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This image dataset contains results (original top-view and cross-section photographs) obtained from a series of 12 crustal-scale physical analogue modelling experiments performed in the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory (TecLab) at Utrecht University. We employed analogue modelling to study the inversion of extensional basins that are parallel and oblique to their boundaries. The key parameters of this study are: (i) the obliquity angle (0°, 10° or 20°) of shortening in relation to the strike of the initial rift structures; (ii) the basal décollement rheology; and (iii) the rheology of the basin fill. All analogue experiments are rectangular, 2 cm thick and consist of deformable brittle or brittle–ductile layers. Deformable parts in entirely brittle models are made of a homogeneous layer of quartz sand for the initial, non-stretched, pre-rift model crust. The subsequently resulting grabens are filled with syn- to post-extensional sediments of quartz sand, feldspar sand, or glass beads. Variations to these setups entail either a brittle layer of glass beads at the base of the above described brittle crust, or, for brittle-ductile models, a viscous layer of PDMS silicone putty with fillers. All experiments are built on one fixed above two mobile plastic sheets, their transition is pre-defining velocity discontinuities (VDs). In a first stage, deformation is induced in all models by two electric motors pulling the two mobile plastic sheets in opposite directions parallel to the backstop. These sheets are then fixed once the extensional phase is finished. VDs positioned both orthogonally and obliquely with respect to the backstop allow graben structures to form at angles of 0°, 10° and 20° to the subsequent shortening direction. In a second stage, a rigid backstop moves into the model to create compressive deformation within the entirely brittle or brittle-ductile layers. Top-view photographs were taken at regular time intervals throughout each experiment (see below for details). Cross-section photographs were taken at the end of each experiment. Therefore, the top-view photographs enable surface deformation to be tracked and analysed through time and space, while the cross-sections demonstrate the overall vertical deformation of each model. For more details about the models, see Sieberer et al. (2023). The properties of the materials used are described in Sieberer et al. (2023), Klinkmüller et al. (2016) and Willingshofer et al. (2018). All models are scaled according to the principles of geometric, rheological, and kinematic similarity between nature and models (Hubbert, 1937; Weijermars & Schmeling, 1986).
Magnetic biomonitoring employing lichens transplants is a non-invasive and low-cost method to evaluate airborne particulate matter (PM) pollution originated from urban traffic. This study was designed to assess the indoor deposition of traffic-related PM within the 16th-century Jerónimos Monastery in Lisbon, employing lichen transplants exposed during two distinct periods of 11weeks each. Data includes the low field magnetic susceptibility values for all the lichen transplants, exposed during summer 2024. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Paleomagnetic Laboratory of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) in Rome supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.
The role of elongated pores and crystals of lavas influences their mechanical and physical behaviour, providing a first microstructural clue. In the context of a doctoral project, two samples – a trachyte and a basalt/andesite (s.l.) - representative of Fogo Volcano (S. Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal) were collected as part of an intact rock study. They were microstructurally assessed in the INGV-OV (Naples) using the ZEISS Xradia Versa 410 X-ray computed microtomography to obtain high-resolution 3D images, as well as to perform real-time in-situ mechanical tests (uniaxial – 7 mm diameter cylinders - and Brazilian – 13 mm diameter discs) to assess how elongated pores/crystals control strength. In addition to 3D images of the samples, which allow segmentation of the pore space and crystals, mechanical tests show that trachytes are more competent than vesicular basalts/andesites. Both pores and crystals control the development of the crack pattern.
This data set consists of Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratios (HVSR) resulting from the application of the software package HVNEA (HV Noise and Earthquake Automatic Analysis) with the aim of comparing them with those resulting from the application of another method, namely STATION (Seismic sTATion and sIte amplificatiON). The results, relative to more than 24,000 HVSR, derive from the processing of 700,000 seismograms recorded over different time periods by 8 stations of the networks IV (Italian Seismic Network), GU (Regional Seismic Network of North Western Italy) and GV (Mobile RSNI). To compare the results of the two methods as accurately as possible, the waveforms were subjected to the same preprocessing already used to elaborate the results stored in the STATION database. To this end, the methodological workflow applied with HVNEA for station IV.MURB involved the selection of segments from continuous recordings for each event reported in the INGV catalogue located within a radius of 120 kilometres from the station. Starting from the automatically picked S-wave onsets, 12-second windows were then extracted and used for the analysis of earthquake recordings. Regarding the noise analysis, it should be noted that STATION again considers 12-second windows selected before the P-wave onset, while HVNEA requires the use of a signal window of at least 60 seconds. A window of 3,600 seconds was used for the analysis. The comparison of the HVSR was performed in the frequency band 0.1–15 Hz. All analysed curves, for both earthquake and noise recordings, show generally similar shapes and identify significant peaks in correspondence of the same frequency ranges, although the amplitudes obtained with STATION are systematically higher than those obtained with HVNEA. To obtain a quantitative comparison, various statistical metrics commonly used to measure the discrepancy between data sets were applied, namely the Mean Squared Error, the Mean Absolute Error and the Pearson Correlation Coefficient. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at the Site effects Laboratory – INGV L’Aquila supported by WP3 ILGE–MEET project, PNRR–EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.
The Upper Cretaceous Salitre intrusion, subdivided into Salitre I and Salitre II and dated to ~86-82 Ma by Sonoki and Garda (1988), is part of the Alto Paranaíba Igneous Province (APIP, Fig. 1) in Brazil, which is one of the largest ultrapotassic / carbonatitic / kimberlitic provinces in the world. The intrusion is characterized by the presence of lamproites, carbonatites and one lamprophyre (analyzed here), as well as along with a variety of intrusive cumulitic rocks. Among the Salitre studied samples, this alkaline lamprophyre is characterized by low SiO2 (35.6 wt%), ultrapotassic (K2O/Na2O = 5; K2O = 4.4 wt%) and peralkaline (PI = 1.3). It exhibits variable MgO content (14 wt%) and is enriched in REEs (∑REE=~1,300 ppm) and other trace elements (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Sr, Ba). This lamprophyre is characterized by olivine and phlogopite phenocrysts set in a fine-grained groundmass of clinopyroxene, apatite, phlogopite, magnetite, chromite, and perovskite, with rare titanite and garnet; kalsilite is absent. Analyzing the trace elements of the main minerals in this lamprophyre helped us learn more about the origin and evolution of these magmas, as well as their possible genetic link with the other Salitre rocks. This analysis also provided important information about their enrichment in rare earth elements (REEs) and high field strength elements (HFSEs). This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Mass spectrometry la-icp laboratory (IGG-CNR, Italy) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.
Understanding how fluids migrate through underground rock formations is essential for securely storing carbon dioxide ($CO_2$), managing groundwater resources, or cleaning up contaminated soils. A key parameter in this context is the capillary pressure, the pressure difference between two immiscible fluids, such as water and $CO_2$, in the pore space of rocks. However, reliable measurements of capillary pressure under realistic subsurface conditions are still limited. Capillary pressure–saturation relationships were determined using the porous membrane technique within a custom-designed experimental platform SEPP (System for Experimental PetroPhysics) developed at GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences. Measurements were conducted during both drainage and imbibition cycles under pressure and temperature conditions relevant for subsurface $CO_2$ storage reservoirs. SEPP enables integrated acquisition of key petrophysical parameters, including hydraulic, electrical, and elastic properties. This data publication presents two datasets capturing capillary pressure, electrical resistivity, and P- and S-wave velocities from tests on two distinct sandstone samples.
This dataset includes updated versions of high-resolution age models derived from six sedimentary cores collected from the southwestern Svalbard margin. The dataset presented here represents a refinement of a previous version (Caricchi et al., 2020; 2022), achieved through correlation of the stratigraphic trends of the ARM/k parameter with the GICC05modelext timescale and the NGRIP record (Rasmussen et al., 2014). Additional refinement was obtained from newly acquired and recalibrated radiometric data, as well as from improved lithological constraints. The dataset enables the calculation of sedimentation rates during glacial and interglacial periods and during short-lived, widespread meltwater pulses and Heinrich-like events, thereby allowing the reconstruction of ice-sheet instability and meltwater events along the Svalbard–Barents Sea margin over the last 60,000 years.
In this dataset we provide data for 6 experimental models of caldera collapse and subsequent resurgence monitored through geophysical sensors (a force or “impact sensor”, Piezotronics PCB 104 200B02 and a Triaxial piezoelectric accelerometer, Model 356B18). The analogue modelling experiments were carried out at the TOOLab (Tectonic Modelling Laboratory), which is a joint laboratory between the Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy and the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Florence. The laboratory work that produced these data was partly supported by the European Plate Observing System (EPOS), by the Joint Research Unit (JRU) EPOS Italia and by the “Monitoring Earth's Evolution and Tectonics” (MEET) project (NextGenerationEU). Specifically, this work was performed in the frame of the DynamiCal project, funded by the 2° TNA-NOA call of the ILGE-MEET project.
We implemented, by means of analogue laboratory modelling, the key processes of the feedback among erosion and landslides, isostatic response and lithospheric flexure, to address how these lead to landsliding. The processes involved have different response times and characteristic length-scales and/or threshold behaviours and are suitable to the investigation in scaled analogue experiment, which aptly capture the behaviour of the natural prototype. These processes have been simulated using sand, to simulate mountain slopes, erosion and landslides, and viscous solids, e.g., syrup and silicone, to simulate the underlying lithosphere and mantle. This approach combines established techniques, such as laboratory fluid-filled tanks reproducing deformation and restoring force of the Earth’s mantle, and silicone to reproduce the viscoelastic lithosphere dynamics, whereas sand is used to capture the plastic behaviour of slopes and landslides, while climate-driven precipitation is routinely simulated to address slope erosion. All the modelling techniques are well established, minimising the risk of the project. Combining these techniques into a single modelling approach is novel as it reliably captures the feedback between processes acting across vastly different spatial and temporal scales, so far addressed in isolation. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (University of Roma TRE, Italy), supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.
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