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Distribution and concentration of nutrients, carbon compounds and methane in water samples in the southern German Bight (North Sea) in September 2024 during the MOSES Sternfahrt 12

The 12th Sternfahrt of the ElbeXtreme and MOSES projects took place in 2024 from September 02 to 13, within the area of the German Bight (North Sea). Its objective was to get a more systematic grid of sampling data by spatially integrated onboard sensors. Therefore, the MOSES-laboratory container was installed again. Water samples were taken from the surface with a rosette or via Niskin bottles. The first part of the cruise was conducted by the research vessel (RV) Ludwig Prandtl, starting on the 2nd of September on Heligoland. From there, the crew navigated towards Cuxhaven covering some stations from previous MOSES cruises. For the next days, the ship followed a rectangular track, shifting northward each day, heading towards Heligoland again. Due to strong winds, the sampling stations were reduced to three on the last day. On Heligoland the RV Mya II took over the laboratory container and other sampling equipment for the second part of the cruise. Persistent strong winds delayed the start of the cruise until September 11. Since most of the planned stations were already covered from the RV Ludwig Prandtl, the crew decided to expand the sampling area using a more systematic zig-zag line. With the return of Mya II in the afternoon of the 13th September 2024, the campaign was successfully finished.

Übersicht der Datensätze zur Wasserhaushaltsmodellierung (mGROWA, 2024)

Die Datenserie "Übersicht der Datensätze zur Wasserhaushaltsmodellierung (mGROWA, 2024)" enthält Rasterdatensätze, die im Rahmen der "Modellierung der flächendifferenzierten Grundwasserneubildung für Schleswig-Holstein im Beobachtungszeitraum 1961 – 2021 und für Klimaszenarien bis 2100" erstellt wurden. mGROWA-Modelldaten zur Modellierung der flächendifferenzierten Grundwasserneubildung für Schleswig-Holstein (Stand: 2024) FZ Jülich / LfU S-H (Geologischer Dienst)

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Surface Nitrogendioxide (NO2), Level 4 – Regional (Germany and neighboring countries)

The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product displays the Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) near surface concentration for Germany and neighboring countries as derived from the POLYPHEMUS/DLR air quality model. Surface NO2 is mainly generated by anthropogenic sources, e.g. transport and industry. POLYPHEMUS/DLR is a state-of-the-art air quality model taking into consideration - meteorological conditions, - photochemistry, - anthropogenic and natural (biogenic) emissions, - TROPOMI NO2 observations for data assimilation. This Level 4 air quality product (surface NO2 at 15:00 UTC) is based on innovative algorithms, processors, data assimilation schemes and operational processing and dissemination chain developed in the framework of the INPULS project. The DLR project INPULS develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Water Vapour (H2O), Level 3 – Global

Water Vapour (H2O) concentration (globally) as derived from Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI observations. H2O is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. In addition it is one of the most powerful drivers for weather phenomena in the troposphere. Daily observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. The TROPOMI instrument aboard the SENTINEL-5P space craft is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer covering wavelength bands between the ultraviolet and the shortwave infra-red. TROPOMI's purpose is to measure atmospheric properties and constituents. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum, allowing operational retrieval of the following trace gas constituents: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Water Vapour (H2O), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4). Within the INPULS project, innovative algorithms and processors for the generation of Level 3 and Level 4 products, improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users are developed.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Ultraviolet Index (UVI), Level 3 – Global

UV Index (UVI) as derived from TROPOMI observations. The UVI describes the intensity of the solar ultraviolet radiation. Values around zero indicate low, values greater than 10 indicate very high UV exposure on the ground. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Organischer Kohlenstoff in Flüssen - Charakterisierung, Herkunft und Abbaubarkeit

Veranlassung Der gelöste und der partikuläre organische Kohlenstoff (dissolved organic carbon, DOC und particulate organic carbon, POC) sind zentrale Komponenten im Naturhaushalt von Gewässern. Die Akkumulation von organischem Kohlenstoff - beziehungsweise die damit verbundene hohe Sauerstoffzehrung - ist insbesondere in den Ästuaren ein wichtiger Belastungsfaktor für den Sauerstoffhaushalt und trägt damit zu deren schlechtem ökologischem Zustand bei. Die Bewertung der zu erwartenden Sauerstoffzehrung kann aber nur mit umfassender Kenntnis der Qualität der organischen Kohlenstoffgehalte in gelöster Form oder als Bestandteil der Schwebstoffe erreicht werden. Des Weiteren spielt die Zusammensetzung des organischen Materials eine wichtige Rolle bei der Sorption und dem Transport von Schadstoffen, sodass eine umfassende Beschreibung des organischen Kohlenstoffs auch die Vorhersage der Ausbreitung von Schadstoffen ermöglicht. Im Projekt OrgCarbon soll eine umfassende Charakterisierung des organischen Kohlenstoffs jenseits der traditionell erfassten Parameter (TOC, DOC und POC) stattfinden, da bekannt ist, dass sowohl POC als auch DOC eine komplexe, bisher wenig erforschte Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Stoffklassen beinhaltet. In einem ersten Schritt erfolgt eine Fraktionierung von partikulärem und gelöstem organischem Material, basierend auf der chemischen Zusammensetzung und mikrobiellen Abbaubarkeit. Wichtige Parameter wie Sauerstoffverbrauch, mikrobielle Atmung, chemische Zusammensetzung und die Herkunft des organischen Materials werden für jede Kohlenstofffraktion bestimmt. Durch die daraus resultierende Verbesserung des Verständnisses bezüglich organischem Kohlenstoff in Ästuaren und Flüssen zielt das OrgCarbon-Projekt darauf ab, zu besseren Umweltmanagement- und Naturschutzstrategien für die Bundeswasserstraßen beizutragen. Ziele Ein zentrales Ziel des OrgCarbon-Projekts ist es, eine Vielzahl interdisziplinärer Methoden zu testen, um die vielfältigen Eigenschaften des Kohlenstoffes zu erfassen. Es werden verschiedene chemisch-analytische Verfahren mit Messungen zur biologischen Aktivität und Abbaubarkeit des Kohlenstoffs sowie mit mineralogischen Untersuchungen kombiniert. Dadurch lässt sich ein Set an Methoden identifizieren, das zukünftig auch mit weniger Aufwand eine detaillierte Charakterisierung des Kohlenstoffs ermöglicht. Als Ergebnis von OrgCarbon angestrebt ist die Entwicklung eines standardisierten Protokolls, das den gesamten Prozess von der Probenahme über die Kohlenstofffraktionierung bis hin zur Analyse und Datenauswertung umfasst. Dieses ermöglicht es, die Qualität des organischen Kohlenstoffs sowie dessen Eigenschaften und Abbaubarkeit in Zukunft besser abzuschätzen und gemeinsam zu interpretieren. Dieses Protokoll soll in bestehende Messprogramme der BfG integriert werden, um regelmäßig die Herkunft, das Sorptionspotenzial für Schadstoffe sowie die Abbaubarkeit und die Sauerstoffzehrung von organischem Kohlenstoff zu bestimmen. Organischer Kohlenstoff spielt eine entscheidende Rolle in Ästuaren und Flüssen. Seine Zusammensetzung beeinflusst Prozesse wie die (mikro)biologische Produktivität, den Sauerstoffverbrauch, den Schadstofftransport und die Agglomeration von Schwebstoffen. Die Bestimmung erfolgt routinemäßig nur als Summenparameter (total organic carbon, TOC) weshalb über die Zusammensetzung des organischen Materials, dessen Abbauverhalten und Quellen meist wenig bekannt ist. Darüber hinaus reicht die Betrachtung des Gesamtkohlenstoffgehalts in vielen Fällen nicht aus, um eine Vergleichbarkeit von Schwebstoffen aus unterschiedlichen Quellen zu gewährleisten. Das OrgCarbon-Projekt widmet sich darum einer umfassenden Analyse des organischen Kohlenstoffs in Feldproben aus Ästuaren und Flüssen mit unterschiedlichen Kohlenstoffgehalten und Zusammensetzungen, wie der Tide-Ems und der Tide-Elbe. (Text gekürzt)

Software für die Zuteilungs-Beantragung für Neuanlagen im EU-Emissionshandelssystem

Oxygen consumption rate, organic carbon and grain size data for intertidal sediments and oxygen concentration of pore waters data of Spiekeroog Island North Beach, May 2022 to April 2023

The permeable sandy sediments of beach aquifers receive a high input of electron acceptors, such as oxygen (O2), as well as fresh organic matter through seawater infiltration, driving the biogeochemical turnover in the subterranean estuary. Here, we experimentally determined seasonal sedimentary O2 consumption rates of intertidal sediments along a transect in the seawater infiltration zone at Spiekeroog Island North Beach, Germany, and present the data together with measurements of organic carbon and grain sizes, oxygen concentration of pore waters and beach topography. The samples were taken down to 1 m depth during two-monthly sampling campaigns from May 2022 to April 2023. Preliminary investigations of O2 consumption rates took place in in March, June and August 2017. Sediment and porewater sampling procedures were carried out as described by Massmann et al. (2023). O2 consumption rates were determined in slurry incubations of the retrieved sediments using gas tight vials (Labco Exetainer® 12 ml) equipped with O2 sensor spots (Pyroscience, OXSP5). Incubations were carried out in the dark at in situ temperatures, and vials were mounted on a rotating wheel to mimic porewater advection. The sediment's total organic carbon content was determined in a CS analyser (Eltra CS 800). Additionally, the fine fraction of the sediment was washed out and the organic carbon content of the fine sediments was measured in a CHNSO analyser (Hekatech Euro EA). The grain size distribution of the sediments was detemined using dynamic image analysis (Sympatec QICPIC). The O2 concentration in the pore water along the transect was measured immediately after the sample was taken using a flow-through oxygen optode (Pyroscience, OXFTC). The data was collected to investigate the impact of seasonal inputs and filtration efficiency on the O2 consumption during seawater infiltration into the permeable sands of beach aquifers.

Organic parameters obtained from Metzingen core

The total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), and total sulfur (TS) were determined using a LECO CS-230 system (Laboratory Equipment Corporation). Samples were heated up to 2000 °C under an oxygen atmosphere and an infrared detector subsequently measured the amount of produced CO₂ and SO₂. TOC was measured the same way after removing inorganic carbonates using 10 % HCl solution at 80 °C. Rock-Eval Pyrolyses were performed on a Rock-Eval-6 analyser (Vinci Technologies) using up to 180 mg initial sample material and a standard program (Espitalié et al., 1977; Lafargue et al., 1998), starting isothermal with 300°C for 3 min, succeeded by a heating rate of 25°C/min up to 650°C. Standard deviations for hydrogen indices (HI) and Tmax values are ± 5 % and ± 2°C, respectively.

Whole rock mineralogy and organic parameters of Opalinus Clay: insights from sediment cores from the Swabian Alb (southern Germany)

The Middle Jurassic Opalinus Clay (OPA) in Switzerland and southern Germany is regarded as a potential host rock for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste. This study investigates sediment samples from drill cores taken from the Swabian Alb region (southern Germany) and employs a facies-based approach combined with mineralogical analyses, measurements of cation exchange capacity (CEC), LECO C/S analyses, and Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Results are based on analyses of two fully cored scientific drillings conducted by the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) in the framework of the research project "SEPIA" in the Swabian Alb in Baden-Württemberg, southern Germany. The drill sites are located in the vicinity of the villages Metzingen (48.51149° N, 9.26464° E) and Röttingen (48.89905° N, 10.29520° E). At the drilling sites, the OPA is between approx. 100 m – 150 m thick and overlain by 50 m – 70 m of overburden. In Germany, the OPA can be lithostratigraphically divided into two subunits: the Teufelsloch member and the overlying Zillhausen member. This division is based on a combined lithological and stratigraphic framework (Dietze et al., 2021). Regarding lithofacies, the OPA in Switzerland and southern Germany can be broadly divided into several distinct units ("facies associations" according to Zimmerli et al., 2024). For Germany, the following three lithological facies associations (FA) were identified based on a subfacies approach: (1) a lower part that is rich in clay (FA-1), (2) a middle part that is silty (FA-2) and (3) an upper part that is silty and interbedded with calcareous(-sandy) beds (FA-3). XRD patterns of whole rock material were recorded using a PANalytical X'Pert PRO MPD θ - θ diffractometer (Co-Kα radiation generated at 40 kV and 40 mA). The samples were investigated from 3° to 80° 2 θ with a step size of 0.03° 2 θ and a measuring time of 3 sec per step. Quantitative Rietveld refinements of the experimental XRD data were conducted using the software Profex/BGMN (Döbelin & Kleeberg, 2015; Bergmann et al., 1998). Determination of cation exchange capacity (CEC) was carried out using always two different samples masses (typically 400 and 600 mg) according to the method of Meier and Kahr (1999), based on a Cu(II)triethylentetramine complex ("Cu-trien method") and measurement using VIS spectroscopy. According to Dohrmann et al. (2012), the analytical error as determined for high-CEC bentonites is generally smaller than ±3.9 cmol(+)kg⁻¹. The total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), and total sulfur (TS) were determined using a LECO CS-230 system (Laboratory Equipment Corporation). Samples were heated up to 2000 °C under an oxygen atmosphere and an infrared detector subsequently measured the amount of produced CO₂ and SO₂. TOC was measured the same way after removing inorganic carbonates using 10 % HCl solution at 80 °C. Rock-Eval Pyrolyses were performed on a Rock-Eval-6 analyser (Vinci Technologies) using up to 180 mg initial sample material and a standard program (Espitalié et al., 1977; Lafargue et al., 1998), starting isothermal with 300°C for 3 min, succeeded by a heating rate of 25°C/min up to 650°C. Standard deviations for hydrogen indices (HI) and Tmax values are ± 5 % and ± 2°C, respectively. The findings of this study underscore the importance of integrating lithofacies studies with mineralogical investigations to effectively assess the variability and comparability of clay-rich host rocks suitable for radioactive waste disposal.

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