Etude systematique du plancton du leman realisee en un point centrale du lac. D'une part, le phytoplancton est preleve de 0 a 10 m de profondeur au moyen d'un appareil integrateur. D'autre part, le zooplancton est preleve au filet. Les rotiferes sont particulierement etudies. Outre la determination des especes, il est procede au calcule des biovolumes, ce qui permet d'obtenir une estimation quantitative de l'evolution de la biomasse planctonique. Les prelevements sont mensuels en hiver et bimensuels le reste de l'annee. (FRA)
Orientierung ueber Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Umweltanalytik, sowie Stellungnahme zu aktuellen Fragen der Umweltanalytik oder des Umweltschutzes, soweit diese analytikbezogen sind. Es werden insbesondere Symposien ueber Probleme der Erfassung von Umweltbelastungen und Entwicklungen der Methoden abwechslungsweise in Europa und Nordamerika durchgefuehrt: 14. Symposium Barcelona, Nov. 1984, 15. Symposium Jekyll, Island (Georgia) Mai 1985, 16. Symposium EPF-L Lausanne Maerz 1986. Die Association gibt Newsletters heraus und organisiert auch Workshops ueber LC/MS (Montreux Oktober 1984), ueber Ionenchromatographie (Barcelona Nov. 1984, Geneve Maerz 1986). Ueber Probenahme (Freiburg i. Br. Oktober 1985), ueber Dioxine und verwandte Verbindungen (Ottawa Oktober 1984, Bayreuth Herbst 1985), ueber Kohlenwasserstoffe (Barcelona Nov. 1984, EPF-Lausanne Maerz 1986) und ueber carcinogene Metallverbindungen (Geneve Sept. 1983, Villars, Januar 1986).
La connaissance de la distribution entre les phases solide, liquide et gazeuse d'un echantillon non perturbe de sol permet une premiere approche de son mode de fonctionnement. Cette approche est completee par des mesures dynamiques: desorption, echange d'air etc. Enfin des mesures mecaniques en laboratoire et en champ permettent de porter un jugement sur la stabilite structurale du sol. La connaissance de l'etat physique du sol est un prealable indispensable a l'interpretation de son fonctionnement en termes agronomiques: resistance a l'erosion ou au tassement, aptitude au passage de machines de travail du sol, aptitude a assurer la degradation des residus divers... (FRA)
Une lutte efficace et raisonnee ne peut etre menee que si l'on connait parfaitement la biologie du ravageur a combattre et son evolution dans la region et sur la culture concernee. Les etudes y relatives permettent d'acquerir les connaissances necessaires au developpement de methodes d'observation et d'echantillonnage pour arriver a des donnees quantitatives permettant d'apprecier le danger reel du ravageur. Ceci mene a l'elaboration du seuil l'economique de tolerance pour chaque ravageur et cha que culture. Recherche appliquee, Suisse romande et Tessin. Diminution du nombre de traitements chimiques dans une premiere phase. (FRA)
Developpement de microsenseurs pour mesurer in situ les concentrations de composes dans les sediments sans faire de prelevements afin d'eviter toute perturbation du milieu. Systeme de mesure controle depuis la surface. (FRA)
La synthese de nouvelles silices a surfaces dites metalliques doit permettre, en fonction du metal fixe, de preconcentrer et d'analyser par HPLC differentes classes de composes organiques contenant des heteroatomes se trouvant a l'etat de traces dans l'environnement et notamment dans les eaux naturelles et residuaires (insecticides, fongicides, acaricides, herbicides, etc.). (FRA)
Mit dieser Studie wurde die Schwermetallbelastungen in Komposten von allen aargauischen Kompostieranlagen ermittelt. Es handelt sich dabei primaer um kommunale und regionale Anlagen. Im speziellen wurden auch Probenahmetechniken verglichen.
The objective of this project was to investigate areal patterns of heavy metal distribution in soils, to evaluate the usefulness and applicability of geostatistical techniques for assessing such patterns and in designing appropriate sampling strategies for regional soil contamination surveys. Two test regions of comparable size (20-25 km2) were selected for the sampling of field data, one in the Swiss Jura close to the city of La Chaux-de-Fonds, the other in the flat valley of the Furtbach close to Zurich. Similar sampling strategies were used in both regions, combining a aregular grid with nested schemes at a subset of grid points. In the Furttal area, sampling was performed in two stages. The majority of grid points without nesting were sampled in a second stage and not included in the analysis performed within this project. For external reasons of time constraint, all points were sampled in one campaign in the La Chaux-de-Fonds area. Geostatistical as well as classical statistical analysis showed that the spatial distribution of heavy metals in the top soil to the two test regions were quite different. Bounded and well-structured semivariograms were obtained from the la Chaux-de-Fonds data, while the Furttal data of the first sampling campaign showed to much scatter at larger lag distances to allow a meaningful estimation of semivariograms. Geological substrate, land use and soil type explained some, but for none of the analyzed metals and none of the two regions more than one third of the total variance. Kriging was found to be applicable and useful to map the areal distribution of heavy metals in the topsoil of the La Chaux-de-Fonds area, while additional sampling was found to be required for the Furttal area nine order to adequately cover gaps of more than 250 m between support points.
According to the Swiss law on environmental protection, the cantons have to survey soil fertility in case of indication for contamination. Since soil observation is extremely costly, the efficiency of a monitoring program is of primary importance. The design of such a program refers to the spatial and temporal sampling pattern as well as to the selection of the monitoring parameters, sampling procedures, and analytical methods. In this project, we analyzed and evaluated the results of a preliminary survey in the Canton of Zurich in which a large variety of physical, chemical, and biological parameters had been determined on fifteen different sites. Recommendations were made for the planning and implementation of a network of observation sites with respect to the choice of parameters, sampling strategy and quality control. It was found that standards for the assessment of biochemical and biological parameters were insuffient and that questions related to the spatial and temporal variability of monitoring parameters were in general not adequately addressed. Also the investments in terms of time and workforce required for quality control were found to be inadequate. The main problem however was identified to be that the objectives of the monitoring programme were not stated sufficiently precise.
Assessment of the current status of soil fertility is a task which federal and cantonal government agencies have been confronted by law since 1987. After preliminary investigations have risen concern about the extent and degree of soil quality, surveys and monitoring programs are urgent in many regions of Switzerland. Due to the high variability of soil properties on small scales and to the high costs of soil sampling and analysis, optimization of sampling schemes is an important issue. The objective of this pilot study is to assess the variability of different site types and to evaluate the benefits of two-stage sampling and analysis of mixed soil samples. The study also serves to design a larger follow-up project in which geostatistical properties of heavy metal distribution in soils on a regional scale shall be investigated.
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