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SWIM Water Extent - Sentinel-1/2 - Daily

SWIM Water Extent is a global surface water product at 10 m pixel spacing based on Sentinel-1/2 data. The collection contains binary layers indicating open surface water for each Sentinel-1/2 scene. Clouds and cloud shadows are removed using ukis-csmask (see: https://github.com/dlr-eoc/ukis-csmask ) and are represented as NoData. The water extent extraction is based on convolutional neural networks (CNN). For further information, please see the following publications: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.05.022 and https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11192330

Inorganic geochemistry of sedimentary rocks in the catchment of river Thuringian Saale during the last 600 Ma

A literature retrieval was performed for whole rock geochemical analyses of sedimentary, magmatic and metamorphic rocks in the catchment of River Thuringian Saale for the past 600 Ma. Considering availability and coincidence with paleontological an facies data the following indicators seem suitable to detect environmental and climatic changes: biogenic P for Paleoproductivity, STI Index for weathering intensity, Ni/Co-ratio for redox conditions, relative enrichments of Co, Ba and Rb versus crustal values for volcanic activity at varying differentiation. The Mg/Ca-ratio as proxy for salinity is applicable in evaporites. The binary plot Nb/Y versus Zr/TiO2 indicates a presently eroded volcanic level of the Bohemian Massif as catchment area for the Middle Bunter, whereas higly differentiated volcanics provided source material for Neoproterozoic greywackes. A positive Eu-anomaly is limited to the Lower Bunter and implies mafic source rocks perhaps formerly located in the Bohemian Massif.

Field based and laboratory data of sediment cores from the Lower Havel Inner Delta near Lake Gülpe, Brandenburg (Germany)

Sediment cores were recovered using a hand-held Cobra Pro (Atlas Copco) core drilling system with a 60 mm diameter open corer. One-meter segments were retrieved and assessed in the field for sedimentological features, including estimations of grain size, carbonate content, humus content, and redox features (AG Boden 2005, 2024). Colour descriptions were carried out using the Munsell Soil Color Chart. The exact positions of the drilling points were recorded using a differential GPS device (TOPCON HiPer II). The cores were photographed, documented and sampled at 5–10 cm intervals for subsequent laboratory analyses. Bulk samples from five selected cores (RK1, RK3, RK13, RK15, RK17) were freeze-dried, sieved (2 mm), and weighed. Total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and total sulfur (TS) contents were measured using a CNS analyzer (Vario EL cube, Elementar). Inorganic carbon (TIC) was determined using calcimeter measurements (Scheibler method, Eijkelkamp). Organic carbon (TOC) was calculated as TOC = TC − TIC. For the grain size analyses, sediment samples were first sieved to <2 mm and subsamples of 10 g were treated with 50 ml of 35% hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and gently heated to remove organic matter. Following this, 10 ml of 0.4 N sodium pyrophosphate solution (Na₄P₂O₇) was added to disperse the particles, and the suspension was subjected to ultrasonic treatment for 45 minutes. The sand fraction was analysed by dry sieving and classified into four size classes: coarse sand (2000–630 µm), medium sand (630–200 µm), fine sand (200–125 µm), and very fine sand (125–63 µm). Finer fractions were determined using X-ray granulometry (XRG) with a SediGraph III 5120 (Micromeritics). These included coarse silt (63–20 µm), medium silt (20–6.3 µm), fine silt (6.3–2.0 µm), coarse clay (2.0–0.6 µm), medium clay (0.6–0.2 µm), and fine clay (<0.2 µm).

C-Umsatz und C-Festlegung im Boden unter Miscanthus x gigantheus mit Hilfe natürlicher 13C-Abundanz

Angesichts der durch steigende Kohlendioxid (CO2)- Konzentrationen bedingten Klimaerwärmung wird nach Möglichkeiten gesucht, CO2 unter anderem in terrestrischen Senken für längere Zeiträume festzulegen. Am Beispiel von Miscanthus x giganteus (Greef et Deu.) wurde untersucht, ob durch den Anbau von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen eine Kohlenstoff (C)- Festlegung in Böden unterschiedlicher Textur möglich ist. Zu diesem Zweck wird die Methode der natürlichen 13C-Abundanz angewandt. Mit dieser modernen Methode können C-Umsatzzeiten des Gesamtkohlenstoffs im Boden sowie seiner verschieden Pools abgeschätzt werden, aber auch die C-Dynamik auf molekularer Basis durch komponentenspezifische O13C Lipidanalysen untersucht werden. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass die unter Miscanthus ermittelten C-Verweilzeiten nur geringfügig länger sind als diejenigen unter Mais. Die jährliche Festlegung von miscanthusbürtigem C in der organischen Bodensubstanz (OBS) bestätigt nur für lehmigen Boden eine höhere C-Sequestrierung von Miscanthus. Es wurde eine vergleichbare C-Akkumulation durch den Miscanthusanbau wie in Grünlandböden festgestellt. Ebenso zeigen Inkubationsexperimente im Miscanthusboden eine ähnliche kumulative CO2-Freisetzung wie in Böden unter Grünland mit einer Tendenz zu geringfügig niedrigeren Freisetzungsraten im Miscanthusboden, Die Anteile von miscanthusbürtigem C am freigesetzten CO2 sind ähnlich wie in Versuchen mit Mais. Es lässt sich eine schnellere Umsetzung des miscanthusbürtigen C in der mikrobiellen Biomasse als leicht umsetzbarer C-Fraktion bestätigen. Die Zugabe leicht verfügbarer organischer Substanzen bewirkte eine verstärkte Mineralisierung der OBS, wobei dieser zusätzlich freigesetzte C entgegen den Erwartungen aus der alten, C3 bürtigen OBS Fraktion stammte. In 13C- Markierungsexperimenten konnte in Miscanthus, Mais, Weizen und Roggen die Verlagerung des kürzlich assimilierten CO2 in Pflanzenteilen verfolgt werden. Eine Verlagerung in den Boden fand hierbei kaum statt. Die O13C-Werte aus den komponentenspezifischen O13C- Lipidanalysen sind vielversprechend für die Diagnose von molekularen Markern und die daraus erfolgende Bestimmung der Umsatzraten. An den CO2- Konzentrationen der Bodenluft und der Herkunft des CO2 konnte der besondere Vegetationszyklus (später Wachstumsbeginn, verzögertes Wurzelwachstum) von Miscanthus wiedergespiegelt werden.

Mapping Carbon Pricing Initiatives - developments and prospects

The uncertainty surrounding the future of existing carbon markets in recent years has prevented valuable resources from being channeled to low-carbon investments, particularly from the private sector. Additionally, the prospect of a coordinated international approach to carbon pricing will remain uncertain for several years. However, the report reveals, that regional, national and sub-national carbon pricing initiatives are proliferating. Despite weak international carbon markets, both developed and developing countries are mainstreaming carbon pricing initiatives in national climate change and development strategies. This report prepared by the World Bank together with Ecofys, replaces the State and Trends of the Carbon Market series. Unlike in previous years, the report does not provide a quantitative, transaction-based analysis of the international carbon market as current market conditions invalidate any attempt and interest to undertake such analysis. The development of national and sub-national carbon pricing initiatives in an increasing number of countries calls for a different focus. This report maps existing and emerging carbon pricing initiatives around the world, hence its new title. It analyses common considerations across the initiatives, such as setting the appropriate ambition level, implementing price stabilization mechanisms, using offsets, and taking concrete moves towards linking schemes together. Feel free to watch below webcast by Alyssa Gilbert to familiarise yourself with the main outcomes of the study.

Bio-Geochemische Stoffzyklen

Die im Zeitraum 1979 bis 1985 in Juelich, Ahrensburg, Deuselbach und Le Conquet durchgefuehrten Messungen des Nitrat-Gehaltes in Niederschlaegen ergaben charakteristische jahreszeitliche Veraenderungen im 15N/14N-Verhaeltnis des Nitrats (hoehere 15N/14N-Werte im Herbst und Winter als im Fruehling und Sommer mit einer jahreszeitlichen Amplitude von 4-5 Promille). Eine aehnliche jahreszeitliche Variation des 15N/14N-Verhaeltnisses ergab sich auch in partikulaerem Nitrat, das im Zeitraum 1978 bis 1985 in Juelich durch Abscheidung mit normalen Filtrationsgeraeten und mit High-Volume-Impaktoren gesammelt wurde. Dagegen zeigte gasfoermige Salpetersaeure ein nahezu konstantes 15N/14N-Verhaeltnis. Folgende Deutungen der jahreszeitlichen Variation des 15N/14N-Verhaeltnisses im Nitrat sind moeglich: (a) unterschiedliche Beteiligung natuerlicher und anthropogener Quellen von NOx an der Nitrat-Bildung waehrend der Jahreszeiten; (b) temperaturabhaengige Isotopenaustauschgleichgewichte; (c) unterschiedliche reaktionskinetische Isotopieeffekte bei der Bildung von gasfoermigem und partikulaerem Nitrat sowie unterschiedliche Anteile beider Species im gemessenen Nitrat waehrend der Jahreszeiten. Zur weiteren Interpretation des Effektes muessen 15N/14N-Messungen an NOx aus unterschiedlichen Quellen und deren jahreszeitliche Variation sowie Messungen der Isotopieeffekte bei verschiedenen Umwandlungsmechanismen im NOx/HNO3-Zyklus durchgefuehrt werden.

Geophysical, Sedimentological and Geochemical Data from the Lower Havel Inner Delta (Gülpe Island), Brandenburg (Germany)

To investigate subsurface features in the Lower Havel River floodplain, we conducted Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) transects and Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) surveys at three different depths in 2023 and 2024. These near surface geophysical methods were complemented by 24 driving core drillings to relate the electrical properties with sedimentological characteristics. Additionally, five selected sediment cores were used for subsequent geochemical lab analyses (grain size, CNS, TOC, TIC). Electromagnetic induction (EMI) was measured with a CMD-Mini Explorer (GF Instruments s.r.o., Brno, Czech Republic) in June 2023 and June 2024. We used the vertical dipole (VDP) at coil spacings of 0.32 m (VDP1), 0.71 m (VDP2) and 1.18 m (VDP3), archieving effective penetration depths of 0.5 m (VDP1), 1.0 m (VDP2) and 1.8 m (VDP3). According to the manufacturer, 70% of the signal originate from above these depths. The EMI sensors measure the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa, in mS/m). Measurements were taken by carrying the instrument about 0.2 m above ground while being directly connected to D-GPS (Leica GPS1200) for positioning. The acquisition rate was five measurements per second. Data quality was checked by measuring a reference line before and after each measurement. The area investigated by EMI in June 2023 is located to the north and northeast of the Gülpe research station. It has a total area of 12.3 ha. The reference line was located in the southern part of the study area. No drift correction had to be applied due to good data quality. Reference lines and single outliers were removed. The area investigated by EMI in June 2024 is located southeast of the research station. The survey area there is 8.1 ha in size. The reference line for the measurements there was located in the north-westernmost area of the site. No drift correction had to be applied due to good data quality. Reference lines and single outliers were removed. The Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) data were acquired by using a PC controlled DC resistivity meter system (RESECS, Geoserve, Kiel, Germany). In total, we measured four ERT transects. Two transects in June 2023, where transect 1 had a total length of 259 m with an electrode spacing of 0.5 m and transect 2 had a total length of 223 m with an electrode spacing of 1 m. The measurements in 2023 were carried out under extreme dry conditions. Two further transects were measured in June 2024 with an electrode spacing of 1m, transect 3 with a total length of 207 m and transect 4 with a total length of 239 m. We applied wenner alpha and dipol-dipol configuration. The coordinates and the height of the electrodes were measured with a D-GPS (2023: TOPCON HiPer II / 2024: Leica GPS1200). Sediment cores were recovered using a hand-held Cobra Pro (Atlas Copco) core drilling system with a 60 mm diameter open corer. One-meter segments were retrieved and assessed in the field for sedimentological features, including estimations of grain size, carbonate content, humus content, and redox features (AG Boden 2005, 2024). Colour descriptions were carried out using the Munsell Soil Color Chart. The exact positions of the drilling points were recorded using a differential GPS device (TOPCON HiPer II). The cores were photographed, documented and sampled at 5–10 cm intervals for subsequent laboratory analyses. Bulk samples from five selected cores (RK1, RK3, RK13, RK15, RK17) were freeze-dried, sieved (2 mm), and weighed. Total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and total sulfur (TS) contents were measured using a CNS analyzer (Vario EL cube, Elementar). Inorganic carbon (TIC) was determined using calcimeter measurements (Scheibler method, Eijkelkamp). Organic carbon (TOC) was calculated as TOC = TC − TIC. For the grain size analyses, sediment samples were first sieved to <2 mm and subsamples of 10 g were treated with 50 ml of 35% hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and gently heated to remove organic matter. Following this, 10 ml of 0.4 N sodium pyrophosphate solution (Na₄P₂O₇) was added to disperse the particles, and the suspension was subjected to ultrasonic treatment for 45 minutes. The sand fraction was analysed by dry sieving and classified into four size classes: coarse sand (2000–630 µm), medium sand (630–200 µm), fine sand (200–125 µm), and very fine sand (125–63 µm). Finer fractions were determined using X-ray granulometry (XRG) with a SediGraph III 5120 (Micromeritics). These included coarse silt (63–20 µm), medium silt (20–6.3 µm), fine silt (6.3–2.0 µm), coarse clay (2.0–0.6 µm), medium clay (0.6–0.2 µm), and fine clay (<0.2 µm).

Effectiveness of EU Emissions Trading: What drives emission developments?

European emissions trading (EU ETS) is a central component of German and European climate policy. This final report summarises the results of a research project that investigated the causes of emissions trends in the most relevant sectors in terms of emissions (combustion, iron and steel industry, cement clinker production, refineries) of the EU ETS 1 in the period 2005 and, depending on the sector or approach, until 2017/2019/2022. As part of the project, the development of the four sectors mentioned was analysed with regard to emissions and other parameters and their causes. In addition, two decomposition analyses were used to identify the main drivers of emissions trends in cement clinker production and iron and steel production in the EU ETS. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 52/2025.

Flussmessstelle Nr. 2101 in Main, Bischofsheim, Messstation linkes Ufer

Dieser Datensatz enthält Informationen zur Flussmessstelle Nr. 2101 in Main, Bischofsheim, Messstation linkes Ufer. Auf der Webseite zur Messstelle ist ein Link zum Herunterladen der Rohdaten vorhanden.

Flussmessstelle Nr. 2160 in Kinzig, Hanau, Messstation

Dieser Datensatz enthält Informationen zur Flussmessstelle Nr. 2160 in Kinzig, Hanau, Messstation. Auf der Webseite zur Messstelle ist ein Link zum Herunterladen der Rohdaten vorhanden.

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