Increasing population pressure is leading to unsustainable land use in North Vietnamese highlands and destruction of natural habitats. The resulting loss of biodiversity includes plant genetic resources - both wild (= non-cultivated) species and cultivated landraces - adapted to local conditions, and local knowledge concerning the plants. A particularly important group among endangered plants are the legumes (1) because Southeast Asia is a major centre of genetic diversity for this family, and (2) because the potential contribution of legumes to sustainable land use is, due to their multifunctionality (e.g., soil improvement, human and livestock nutrition), especially high. The project aims to contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources of legumes with an integrated approach wherein a series of components are combined: (1) A participatory, indigenous knowledge survey complemented by information from the literature; (2) germplasm collection missions (for ex situ conservation) complemented by field evaluation and seed increase; (3) genetic diversity analysis of selected material by molecular markers; and (4) GIS based analysis of generated data to identify areas of particular genetic diversity as a basis for land area planning and in situ preservation recommendations. Project results are expected to be also applicable to similar highlands in Southeast Asia.
Existing models of soil organic matter (SOM) formation consider plant material as the main source of SOM. Recent results from nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of SOM and from own incubation studies, however, show that microbial residues also contribute to a large extent to SOM formation. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the soil mineral sur-faces are covered by numerous small patchy fragments (100 - 500 nm) deriving from microbial cell wall residues. We will study the formation and fate of these patchy fragments as continuously produced interfaces in artificial soil systems (quartz, montmorillonite, iron oxides, bacteria and carbon sources). We will quantify the relative contributions of different types of soil organisms to patchy fragment formation and elucidate the effect of redox con-ditions and iron mineralogy on the formation and turnover of patchy fragments. The develop-ment of patchy fragments during pedogenesis will be followed by studying soil samples from a chronosequence in the forefield of the retreating Damma glacier. We will characterize chemical and physical properties of the patchy fragments by nanothermal analysis and microscale condensation experiments in an environmental scanning electron microscope. The results will help understanding the processes at and characteristics of biogeochemical interfaces.
Methane (CH4) is a major greenhouse gas of which the atmospheric concentration has more than doubled since pre-industrial times. Soils can act as both, source and sink for atmospheric CH4, while upland forest soils generally act as CH4 consumers. Oxidation rates depend on factors influenced by the climate like soil temperature and soil moisture but also on soil properties like soil structure, texture and chemical properties. Many of these parameters directly influence soil aeration. CH4 oxidation in soils seems to be controlled by the supply with atmospheric CH4, and thus soil aeration is a key factor. We aim to investigate the importance of soil-gas transport-processes for CH4 oxidation in forest soils from the variability the intra-site level, down to small-scale (0.1 m), using new approaches of field measurements. Further we will investigate the temporal evolution of soil CH4 consumption and the influence of environmental factors during the season. Based on previous results, we hypothesize that turbulence-driven pressure-pumping modifies the transport of CH4 into the soil, and thus, also CH4 consumption. To improve the understanding of horizontal patterns of CH4 oxidation we want to integrate the vertical dimension on the different scales using an enhanced gradient flux method. To overcome the constraints of the classical gradient method we will apply gas-diffusivity measurements in-situ using tracer gases and Finite-Element-Modeling. Similar to the geophysical technique of Electrical Resistivity Tomography we want to develop a Gas Diffusivity Tomography. This will allow to derive the three-dimensional distribution of soil gas diffusivity and methane oxidation.
In dem Vorhaben wird untersucht, wie wirksam die absorbierte Lichtenergie in Biomasse konvertiert wird. Vergleichend werden Grünalgen und Diatomeen unter verschiedenen Licht- und Nährstoffbedingungen studiert. Auf diese Weise können die metabolischen Kosten unter Nährstoffmangel oder anderen produktivitätsbegrenzenden Bedingungen studiert werden. So wird auch die Säureanpassung ausgewählter Phytoplankter untersucht, um die Biomassebildung in extrem sauren Tagebaurestseen auf physiologischer Ebene zu verstehen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass unter Stickstoffmangel die Überführung anorganischen Kohlenstoffs in Biomassebildung durch eine Veränderung der makromolekularen Zusammensetzung der Zellen ähnlicher Effizienz stattfindet, wie unter optimaler Stickstoffversorgung. Dies führt zu einer ökologisch bedeutsamen Teilentkopplung des C und N Kreislaufs im Ökosystem. Ähnliches beobachtet man auch bei der Anpassung von Phytoplanktonalgen an extrem saure Bedingungen wie man sie in sauren Tagebaurestseen vorfindet.
Salinity reduces the productivity of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) through osmotic and ionic effects. For given atmospheric conditions we hypothesize the existence of an optimal canopy structure at which water use efficiency is maximal and salt accumulation per unit of dry matter production is minimal. This canopy structure optimum can be predicted by integrating physiological processes over the canopy using a functional-structural plant model (FSPM). This model needs to represent the influence of osmotic stress on plant morphology and stomatal conductance, the accumulation of toxic ions and their dynamics in the different compartments of the system, and their toxic effects in the leaf. Experiments will be conducted to parameterize an extended cucumber FSPM. In in-silico experiments with the FSPM we attempt to identify which canopy structure could lead to maximum long-term water use efficiency with minimum ionic stress. The results from in-silico experiments will be evaluated by comparing different canopy structures in greenhouses. Finally, the FSPM will be used to investigate to which extent the improvement of individual mechanisms of salt tolerance like reduced sensitivity of stomatal conductance or leaf expansion can contribute to whole-plant salt tolerance.
Eine Brennstoffzelle als Primärenergiequelle mit einem Doppelschichtkondensator (Supercap) als Zwischenspeicher zu kombinieren ist ein vielversprechender Ansatz für zukünftige Elektrofahrzeuge. In Kooperation mit einem Fahrzeughersteller wurden verschiedene Strategien für ein Energiemanagement für die Kombination einer Brennstoffzelle mit einem Doppelschichtkondensatormodul entworfen und verglichen. Basierend auf der aktuellen Geschwindigkeit und Beschleunigung werden verschiedene Fahrzeugzustände bezüglich kinetischer Energie und Leistungsbedarf unterschieden. In Abhängigkeit von der verfügbaren Leistung von Supercaps und Brennstoffzelle wird eine optimale Leistungsaufteilung zwischen den beiden Energiequellen ermittelt. In Bremsphasen wird durch Rekuperation Energie zurückgewonnen und in den Supercaps gespeichert. Wenn die Supercaps vollgeladen sind oder ihre maximale Ladeleistung erreicht haben, übernehmen mechanische Bremsen die übrige Ladeleistung. Da diese Situation zu einem Energieverlust führt, sollte sie möglichst vermieden werden. Um immer die notwendige Beschleunigungsleistung und gleichzeitig auch ein Maximum an Rekuperation zu garantieren, wird der Ladezustand der Supercaps kontinuierlich und dynamisch an die kinetische Energie des Fahrzeugs angepasst. Verschiedene Strategien wurden in Matlab/Simulink mit einem Stateflow-Chart zur Abbildung der Zustände implementiert. Die verfügbare Supercapleistung wird mit Hilfe eines impedanzbasierten Modells für Supercaps berechnet. Mit diesen Strategiemodellen können die Leistungsfähigkeit der verschiedenen Strategien verglichen und die Einflüsse von Parametern untersucht werden. Ziel eines Energiemanagements ist es, den Wasserstoffverbrauch zu minimieren und die notwendige Leistung zu jeder Zeit sicherzustellen. Bei der Bewertung der Strategien wird der Wasserstoffverbrauch, die verlorene Bremsenergie und eine mögliche Geschwindigkeitsreduzierung verglichen. Mit einer optimalen Strategie können bis zu 23 Prozent Wasserstoff während eines definierten Fahrprofils gespart werden.
Prehistoric pits are filled with ancient topsoil material, which has been preserved there over millennia. A characteristic of these pit fillings is that their colour is different depending on the time the soil material was relocated. Soil colour is the result of soil forming processes and soil properties, and it could therefore indicate the soil characteristics present during that specific period. To the best of our knowledge, no investigation analysed and explained the reasons for these soil colour changes over time. The proposed project will investigate soil parameters from pit fillings of different archaeological periods in the loess area of the Lower Rhine Basin (NW-Germany). It aims to implement the measurement of colour spectra as a novel analytical tool for the rapid analyses of a high number of soil samples: the main goal is to relate highresolution colour data measured by a spectrophotometer to soil parameters that were analysed by conventional pedogenic methods and by mid infrared spectroscopy (MIRS), with a main focus on charred organic matter (BPCAs). This tool would enable us to quantify the variation of soil properties over a timescale of several millennia, during different prehistoric periods at regional scale and for loess soils in general. Detailed information concerning changing soil properties on a regional scale is necessary to determine past soil quality and it helps to increase our understanding of prehistoric soil cultivation practices. Furthermore, these information could also help to increase our understanding about agricultural systems in different archaeological periods.
The biogeochemical interface (BGI) in this project is defined as the organo-mineral surface of soil particles colonized by microorganisms. In the preceding project it was demonstrated that the different soil particle size fractions were associated with specifically structured microbial communities, a characteristic amount of soil organic carbon, and a specific capacity for adsorption of the organic chemicals phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, respectively. While the diversity of the microbial community was responsive to fertilization-determined additional organic soil carbon in the larger particle size fractions, it was unaffected in clay. Stable isotope probing with 13C-labelled phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol revealed that the soil organic carbon in the BGIs also affected the diversity of microorganisms involved in the degradation of these chemicals. All these results are yet only based on studying one soil with three organic carbon variants (Bad Lauchstädt) and only two organic compounds. The objective of this 2nd phase project is to apply the innovative technology developed in the 1st phase for studying the BGI processes with soil organic carbon variants from another soil (Ultuna, SPP 1315 site) and with the chiralic anilide Fungicide metalaxyl as an additional compound. This 2nd phase SPP 1315 project will also, in a collaborative effort with two other SPP 1315 partners, investigate (1) the importance of BGIs for the entantio-selective degradation of metalaxyl and (2) the role of soil microorganisms in the formation of bound residues, respectively. Furthermore, the project will utilize stable isotope probing and next-generation DNA sequencing to link the structural and functional diversity of the microbial communities responsible for metabolism of organic chemicals in the different BGIs determined by particle size fractions and soil organic carbon variants.
Der Oberflächenfilm (SML) ist die oberste dünne Schicht des Ozeans und Teil jeglicher Wechselwirkung zwischen Luft und Meer, wie Gasaustausch, atmosphärische Deposition und Aerosolemission. Die Anreicherung von organischer Materie (OM) in der SML modifiziert die Luft-Meer-Austauschprozesse, aber welche OM-Komponenten selektiv angereichert werden, sowie warum und wann sie dies tun, ist weitgehend unbekannt (Engel et al., 2017). Unsere bisherige Forschung hat gezeigt, dass Biopolymere aus photoautotropher Produktion wichtige Komponenten der SML sind und den Luft-Meer-Austausch beeinflussen, indem sie als Biotenside (Galgani et al., 2016; Engel et al., 2018) und als Quelle primärer organischer Aerosole (Trueblood et al., 2021) wirken. Die Motivation unseres Projektes ist es daher, die dynamischen Anreicherungsprozesse von OM in der SML aufzuklären und zu beschreiben, wobei ein besonderer Schwerpunkt auf der Auflösung der OM-Quellen liegt. Mit unserem Modellierungsansatz ist es das Ziel, unser mechanistisches Verständnis der Zusammenhänge zwischen den Wachstumsbedingungen des Planktons, der Produktion und der Freisetzung von Biomolekülen, einschließlich potentieller Tenside, und der Akkumulation von OM in der SML zu konsolidieren. Eine solche Modellentwicklung wird in hohem Maße von den Ergebnissen und Erkenntnissen der verschiedenen Teilprojekte des BASS-Konsortiums profitieren. Umgekehrt ist es unsere Motivation, ein Modell zu etablieren, das als Synthesewerkzeug für die Interpretation und Integration von Feld-, Mesokosmen- und Labormessungen der OM-Anreicherung in der SML anwendbar wird.Relevanz für die Forschungsgruppe BASS - SP1.1 wird die Quellen, die Menge und die biochemische Zusammensetzung von OM in der SML entschlüsseln und damit wichtige Informationen für alle BASS-Teilprojekte liefern. Der primäre Ursprung von OM im Oberflächenozean ist die photosynthetische Produktion und die wichtigsten biochemischen Komponenten von frisch produzierter OM, d.h. Kohlenhydrate, Aminosäuren und Lipide, unterliegen der mikrobiellen Verarbeitung (SP1.2) und Photoreaktionen innerhalb der SML (SP1.3, SP1.4) und füllen auch den Pool der gelösten organischen Substanz (DOM) auf (SP1.5). Die Modellentwicklung in SP1.1 stellt eine Verbindung zwischen der Produktion von OM und ihrer Anreicherung innerhalb der SML her und zielt darauf ab, die entsprechenden Auswirkungen auf den Luft-Meer-Gasaustausch (SP2.1) zu bestimmen, indem Änderungen des Impulsflusses auf den Ozeanoberflächenschichten (SP2.2) sowie des Auftriebs (SP2.3) berücksichtigt werden. Das vorgeschlagene SML-Submodell wird auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse aus SP1.4 und SP2.3 verfeinert. Ergebnisse aus den Modellsensitivitätsanalysen werden ergänzende Informationen über oberflächenaktive Eigenschaften verschiedener OM Komponenten und deren Auswirkungen auf Luft-Meer-Austauschprozesse liefern, die innerhalb von BASS ausgewertet werden.
The majority of the worlds forests has undergone some form of management, such as clear-cut or thinning. This management has direct relevance for global climate: Studies estimate that forest management emissions add a third to those from deforestation, while enhanced productivity in managed forests increases the capacity of the terrestrial biosphere to act as a sink for carbon dioxide emissions. However, uncertainties in the assessment of these fluxes are large. Moreover, forests influence climate also by altering the energy and water balance of the land surface. In many regions of historical deforestation, such biogeophysical effects have substantially counteracted warming due to carbon dioxide emissions. However, the effect of management on biogeophysical effects is largely unknown beyond local case studies. While the effects of climate on forest productivity is well established in forestry models, the effects of forest management on climate is less understood. Closing this feedback cycle is crucial to understand the driving forces behind past climate changes to be able to predict future climate responses and thus the required effort to adapt to it or avert it. To investigate the role of forest management in the climate system I propose to integrate a forest management module into a comprehensive Earth system model. The resulting model will be able to simultaneously address both directions of the interactions between climate and the managed land surface. My proposed work includes model development and implementation for key forest management processes, determining the growth and stock of living biomass, soil carbon cycle, and biophysical land surface properties. With this unique tool I will be able to improve estimates of terrestrial carbon source and sink terms and to assess the susceptibility of past and future climate to combined carbon cycle and biophysical effects of forest management. Furthermore, representing feedbacks between forest management and climate in a global climate model could advance efforts to combat climate change. Changes in forest management are inevitable to adapt to future climate change. In this process, is it possible to identify win-win strategies for which local management changes do not only help adaptation, but at the same time mitigate global warming by presenting favorable effects on climate? The proposed work opens a range of long-term research paths, with the aim of strengthening the climate perspective in the economic considerations of forest management and helping to improve local decisionmaking with respect to adaptation and mitigation.
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