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Results from analogue inversion experiments of extensional basins parallel and oblique to their boundaries with inferences from the European eastern Southern Alps

This image dataset contains results (original top-view and cross-section photographs) obtained from a series of 12 crustal-scale physical analogue modelling experiments performed in the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory (TecLab) at Utrecht University. We employed analogue modelling to study the inversion of extensional basins that are parallel and oblique to their boundaries. The key parameters of this study are: (i) the obliquity angle (0°, 10° or 20°) of shortening in relation to the strike of the initial rift structures; (ii) the basal décollement rheology; and (iii) the rheology of the basin fill. All analogue experiments are rectangular, 2 cm thick and consist of deformable brittle or brittle–ductile layers. Deformable parts in entirely brittle models are made of a homogeneous layer of quartz sand for the initial, non-stretched, pre-rift model crust. The subsequently resulting grabens are filled with syn- to post-extensional sediments of quartz sand, feldspar sand, or glass beads. Variations to these setups entail either a brittle layer of glass beads at the base of the above described brittle crust, or, for brittle-ductile models, a viscous layer of PDMS silicone putty with fillers. All experiments are built on one fixed above two mobile plastic sheets, their transition is pre-defining velocity discontinuities (VDs). In a first stage, deformation is induced in all models by two electric motors pulling the two mobile plastic sheets in opposite directions parallel to the backstop. These sheets are then fixed once the extensional phase is finished. VDs positioned both orthogonally and obliquely with respect to the backstop allow graben structures to form at angles of 0°, 10° and 20° to the subsequent shortening direction. In a second stage, a rigid backstop moves into the model to create compressive deformation within the entirely brittle or brittle-ductile layers. Top-view photographs were taken at regular time intervals throughout each experiment (see below for details). Cross-section photographs were taken at the end of each experiment. Therefore, the top-view photographs enable surface deformation to be tracked and analysed through time and space, while the cross-sections demonstrate the overall vertical deformation of each model. For more details about the models, see Sieberer et al. (2023). The properties of the materials used are described in Sieberer et al. (2023), Klinkmüller et al. (2016) and Willingshofer et al. (2018). All models are scaled according to the principles of geometric, rheological, and kinematic similarity between nature and models (Hubbert, 1937; Weijermars & Schmeling, 1986).

Digital Elevation Models and Time-Lapse Imagery from Analogue Experiments on the Interaction between Magma Injection and Rainfall-Driven Surface Processes

This dataset documents a series of analogue experiments designed to investigate the coupled evolution of magma-driven surface uplift and rainfall-driven geomorphic processes. Seven controlled laboratory experiments were conducted, each combining shallow intrusion of a magma analogue with imposed rainfall of varying intensity, in order to systematically explore the role of surface processes under different forcing conditions. The experimental setup consists of a rigid Plexiglas container filled with a water-saturated granular mixture formulated to reproduce brittle crustal behaviour under wet conditions. Magmatic intrusion was simulated by injecting a fixed volume (360 cm³) of low-viscosity polyglycerine through a basal inlet at three distinct injection rates, while surface processes were imposed using an overhead rainfall system delivering three different rainfall intensities. Topographic evolution during each experiment was monitored using a structured-light laser scanner (Artec Leo). For every model run, six Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) were generated at synchronised stages corresponding to 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of the injected volume, yielding a total of 42 DEMs. Raw scans were processed through a triangulated irregular network (TIN) meshing workflow and subsequently rasterised to GeoTIFF format without additional post-processing, in order to preserve the original topographic signal. In parallel, time-lapse photographic documentation was acquired throughout each experiment using a digital camera, providing a complementary visual record of dome growth, surface incision and sediment redistribution. The dataset is organised into two main components: (i) high-resolution topographic datasets (DEMs) and (ii) time-indexed photographic sequences, both linked to the temporal evolution of each experiment. Quality control procedures include scanner calibration prior to acquisition, verification of mesh consistency and raster resolution, and a closed-system experimental design ensuring mass conservation. All data are distributed in their original formats and accompanied by detailed documentation describing experimental procedures, data processing workflows, and file organisation, enabling reproducibility and reuse in quantitative analyses of coupled magmatic and surface processes. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at University Roma Tre, Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

Results from analogue inversion experiments of inherited structures controlling deformation and uplift with implications for the European eastern Southern Alps

This image dataset contains results (original top-view and cross-section photographs) obtained from a series of 4 crustal-scale physical analogue modelling experiments performed in the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory (TecLab) at Utrecht University. The experiments have been designed to allow comparison with the European eastern Southern Alps but are also relevant for other regions where lateral mechanical and structural heterogeneities within fold-and-thrust belts of inverted rift structures occur. Key features of our experiments include: (i) a predefined basin and platform configuration following Sieberer et al. (2023) and representing the result of Triassic to Jurassic rifting, (ii) a platform with lateral strength variations representing compositional heterogeneity related to Permian igneous activity and (iii) a basal plate representing an inherited basement structure. All analogue experiments are rectangular, maximum 2.0 cm thick, and are made of deformable layers only, except for Model 4 where a rigid basal plate is partly incorporated. The deformable part of all models is made of one homogeneous layer of dry quartz sand for the pre-defined post-rift model crust. The pre-defined platform and basin geometry yields lateral strength differences controlled by differences in layer thickness, with thinner (1.4 cm) compartments simulating overall weaker, rifted basin domains (e.g., alternations of limestone, marl, clay) compared to the thicker (1.8 to 2.0 cm) platform succession, simulating continental upper crust (e.g., basement rocks, carbonate platforms, volcanic rocks). All experiments are built on a table and on top of a fixed plastic sheet of 0.05 cm thickness and are shortened orthogonal to the backstop at a rate of 3 cm/h. We decided for simple orthogonal inversion models with shortening parallel to the axis of the eastern platform. Top-view photographs were taken at regular time intervals throughout each experiment (see below for details). Cross-section photographs were taken at the end of each experiment. Therefore, the top-view photographs enable surface deformation to be tracked and analysed through time and space, while the cross-sections demonstrate the overall vertical deformation of each model. For more details about the models, see Sieberer et al. (2025). The properties of the materials used are described in Sieberer et al. (2025) and Willingshofer et al. (2018). All models are scaled according to the principles of geometric, rheological, and kinematic similarity between nature and models (Hubbert, 1937; Weijermars & Schmeling, 1986).

Rheology of PDMS Korasilon G20OH (#1000039264) used at the Laboratory for Experimental Tectonics at GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany

This dataset provides rheometric data of the PDMS Korasilon G 20 OH used for analogue modelling at the Laboratory for Experimental Tectonics at GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany. The batch number is 1000039264, purchased in 2022 and opened in 2026. The material sample has been analyzed at the Laboratory for Experimental Tectonics at GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam (HelTec) using an Anton Paar Physica MCR 301 rheometer in a cone-plate configuration at room temperature (21˚C). Rotational (controlled shear rate) tests with shear rates varying from 10^-4 to 10^-1 s^-1 were performed. According to our rheometric analysis, the material is quasi-Newtonian (n~1) at strain rates below 10^-2 s^-1 and weakly shear rate thinning above. The viscosity of G 20 OH is 1.8*10^4 Pa s.

Dense Seismic Array of Ambient Vibrations Applied for Site Characterization to a Liquefiable Site in the Po Plain at San Felice sul Panaro

The dataset consists of microtremor recordings collected from multiple arrays in mid-September 2024 at San Felice sul Panaro, located in the Quaternary deposits of the Po Plain (Emilia-Romagna, Italy). Data collection was performed using seismic nodes and six-component seismic stations: five stations Reftek recorders provided by INGV - Sezione Roma 1 (Italy) and six Certimus seismic stations from Cerema, as part of a collaboration between the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and Cerema. Five concentric arrays, with radii of 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 meters, were installed, each consisting of five stations. These arrays were active for a few days, centered around the SAN0 seismic station, which recorded the second shock of the Emilia Romagna seismic sequence in 2012. The Certimus seismic stations, co-located with nodes, were placed at the 400-meter radius and at the center, while INGV stations, also co-located with nodes, were installed on the 200-meter circle. Nodes alone were used for the remaining circles. Additionally, 46 single-station recordings were performed. The project proposal “SISFelice: Towards the Identification of the Physical Mechanisms Driving Nonlinear Soil Behavior Using Accelerometric Data: Site Characterization of San Felice” (PI: Julie Régnier) aims to study the impact of nonlinear soil behavior on site response during earthquakes. Within the framework of Joya El Hitti’s PhD, our research seeks to differentiate the physical mechanisms behind nonlinear soil behavior for more accurate earthquake predictions based on seismological observations. In this project, we plan to utilize earthquake recordings from the 2012 Emilia Romagna earthquake sequence at SAN0, San Felice sul Panaro, a site known for liquefaction. Despite nearby geotechnical tests, there remains a gap in characterizing the variability of site response and shear wave velocity profiles. Our project aims to address this by conducting single-station H/V measurements to assess spatial variability in site response and characterize the shear wave velocity profile down to bedrock. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at INGV – lab Effetti di SITO (ESITO) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005

Mineral trace element analysis of xenocrysts and xenoliths hosted in the Limeira I kimberlite (APIP, Brazil)

The Limeira I kimberlite (91±6 Ma; Guarino et al., 2013) is part of the Alto Paranaíba Igneous Province (APIP) and was emplaced in the southern part of the São Francisco Craton in Brazil. This Kimberlite contains macrocrysts and phenocrysts of olivine, resorbed phlogopite/ tetraferriphlogopite, Al-free magnetite, chromite, magnesian ilmenite, rutile, perovskite, monticellite, apatite, serpentine and carbonate. It also contains a suite of xenocrysts and xenoliths (among which we recall wehrlite, phlogopite-ilmenite-websterite, olivine-ilmenite-glimmerite, clinopyroxenites bearing potassic-richterite, chromite-monticellite-kalsilite xenoliths, rutile with priderite or perovskite reaction rims, magnesian chromian ilmenite with perovskite rims). In this part of the project, we analyzed the xenocryst minerals and the main minerals found in the xenoliths entrapped in the Limeira I kimberlite. Analyzing the trace element concentrations in these minerals, helped us to better understand the processes that may occur in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the Alto Paranaíba Igneous Province. These analyses also provided important information about the minerals' enrichment in rare earth elements (REEs) and high field strength elements (HFSEs). This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Mass spectrometry la-icp laboratory (IGG-CNR, Italy) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

40Ar/39Ar Radiometric Dating of Quaternary Basaltic Volcanism at the Kula Volcanic Province, Western Türkiye

During this research at the 40Ar-39Ar Geochronology Laboratory, CNR, Pisa, Italy, the analysis focused on 40Ar- 39Ar radiometric dating to investigate three distinct periods of volcanism from the Kula Volcanic Province in western Türkiye. This area is a monogenetic volcanic field (MVF) and exhibits three eruptive periods in the Quaternary Period. The three periods of volcanism are named the Burgaz (first stage), the Elikcitepe (second stage), and the DivilitTepe (third stage). This type of volcanism is poorly understood due to their small eruption size and limited material, lack of suitable datable material, and short eruption duration, with geological histories often poorly constrained. The data publication includes data of four samples from the three different eruptive phases that were analysed, including one from the first stage, one from the second stage, and two from the third stage. The samples were successfully dated and gave ages as the Early Pleistocene (first stage), the Middle Pleistocene (second stage) and the Holocene (third stage). The data from this work will be used as part of a PhD thesis. The ages will be integrated into a more detailed geochemical analysis and facilitate a detailed examination of the temporal and spatial relationships for the evolution of the volcano, and insights into the mechanisms driving volcanic activity in the region. Data was acquired by an ARGUS VI multi-collector noble gas mass spectrometer, using the step-heating process for all samples. Between 9.9 and 11.1 mg of groundmass material was analysed.

Analogue modeling results showing fault network evolution during multiphase triaxial strain

This data set includes the results of high-resolution digital image correlation (DIC) analysis and digital elevation models (DEM) applied to analogue modelling experiments (Table 1). Six generic analogue models are extended on top of a rubber sheet. In Series A, as extension velocity increases, the initial biaxial plane strain condition evolves into triaxial constrictional or intermediate strain. Models A1 and A2 are two-phase models and Model A3 is a three-phase model. Conversely, in Series B, as extension velocity decreases, the model starts with triaxial constrictional strain and ends up with biaxial plane or intermediate triaxial strain. Models B1and B2 are two-phase models and Model B3 is a three-phase model. Detailed descriptions of the experiments can be found in Liu et al. (2025) to which this data set is supplement. The data presented here are visualized as topography, the horizontal cumulative surface strain, and incremental profiles.

A database of analogue models and geophysical data investigating caldera resurgence; DynamiCal project

In this dataset we provide data for 6 experimental models of caldera collapse and subsequent resurgence monitored through geophysical sensors (a force or “impact sensor”, Piezotronics PCB 104 200B02 and a Triaxial piezoelectric accelerometer, Model 356B18). The analogue modelling experiments were carried out at the TOOLab (Tectonic Modelling Laboratory), which is a joint laboratory between the Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy and the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Florence. The laboratory work that produced these data was partly supported by the European Plate Observing System (EPOS), by the Joint Research Unit (JRU) EPOS Italia and by the “Monitoring Earth's Evolution and Tectonics” (MEET) project (NextGenerationEU). Specifically, this work was performed in the frame of the DynamiCal project, funded by the 2° TNA-NOA call of the ILGE-MEET project.

Data and scripts from Neighbouring segments control on earthquake recurrence patterns: Insights from scaled seismotectonic models

We provide particle image correlation data from the 16 laboratory experiments with Foamquake seismotectonic model simulating analog megathrust seismic cycles and supporting scripts. To monitor analog seismic cycles, we use a high-resolution camera taking images at 50 frames per second as an analog of a geodetic satellite. We are using a trench orthogonal surface velocity time series extracted from the central points located above the seismic asperities using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method. The scripts and datasets are provided as supplementary materials to the article "Neighbouring segments control on earthquake recurrence patterns: Insights from scaled seismotectonic models" by Latypova et al., 2025. The data originate from analog experiments using the Foamquake seismotectonic model, designed at the Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET) at Roma Tre University to replicate megathrust seismic cycles. Observations were recorded with a high-resolution camera, and surface velocity fields were extracted using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique, which applies cross-correlation between consecutive frames.

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