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Ocean Drilling Program / Deep Sea Drilling Project - Bestimmung der Transportwege von 10Be in der Wassersäule im Südpolarmeer, Sites 1089 und 1093, ODP Leg 177

Die geplanten Untersuchungen an den Sedimentkernen 1089 und 1093 des ODP Leg 177 aus dem Südpolarmeer sollen Aufschluss über Änderungen der Paläoproduktivität, des Sauerstoffgehalts des Bodenwassers, der 10Be Transport- und Sedimentationsprozesse geben, sowie eine 10Be-Stratigraphie liefern. Die vorgenommenen Arbeiten beinhalten: a) die Bestimmung der 231Paex/230Thex Verhältnisse für die letzten 150 ka; b) die Modellierung des diagenetischen Verhaltens von Mangan, Eisen und Uran im Sediment und c) die Erstellung von 10Be Tiefenprofilen. Mittels der 231Paex/230Thaex Verhältnisse soll die Paläoproduktivität im Südpolarmeer und die damit in Verbindung stehende Veränderung der geographischen Lage der Antarktischen Polarfrontzone untersucht werden. Die Lokationen der zu untersuchenden Sedimentkerne wurden so gewählt, dass sie sich nördlich und südlich der heutigen Polarfrontzone befinden. Die Modellierung des diagenetischen Verhaltens von Mangan, Eisen und Uran (234U, 238U) in der Sedimentsäule liefert Rückschlüsse auf Diagenese, den Sauerstoffgehalt des Bodenwassers und den Fluss von organischem Material ins Sediment. Die 10Be Stratigraphie dient der Überprüfung der Magnetostratigraphie, wobei sie eine höhere zeitliche Auflösung für die letzten 800 ka liefert. Der Vergleich der 10Be Depositionsflußdichte mit dem atmosphärischen Eintrag lässt Rückschlüsse auf Zeiten von erhöhtem oder erniedrigtem Eintrag von Trägermaterial (terrigen/biogen) zu. Der terrigene Anteil kann durch die Bestimmung der 9Be Konzentrationen ermittelt werden.

Dynamic (redox) interfaces in soil - Carbon turnover in microbial biomass and flux into soil organic matter

Existing models of soil organic matter (SOM) formation consider plant material as the main source of SOM. Recent results from nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of SOM and from own incubation studies, however, show that microbial residues also contribute to a large extent to SOM formation. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the soil mineral sur-faces are covered by numerous small patchy fragments (100 - 500 nm) deriving from microbial cell wall residues. We will study the formation and fate of these patchy fragments as continuously produced interfaces in artificial soil systems (quartz, montmorillonite, iron oxides, bacteria and carbon sources). We will quantify the relative contributions of different types of soil organisms to patchy fragment formation and elucidate the effect of redox con-ditions and iron mineralogy on the formation and turnover of patchy fragments. The develop-ment of patchy fragments during pedogenesis will be followed by studying soil samples from a chronosequence in the forefield of the retreating Damma glacier. We will characterize chemical and physical properties of the patchy fragments by nanothermal analysis and microscale condensation experiments in an environmental scanning electron microscope. The results will help understanding the processes at and characteristics of biogeochemical interfaces.

Immobilisation of arsenic in paddy soil by iron(II)-oxidizing bacteria

Arsenic-contaminated ground- and drinking water is a global environmental problem with about 1-2Prozent of the world's population being affected. The upper drinking water limit for arsenic (10 Micro g/l) recommended by the WHO is often exceeded, even in industrial nations in Europe and the USA. Chronic intake of arsenic causes severe health problems like skin diseases (e.g. blackfoot disease) and cancer. In addition to drinking water, seafood and rice are the main reservoirs for arsenic uptake. Arsenic is oftentimes of geogenic origin and in the environment it is mainly bound to iron(III) minerals. Iron(III)-reducing bacteria are able to dissolve these iron minerals and therefore release the arsenic to the environment. In turn, iron(II)-oxidizing bacteria have the potential to co-precipitate or sorb arsenic during iron(II)- oxidation at neutral pH followed by iron(III) mineral precipitation. This process may reduce arsenic concentrations in the environment drastically, lowering the potential risk for humans dramatically.The main goal of this study therefore is to quantify, identify and isolate anaerobic and aerobic Fe(II)-oxidizing microorganisms in arsenic-containing paddy soil. The co-precipitation and thus removal of arsenic by iron mineral producing bacteria will be determined in batch and microcosm experiments. Finally the influence of rhizosphere redox status on microbial Fe oxidation and arsenic uptake into rice plants will be evaluated in microcosm experiments. The long-term goal of this research is to better understand arsenic-co-precipitation and thus arsenic-immobilization by iron(II)-oxidizing bacteria in rice paddy soil. Potentially these results can lead to an improvement of living conditions in affected countries, e.g. in China or Bangladesh.

Redox processes along gradients

The relevance of biogeochemical gradients for turnover of organic matter and contaminants is yet poorly understood. This study aims at the identification and quantification of the interaction of different redox processes along gradients. The interaction of iron-, and sulfate reduction and methanogenesis will be studied in controlled batch and column experiments. Factors constraining the accessibility and the energy yield from the use of these electron acceptors will be evaluated, such as passivation of iron oxides, re-oxidation of hydrogen sulfide on iron oxides. The impact of these constraints on the competitiveness of the particular process will then be described. Special focus will be put on the evolution of methanogenic conditions in systems formerly characterized by iron and sulfate reducing condition. As methanogenic conditions mostly evolve from micro-niches, methods to study the existence, evolution and stability of such micro-niches will be established. To this end, a combination of Gibbs free energy calculations, isotope fractionation and tracer measurements, and mass balances of metabolic intermediates (small pool sizes) and end products (large pool sizes) will be used. Measurements of these parameters on different scales using microelectrodes (mm scale), micro sampling devices for solutes and gases (cm scale) and mass flow balancing (column/reactor scale) will be compared to characterize unit volumes for organic matter degradation pathways and electron flow. Of particular interest will be the impact of redox active humic substances on the competitiveness of involved terminal electron accepting processes, either acting as electron shuttles or directly providing electron accepting capacity. This will be studied using fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of the gained spectra. We expect that the results will provide a basis for improving reactive transport models of anaerobic processes in aquifers and sediments.

Klonierung und Charakterisierung eines an der Phytosiderophorsekretion in Mais beteiligten Gens

Das Spurenelement Eisen (Fe) ist an vielen essentiellen Stoffwechselvorgängen in Pflanzen beteiligt. Daher ist eine ausreichende Fe-Konzentration in pflanzlichen Geweben von außerordentlicher Bedeutung. Gramineen, die im Hinblick auf die Sicherung der Welternährung zu den wichtigsten Kulturpflanzen gehören, geben zur Aneignung von Fe Schwermetallchelatoren, sogenannte Phytosiderophore (PS), ab und nehmen Fe(III)-PS-Komplexe auf. Während das Transportprotein des Fe(III)-PS-Komplexes in Mais, eine der Modellpflanze der Gramineen, bereits molekular charakterisiert wurde, sind die Komponenten, die an der Abgabe der PS beteiligt sind, noch nicht isoliert worden. Ziel dieses Projektes ist es daher, das YS3-Gen, welches direkt oder indirekt an der Abgabe von PS in Mais beteiligt ist, zu klonieren und charakterisieren. Hierzu soll ein kartengestützter Klonierungsansatz verwendet werden. Parallel dazu soll ein direktes Transposon-tagging mit Mutator- (Mu) und Activator/Dissociator- (Ac/Ds) Transposons durchgeführt werden. Mit den in diesen Experimenten unabhängig generierten ys3-Allelen, soll schließlich der Nachweis geführt werden, dass das richtige Gen kloniert wurde. Zum Abschluss der ersten Förderperiode soll eine erste funktionelle Charakterisierung des YS3 Gens durchgeführt werden.

Energierahmenprogramm-Verbundvorhaben - DRI-EOS: Nutzung von auf DRI-Basis erzeugter EAF-Schlacke in der Zementindustrie, Teilprojekt 4 - Zement- und Betontechnik

Ressourcenoptimierung durch Systemintegration von Pumpe, Antrieb und Regelsystem für Abwasserpumpen

Korrosionsschaeden an Metallskulpturen

Die Korrosionsschaeden an Denkmaelern aus Kupfer und Kupferlegierungen, Eisen (Gusseisen, Schmiedeeisen, Corten-Stahl, Edelstahl, Baustahl), Blei, Zink und Aluminium werden untersucht. Aus den gefundenen Schaeden lassen sich geeignete Restaurierungsmassnahmen ableiten. Die verfuegbaren Konservierungsprodukte, z.B. Lacke zum Schutz der Oberflaeche, Korrosionsinhibitoren werden durch Bewitterungsversuche ueberprueft.

AsFeP0 - A model concept for in situ investigation or arsenic and phosphate adsorption to predefined iron minerals and to characterize transformation processes of iron minerals

Shallow groundwater of the huge deltaic systems of Asia like the Red River Delta in Vietnam is often enriched in inorganic arsenic (As), threatening the health of millions of residents. The massive abstraction of groundwater in these areas locally causes an irreversible mixing of arsenic-free groundwater resources with arsenic-rich groundwater. Increased concentrations of competitive anions, especially phosphate (PO43-), decrease the immobilization capacity of the sediments. During transport, the mobility of dissolved As in local aquifers is strongly influenced by adsorption to sedimentary and ubiquitously occurring iron(oxyhydr)oxides. Additionally, arsenic-rich groundwater is often enriched in reduced iron (Fe2+) as well, which is capable to react with iron(oxyhydr)oxides, thereby inducing mineral transformations. Such transformations permanently affect the arsenic adsorption and immobilization capacity of the sediments.Within the scope of this research project, the underlying mechanisms related to As transport and the resulting threat to arsenic-free groundwater resources will be characterized in cooperation with the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). The research concept aims at assessing the complex interactions within the arsenic-iron-phosphate-system under field conditions at a study site next to the Red River. First, filtration experiments using local groundwater enriched in As and PO43- will be used to determine the As adsorption capacity of different and previously geochemically characterized iron(oxyhydr)oxides. In a second step, sample carrier containing As loaded iron(oxyhydr)oxides will be introduced into surface near aquifer parts of the study site (via existing groundwater monitoring wells). These samples will be exposed to local groundwater characterized by increased As, Fe2+ and PO43- concentrations for the following nine months. Using the in situ exposition of predefined iron(oxyhydr)oxides, it will be possible to distinguish potential mineral transformations and their influences on the As immobilization capacity of the respective iron(oxyhydr)oxides. By combining the results and outcomes of the field experiments, new and important conclusions regarding the mobility of As can be drawn. The data can be used to create a hydrochemical transport model describing reactive As transport within the investigation area. In addition, the results of the in situ exposition experiments will allow to draw conclusions in respective to the long term As immobilization capacity of different iron(oxyhydr)oxides, which is an essential information regarding in situ decontamination techniques.

Untersuchung von Quellen umweltschaedigender Emissionen mit kernphysikalischen Methoden (z.B. Moessbauereffekt)

Problemstellung: Luftverschmutzung durch ultrafeine (Staub)Teilchen verschiedenster Herkunft (Strassenverkehr, Hausbrand, Industrie). Zielsetzung: Identifikation dieser verschiedenen umweltbelastenden Quellen. Methoden: 57Fe Moessbauereffekt, eventuell Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse (Atominstitut der oesterreichischen Universitaeten). Ergebnisse: Studien an folgenden Proben: Strassenstaub variabler Teilchengroesse, Flugaschen verschiedenster Herkunft, Autoauspuffsystemen; Vergleiche mit NBS Standardproben; Identifikation charakteristischer Eisenverbindungen (Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Fe(OH)x) in den Proben sowie ultrafeiner (1O nm) Fe2O3 - Teilchen.

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