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SWIM Water Extent - Sentinel-1/2 - Daily

SWIM Water Extent is a global surface water product at 10 m pixel spacing based on Sentinel-1/2 data. The collection contains binary layers indicating open surface water for each Sentinel-1/2 scene. Clouds and cloud shadows are removed using ukis-csmask (see: https://github.com/dlr-eoc/ukis-csmask ) and are represented as NoData. The water extent extraction is based on convolutional neural networks (CNN). For further information, please see the following publications: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.05.022 and https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11192330

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Cloud-Top Height (CTH), Level 3 – Global

Global Cloud-Top Height (CTH) as derived from the Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI instrument. Clouds play a crucial role in the Earth's climate system and have significant effects on trace gas retrievals. The cloud-top height is retrieved from the O2-A band using the ROCINN algorithm. Daily observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. The TROPOMI instrument aboard the SENTINEL-5P space craft is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer covering wavelength bands between the ultraviolet and the shortwave infra-red. TROPOMI's purpose is to measure atmospheric properties and constituents. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum, allowing operational retrieval of the following trace gas constituents: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4). Within the INPULS project, innovative algorithms and processors for the generation of Level 3 and Level 4 products, improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users are developed.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Ultraviolet Index (UVI), Level 3 – Global

UV Index (UVI) as derived from TROPOMI observations. The UVI describes the intensity of the solar ultraviolet radiation. Values around zero indicate low, values greater than 10 indicate very high UV exposure on the ground. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Ozone (O3), Level 3 – Global

Ozone vertical column density in Dobson Units as derived from Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI observations. The stratospheric ozone layer protects the biosphere from harmful solar ultraviolet radiation. Ozone in troposphere can pose risks to the health of humans, animals, and vegetation. The TROPOMI instrument aboard the SENTINEL-5P space craft is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer covering wavelength bands between the ultraviolet and the shortwave infra-red. TROPOMI's purpose is to measure atmospheric properties and constituents. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum, allowing operational retrieval of the following trace gas constituents: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4). Daily observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. Within the INPULS project, innovative algorithms and processors for the generation of Level 3 and Level 4 products, improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users are developed.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Aerosol Layer Height (ALH), Level 3 – Global

Aerosols are an indicator for episodic aerosol plumes from dust outbreaks, volcanic ash, and biomass burning. Daily observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. The Aerosol layer height is provided in kilometres. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Entwicklung eines humanen Cornea-Modells für die okulotoxische Sicherheitsprüfung - Charakterisierung der SV40-immortalisierten Endothel- und Keratocytenzelllinie (Dissertation)

Bis heute existiert keine validierte Alternativmethode, die im Rahmen der Risikobewertung von Chemikalien und Arzneistoffen sowie der toxikologischen Sicherheitsprüfung von Kosmetika den Augenirritations-Test nach Draize am lebenden Kaninchen vollständig ersetzen kann. Für Substanzen mit starkem Augenirritations-Potential kann die Toxizität anhand verschiedener, validierter in vitro Assays im Rahmen einer abgestuften, von der OECD empfohlenen Teststrategie mit hoher Genauigkeit erfasst werden (BCOP-Assay, ICE-Methode). Substanzen mit sehr mildem Augenirritations-Potential können zukünftig möglicherweise durch kommerziell erhältliche, dreidimensionale Cornea-Epithelmodelle identifiziert werden, die sich momentan in der Validierung befinden (EpiOcularTM Modell, SkinEthik HCETM Modell). Dagegen muss insbesondere die Lücke im Bereich der milden bis moderaten Augenirritation durch neue Alternativmethoden geschlossen werden. Die Überprädiktivität/ hohe Sensitivität der dreidimensionalen Epithelmodelle sowie die Forderung nach einem mechanistischen Ansatz, der die Tiefe der cornealen Verletzung durch toxische Substanzen berücksichtigt und damit ermöglicht, die gesamte Bandbreite an Schweregraden okulotoxischer Reaktionen abzudecken (Jester et al., 2001), erfordert die Einbeziehung weiterer cornealer Schichten, Stroma und Endothel, in ein organotypisches in vitro Modell der Cornea. Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte zum Ziel, ein solches, von Zorn-Kruppa et al. etabliertes Komplettmodell der Cornea aus drei humanen, SV40-immortalisierten Zelllinien hinsichtlich des Kulturmediums zu optimieren und diese Endothel (EC)-, Keratocyten (HCK)- und Epithel (HCE)-Zelllinie an ein gemeinsames, möglichst serumfreies Wachstumsmedium zu adaptieren. EC und HCK wurden zudem in Abhängigkeit von Art und Serumgehalt des Kulturmediums hinsichtlich der Frage, ob die organotypischen Merkmale der primären Zellen trotz der SV40-Immortalisierung erhalten geblieben sind, charakterisiert. Die EC-Zelllinie wurde auf ihre Fähigkeit zur interzellulären Kontaktinhibition untersucht, welche nach dem Erlangen der zellulären Konfluenz die Vorraussetzung zur Ausbildung und Aufrechterhaltung eines organotypischen Endothel-Monolayers darstellt (Joyce et al., 2002). Die Keratocytenzelllinie HCK wurde in Monolayer-Kultur und nach Einbettung in die collagenöse Matrix des Stroma-Äquivalents phänotypisch und funktionell sowie in Abhängigkeit von Serum und Wachstumsfaktoren charakterisiert. Insbesondere wurde die Transformation der HCK in fibrotische Phänotypen nach Stimulation mit TGF beta untersucht, welche in vivo an cornealen Wundheilungsreaktionen beteiligt sind (Fini und Stramer, 2005, Jester et al., 1999).

Elektronische Navigationskarten für Binnenschifffahrtsstraßen (IENC / Inland-ENCs)

Die IENC sind Elektronische Navigationskarten für Binnenschifffahrtsstraßen. Sie werden in Deutschland für die Wasserstraßen- und Schifffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes (WSV) von der Fachstelle für Geodäsie und Geoinformatik der WSV (FGeoWSV) hergestellt, herausgegeben und kostenfrei zur Verfügung gestellt.

Forschergruppe (FOR) 409: Systemverständnis: Wasser- und Stoffdynamik urbaner Standorte; System Comprehension: Dynamics of Water and Materials at Urban Locations, Teilprojekt HUMUS: Die organische Bodensubstanz und ihre Wasser- und Stoffbindung in anthropogen beeinflußten Böden

Das Projekt HUMUS hat zum Ziel, die Wasserbindung der organischen Bodensubstanz urbaner Böden zu charakterisieren. Im Zentrum stehen Geleigenschaften und der Nachweis eines Glasüberganges in der organischen Bodensubstanz. Die meisten Untersuchungen erfolgen mit Hilfe der Differential Scanning Kalorimetrie (DSC). Sie werden durch dielektrische Messungen und 1H-NMR-Relaxation (TP GEO) sowie kinetische Untersuchungen zur DOC-Freisetzung und Quellung ergänzt. Die Feldexperimente und Mikrokosmen der Forschergruppe dienen zur Verknüpfung der Wasserbindung der organischen Bodensubstanz mit Faktoren des Wasserhaushaltes (TP BODEN), Mikroorganismen und ihren Biofilmen (TP MIKRO), der Bodenmesofauna (TP FAUNA) sowie unterschiedlichen Elektrolytbedingungen. In der zweiten Projektphase werden Auswirkungen der urban beeinflußten Humuseigenschaften auf die kleinräumige Variabilität und auf den Wasser- und Stofftransport der urbanen Standorte untersucht werden.

Forest Canopy Cover Loss (FCCL) - Germany - Monthly, Administrative Level

This vector dataset is based on a 10 m resolution raster dataset that shows forest canopy cover loss (FCCL) in Germany at a monthly resolution from September 2017 to September 2024. Results at pixel level were aggregated at municipality, district, and federal state level. For the results at administrative level we differentiate between deciduous and coniferous forests. We use the stocked area map 2018 (Langner et al. 2022, https://doi.org/10.3220/DATA20221205151218 ) as a reference forest mask. We differentiate between deciduous and coniferous forests by intersecting the stocked area map with a tree species map (Blickensdoerfer et al. 2024). Pixels of the classes birch, beech, oak, alder, deciduous trees with long lifespan and deciduous trees with short lifespan were classified as deciduous forest and pixels of the classes Douglas fir, spruce, pine, larch and fir as coniferous forest. The coverage of the two datasets is not identical, which is why a few areas of the forest reference map remained unclassified. These were filled with the dominant leaf type map of the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS 2025). Therefore, the vector data at administrative level contains information about unclassified forest areas and the total forest area as the sum of deciduous, coniferous, and unclassified forests. The FCCL confidence at pixel level is lowest at the end of the time series because the number of repeated threshold exceedance is used as a criterion to record forest canopy cover losses. Therefore, we excluded July 2024 through September 2024 from the annual and overall statistics and summarized the respective FCCL as additional attribute. The dataset is a fully reprocessed continuation of the assessment in Thonfeld et al. (2022).

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Surface Nitrogendioxide (NO2), Level 4 – Regional (Germany and neighboring countries)

The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product displays the Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) near surface concentration for Germany and neighboring countries as derived from the POLYPHEMUS/DLR air quality model. Surface NO2 is mainly generated by anthropogenic sources, e.g. transport and industry. POLYPHEMUS/DLR is a state-of-the-art air quality model taking into consideration - meteorological conditions, - photochemistry, - anthropogenic and natural (biogenic) emissions, - TROPOMI NO2 observations for data assimilation. This Level 4 air quality product (surface NO2 at 15:00 UTC) is based on innovative algorithms, processors, data assimilation schemes and operational processing and dissemination chain developed in the framework of the INPULS project. The DLR project INPULS develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

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