviour spectra. This publication results from work conducted under the national open access action at SHIVA (Slow to High Velocity Apparatus) - HP-HT laboratory of experimental Volcanology and Geophysics (INGV, Roma 1 section) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

Carbon isotopes in OIB Mantle source

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CAMSIZER Particle Size Data from Explosive Paroxysms of Mt. Etna (2011–2025)

Mt. Etna in Catania, Italy, is an active volcano that has served as a natural laboratory for many volcanologists worldwide. Its paroxysms are unique eruptive events caused by a complex magmatic system that, despite being one of the most studied volcanoes, there is still an open field to contribute to the understanding of magma dynamics and degassing. This data set is a compilation of grain-size and shape measurements of 14 tephra samples of Mt. Etna. The tephra samples correspond to some of the most explosive cycles and events of the volcano from 2011 to 2025. The measurements were obtained using CAMSIZER through the ILGE TNA grant funding at INGV sezione di Catania. This dataset is the basis for a research project investigating the controls on the volume of gases and magma emitted during an eruption of Mt. Etna. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Sedimentology Laboratory – INGV sezione di Catania supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

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