We will compare the role of an RNA-binding protein in floral transition in Arabidopsis thaliana and Hordeum vulgare. The RNA-binding protein AtGRP7 promotes floral transition mainly by downregulating the floral repressor FLC via the autonomous pathway. Based on our observation that AtGRP7 affects the steady-state abundance of a suite of microRNA precursors, we will globally compare the small RNA component of the transcriptome during FTi regulation in wild type plants and AtGRP7 overexpressors by deep sequencing. This will extend the knowledge on small RNAs associated with floral transition and provide insights into the regulatory network downstream of this RNA-binding protein. Further, we will address the question how AtGRP7 orthologues function in crop species lacking FLC homologues. A barley line with highly elevated levels of the AtGRP7 orthologue HvGR-RBP1 shows accelerated FTi and preanthesis development when compared to a near-isogenic parent with very low expression of this gene. We will characterize in detail flowering of this line with respect to different photoperiods and its vernalization requirement. We will employ a TILLING approach to further delineate the function of HvGR-RBP1 in flowering. A candidate gene approach to identify downstream targets will provide insights into the signaling pathways through which HvGR-RBP1 influences FTi. This project contributes to the development of a functional cross-species network of FTi regulators, the major strategic aim of the SPP.
Previous studies indicated that the development and biogeochemistry of paddy soils relates to the parent material, thus the original soil paddies derive from. The proposed research focuses on redox-mediated changes in mineral composition and mineral-associated organic matter (OM) during paddy transformation of different soils. We plan to subject soil samples to a series of redox cycles, in order to mimic paddy soil formation and development. Soils with strongly different properties and mineral composition as well as at different states of paddy transformation; ranging from unchanged soils to fully developed paddy soils, are to be included. We hypothesize that dissolved organic matter is one key driver in redox-mediated transformations, serving as an electron donator as well as interacting with dissolved metals and minerals. The extent of effects shall depend on the parent soil's original mineral assemblage and organic matter and their mutual interactions. The experimental paddy soil transformation will tracked by analyses of soil solutions, of the (re-)distribution of carbon (by addition of 13C-labelled rice straw), of indicative biomolecules (sugars, amino sugars, fatty acids, lignin) and of minerals (including the redox state of Fe). For analyses of organic matter as well as of mineral characteristics we plan to utilize EXAFS and XPS, for Fe-bearing minerals also Mößbauer spectroscopy. This approach of experimental pedology seems appropriate to give insight into the major factors during paddy soil formation and development.
Emissionswerte PM10 und PM2,5
Existing models of soil organic matter (SOM) formation consider plant material as the main source of SOM. Recent results from nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of SOM and from own incubation studies, however, show that microbial residues also contribute to a large extent to SOM formation. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the soil mineral sur-faces are covered by numerous small patchy fragments (100 - 500 nm) deriving from microbial cell wall residues. We will study the formation and fate of these patchy fragments as continuously produced interfaces in artificial soil systems (quartz, montmorillonite, iron oxides, bacteria and carbon sources). We will quantify the relative contributions of different types of soil organisms to patchy fragment formation and elucidate the effect of redox con-ditions and iron mineralogy on the formation and turnover of patchy fragments. The develop-ment of patchy fragments during pedogenesis will be followed by studying soil samples from a chronosequence in the forefield of the retreating Damma glacier. We will characterize chemical and physical properties of the patchy fragments by nanothermal analysis and microscale condensation experiments in an environmental scanning electron microscope. The results will help understanding the processes at and characteristics of biogeochemical interfaces.
The majority of the worlds forests has undergone some form of management, such as clear-cut or thinning. This management has direct relevance for global climate: Studies estimate that forest management emissions add a third to those from deforestation, while enhanced productivity in managed forests increases the capacity of the terrestrial biosphere to act as a sink for carbon dioxide emissions. However, uncertainties in the assessment of these fluxes are large. Moreover, forests influence climate also by altering the energy and water balance of the land surface. In many regions of historical deforestation, such biogeophysical effects have substantially counteracted warming due to carbon dioxide emissions. However, the effect of management on biogeophysical effects is largely unknown beyond local case studies. While the effects of climate on forest productivity is well established in forestry models, the effects of forest management on climate is less understood. Closing this feedback cycle is crucial to understand the driving forces behind past climate changes to be able to predict future climate responses and thus the required effort to adapt to it or avert it. To investigate the role of forest management in the climate system I propose to integrate a forest management module into a comprehensive Earth system model. The resulting model will be able to simultaneously address both directions of the interactions between climate and the managed land surface. My proposed work includes model development and implementation for key forest management processes, determining the growth and stock of living biomass, soil carbon cycle, and biophysical land surface properties. With this unique tool I will be able to improve estimates of terrestrial carbon source and sink terms and to assess the susceptibility of past and future climate to combined carbon cycle and biophysical effects of forest management. Furthermore, representing feedbacks between forest management and climate in a global climate model could advance efforts to combat climate change. Changes in forest management are inevitable to adapt to future climate change. In this process, is it possible to identify win-win strategies for which local management changes do not only help adaptation, but at the same time mitigate global warming by presenting favorable effects on climate? The proposed work opens a range of long-term research paths, with the aim of strengthening the climate perspective in the economic considerations of forest management and helping to improve local decisionmaking with respect to adaptation and mitigation.
Biogeochemical interfaces shape microbial community function in soil. On the other hand microbial communities influence the properties of biogeochemical interfaces. Despite the importance of this interplay, basic understanding of the role of biogeochemical interfaces for microbial performance is still missing. We postulate that biogeochemical interfaces in soil are important for the formation of functional consortia of microorganisms, which are able to shape their own microenvironment and therefore influence the properties of interfaces in soil. Furthermore biogeochemical interfaces act as genetic memory of soils, as they can store DNA from dead microbes and protect it from degradation. We propose that for the formation of functional biogeochemical interfaces microbial dispersal (e.g. along fungal networks) in response to quality and quantity of bioavailable carbon and/or water availability plays a major role, as the development of functional guilds of microbes requires energy and depends on the redox state of the habitat.To address these questions, hexadecane degradation will be studied in differently developed artificial and natural soils. To answer the question on the role of carbon quantity and quality, experiments will be performed with and without litter material at different water contents of the soil. Experiments will be performed with intact soil columns as well as soil samples where the developed interface structure has been artificially destroyed. Molecular analysis of hexadecane degrading microbial communties will be done in vitro as well as in situ. The corresponding toolbox has been successfully developed in the first phase of the priority program including methods for genome, transcriptome and proteome analysis.
In the last decades agricultural policy has gained increasingly in complexity. Nowadays it influences the food and agricultural sector from the global market down to the farm level. Widespread research questions, like the impact of the WTO negotiations on the farm structure, most often require comprehensive modeling frameworks. Thus, different types of models are utilized according to their comparative advantages and combined in a strategically useful way to more accurately represent micro and macro aspects of the food and agricultural sector. Consequently, in recent years we have seen an increase in the development and application of model linkages. Given this background, the overall objective of this subproject is a systematic sensitivity analysis of model linkages that gradually involves more and more characteristics of the linkage and the corresponding transfer of results between models. In addition, the project aims to answer the following specific question: How does structural change at the farm level influence aggregate supply and technical progress? Under which conditions is it possible to derive macro-relationships from micro-relationships? How does the aggregation level influence the model results and how can possible problems be overcome? This procedure is used to quantify the effects and to derive conditions for optimal interaction of the connected models. The analysis is based on the general equilibrium model GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) and the farm group model FARMIS (Farm Modelling Information System) which are employed in conjunction to analyze the effects of WTO negotiations on the farm level.
During the first project period we developed a general approach to quantify soil pore structure based on X-ray micro-tomography Vogel et al. (2010) which is applicable at various scales to cover soil pores larger that 0.05 mm in a representative way. Based on this method we generated equivalent network models to numerically simulate flow and transport of dissolved chemicals. The existing network model was extended to handle reactive transport and infiltration processes which are especially critical for matter flux in soil. The results were compared to experimental findings. The original research question 'what does a particle see on its way through soil' could be answered quantitatively for various boundary conditions including steady state flux and infiltration. However, we identified various critical aspects of the proposed modeling concept which will be in the focus of the second period. This includes 1) the spatial arrangement of interfaces having different quality which is crucial for chemical interactions and pore scale water dynamics, 2) the realistic multiphase dynamics at the pore scale which need to reflect the dynamic pressure and movement of trapped non-wetting phase and 3) the parametrization of structural complexity which need to be developed beyond the measurement of continuous Minkowski functions to allow the development of quantitative relations between structure and function. These aspects will be explored in a joint experiments in cooperation with partners within the SPP.
Aim of the assignment was to undertake a feasibility study within the Kirehe 'Community Based Watershed Management Project' (KWAMP) and the 'Project for the Strategic Plan for the Transformation of Agriculture' (PAPSTA) do qualify as CDM projects according to the regulations of the Kyoto protocol. Services provided: Clarification of the additionality for both projects; Determination whether the projects can be implemented as Programme of Activities (PoA); Revision and improvement of technical mechanisms for monitoring, for continued support to the establishment of agroforestry systems, and for sharing monetary incentives with participating farmers; Assessment of the carbon finance opportunities for the planned small-scale biogas fermenters; Development of the Carbon Finance Documents for both projects based on the standard of the BioCarbon Fund of the World Bank.
Das Leitprojekt „Ausbau der Zusammenarbeit der Gewerbeflächenentwicklung in der Metropolregion Hamburg“ stellt eine Kooperation aller (Land-) Kreise und kreisfreien Städte der Metropolregion Hamburg dar. Ziel ist es • die digitale Verfügbarkeit von gebündelten Informationen über Gewerbeflächen in der Region, • die Vermarktungsmöglichkeiten von Gewerbeflächen in der Region, • die Wahrnehmung der MRH als starken Wirtschaftsstandort im nationalen und internationalen Kontext, • die Zusammenarbeit und Kommunikation in der Region zu verbessern. Im Rahmen des Projektes wurde das bestehende Gewerbeflächeninformationssystem GEFIS in 2019 relauncht und um viele neue Funktionen erweitert. Das Informationssystem dient über die Online-Plattform GEFIS der Unterstützung der Vermarktung von Gewerbeflächen in der Region. Unternehmen können hier gezielt nach Gewerbeflächen in der Region suchen und werden zu den betreffenden Ansprechpartnern geführt. Darüber hinaus dient es den Wirtschaftsförderern und Planern als zentrale, digitale Informationsplattform und als Grundlage für die Präsentation von Informationen zum Gewerbeflächenmarkt auf eigenen Websites. Neben einer Sachdatensuche verfügt das neue GEFIS über eine kartenbasierte Suche der im System flurstückscharf auf Basis der ALKIS-Daten erfassten verfügbaren Gewerbeflächen in der Metropolregion Hamburg. Ferner verfügt das System über einen internen Bereich für die User zur Dateneingabe und Nutzung der Inhalte und Auswertungen. Die Karte im öffentlichen Bereich von GEFIS gibt eine Übersicht über die aktuell verfügbaren Gewerbeflächen in den erfassten Gewerbegebieten. Die Suche von verfügbaren Gewerbeflächen kann für verschiedene Teilräume sowohl über die Karte als auch über die Suchmaske erfolgen. Es ist möglich, die Suche nach folgenden Suchkriterien zu konkretisieren: Gebietskörperschaft (Land-Kreise, Gemeinden), Flächengröße, Preis, Verkehrsanbindung, Gebietsausweisung und Verfügbarkeit. Entsprechend den Suchkriterien werden die Flächen sowohl in einer Listenansicht als auch in der Karte angezeigt. Beim Anklicken einer als verfügbar dargestellten Fläche in der Karte erscheint eine Infobox mit den wichtigsten Informationen zur Fläche. Weitere, ausführliche Informationen werden in einem Exposé zur jeweiligen Fläche, welches aus Infobox heraus aufgerufen werden kann, angezeigt. Das Exposé kann als PDF-Dokument gespeichert oder gedruckt werden. Eine detailiertere Beschreibung zu dem Leitprojekt „Ausbau der Zusammenarbeit der Gewerbeflächenentwicklung in der Metropolregion Hamburg“ finden Sie auf den Internetseiter der Metropolregion Hamburg: https://metropolregion.hamburg.de/leitprojekte/981844/gewerbeflaechenentwicklung/ Die Daten in GEFIS basieren im Wesentlichen auf den Eingaben der Planungs- (u.a. Bauämter, Planungsämter, GIS-Abteilungen) und Wirschaftsförderungseinrichtungen der Gemeinden und Kreise in der Metropolregion Hamburg. Folgende weitere Datenquellen wurden vom technischen Dienstleister GeoDok GmbH, Bielefeld, als Grundlagen für die Kartenerstellung herangezogen: * ALKIS Daten der Länder Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen und Schleswig-Holstein * Topografische Karte vom Bundesamt für Kartografie und Geodäsie * Luftbilder vom Landesbetrieb Geoinformation und Vermessung Hamburg Technischer Dienstleister ist die Firma GeoDok GmbH in Bielefeld. Die in GEFIS angegebenen Verkehrsverbindungen basieren auf den Berechnungen des Leitprojektes Erreichbarkeistanalysen der TU Hamburg-Harburg. Die Daten werden zur automatisierten Berechnung der Distanzen der jeweiligen Gewerbefläche zu ausgewählten Verkehrsträgern in GEFIS integriert.
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