Die Akkumulation und Stabilität der organischen Bodensubstanz resultiert aus der Balance zwischen den zwei biologisch regulierten Prozessen der Humifizierung und der Mineralisation. Boden-Mikroorganismem sind in besonderem Umfang in diesen Prozessen involviert, wobei neben Bakterien Bodenpilze eine herausragende Rolle spielen. Die Enzymgruppe der Laccasen ist in der Lage organische Moleküle aus der Streu und aus dem Humus vollständig zu mineralisieren. Das laufende Projekt befasst sich mit der Analyse der räumlichen und saisonalen Variabilität von Diversitäts- und Expressionsprofilen der Laccasegene.
The German dairy value chain is subject to profound structural change resulting in increasingly dominant agents at all stages of the chain, i.e. at the farm level, at the processors' level and at the retailers' level. In particular, the consolidation of retailers has increased retailers' bargaining power vis-à-vis their suppliers. Against this background, the overall objective of this subproject is to analyze the structural change in the dairy sector, particularly at the processors' level, by taking into account firms' strategic interactions along the entire dairy value chain. So far, there exists no theoretical workhorse model that allows for the analysis of interdependencies in a three-layer structure where imperfect competition is considered at all three stages. We aim to close this gap to understand how an increasingly dominant retail industry influences strategic decisions at the dairy processors' level which, in turn, may affect dairy farmers. Building upon a three-layer approach, we first examine whether processors have merger incentives to counter the retailers' bargaining power. We then analyze the differences between cooperatives and for-profit firms concerning their decision on product quality and the number of dairy suppliers. Finally, we assess the implications for upstream farmers which rounds off the picture of structural change in the German dairy sector.
Arsenic-contaminated ground- and drinking water is a global environmental problem with about 1-2Prozent of the world's population being affected. The upper drinking water limit for arsenic (10 Micro g/l) recommended by the WHO is often exceeded, even in industrial nations in Europe and the USA. Chronic intake of arsenic causes severe health problems like skin diseases (e.g. blackfoot disease) and cancer. In addition to drinking water, seafood and rice are the main reservoirs for arsenic uptake. Arsenic is oftentimes of geogenic origin and in the environment it is mainly bound to iron(III) minerals. Iron(III)-reducing bacteria are able to dissolve these iron minerals and therefore release the arsenic to the environment. In turn, iron(II)-oxidizing bacteria have the potential to co-precipitate or sorb arsenic during iron(II)- oxidation at neutral pH followed by iron(III) mineral precipitation. This process may reduce arsenic concentrations in the environment drastically, lowering the potential risk for humans dramatically.The main goal of this study therefore is to quantify, identify and isolate anaerobic and aerobic Fe(II)-oxidizing microorganisms in arsenic-containing paddy soil. The co-precipitation and thus removal of arsenic by iron mineral producing bacteria will be determined in batch and microcosm experiments. Finally the influence of rhizosphere redox status on microbial Fe oxidation and arsenic uptake into rice plants will be evaluated in microcosm experiments. The long-term goal of this research is to better understand arsenic-co-precipitation and thus arsenic-immobilization by iron(II)-oxidizing bacteria in rice paddy soil. Potentially these results can lead to an improvement of living conditions in affected countries, e.g. in China or Bangladesh.
Organotin and especially butyltin compounds are used for a variety of applications, e.g. as biocides, stabilizers, catalysts and intermediates in chemical syntheses. Tributyltin (TBT) compounds exhibit the greatest toxicity of all organotins and have even been characterized as one of the most toxic groups of xenobiotics ever produced and deliberately introduced into the environment. TBT is not only used as an active biocidal compound in antifouling paints, which are designed to prevent marine and freshwater biota from settlement on ship hulls, harbour and offshore installations, but also as a biocide in wood preservatives, textiles, dispersion paints and agricultural pesticides. Additionally, it occurs as a by-product of mono- (MBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) compounds, which are used as UV stabilizer in many plastics and for other applications. Triphenyltin (TPT) compounds are also used as the active biocide in antifouling paints outside Europe and furthermore as an agricultural fungicide since the early 1960s to combat a range of fungal diseases in various crops, particularly potato blight, leaf spot and powdery mildew on sugar beet, peanuts and celery, other fungi on hop, brown rust on beans, grey moulds on onions, rice blast and coffee leaf rust. Although the use of TBT and TPT was regulated in many countries world-wide from restrictions for certain applications to a total ban, these compounds are still present in the environment. In the early 1970s the impact of TBT on nontarget organisms became apparent. Among the broad variety of malformations caused by TBT in aquatic animals, molluscs have been found to be an extremely sensitive group of invertebrates and no other pathological condition produced by TBT at relative low concentrations rivals that of the imposex phenomenon in prosobranch gastropods speaking in terms of sensitivity. TBT induces imposex in marine prosobranchs at concentrations as low as 0,5 ng TBT-Sn/L. Since 1993, for the littorinid snail Littorina littorea a second virilisation phenomenon, termed intersex, is known. In female specimens affected by intersex the pallial oviduct is transformed of towards a male morphology with a final supplanting of female organs by the corresponding male formations. Imposex and intersex are morphological alterations caused by a chronic exposure to ultra-trace concentrations of TBT. A biological effect monitoring offers the possibility to determine the degree of contamination with organotin compounds in the aquatic environment and especially in coastal waters without using any expensive analytical methods. Furthermore, the biological effect monitoring allows an assessment of the existing TBT pollution on the basis of biological effects. Such results are normally more relevant for the ecosystem than pure analytical data. usw.
Methoden des terrestrischen Carbon Dioxide Removal (tCDR) wie Aufforstung und Biomasseplantagen werden zuweilen als effektive, 'grüne' und sichere Varianten des Klimaengineering (CE) verstanden wegen ihrer Möglichkeit, die natürliche CO2-Aufnahme durch die Biosphäre zu erhöhen, und ihrer denkbaren ökonomischen Tragfähigkeit. Erkenntnisse aus der ersten Phase des CE-LAND-Projekts legen indes nahe, dass tCDR aufgrund schwieriger erdsystemischer und ethischer Fragen ebenso kontrovers wie andere CE-Methoden ist. CO2-Budgetierungen und rein ökonomische Bewertungen sind daher um profunde Analysen der natürlichen Begrenzungen, der Auswirkungen auf das Erdsystem mit damit verbundenen Unsicherheiten, der Tradeoffs mit anderen Land- und Wassernutzungen und der weitreichenden ethischen Implikationen von tCDR-Maßnahmen zu ergänzen. Analysen hypothetischer Szenarien der ersten Projektphase zeigen, dass effektives tCDR die Umwidmung großer Flächen voraussetzt, womit schwierige Abwägungsprozesse mit anderen Landnutzungen verbunden wären. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich, dass signifikante Nebenwirkungen im Klimasystem (außer der bezweckten Senkung der Weltmitteltemperatur) und in terrestrischen biogeochemischen Kreisläufen aufträten. CE-LAND+ bietet eine tiefergehende quantitative, räumlich explizite Evaluierung der nicht-ökonomischen Kosten einer Biosphärentransformation für tCDR. Potentielle Tradeoffs und Impakts wie auch die systematische Untersuchung von Unsicherheiten in ihrer Abschätzung werden mit zwei Vegetationsmodellen, einem Erdsystemmodell und, neu im Projekt, dynamischen Biodiversitätsmodellen analysiert. Konkret wird CE-LAND+ bisher kaum bilanzierte Tradeoffs untersuchen: einerseits zwischen der Maximierung der Flächennutzung für tCDR bzw. Biodiversitätsschutz, andererseits zwischen der Maximierung der Süßwasserverfügbarkeit für tCDR bzw. Nahrungsmittelproduktion sowie Flussökosysteme. Auch werden die (in)direkten Auswirkungen veränderten Klimas und tCDR-bedingter Landnutzungsänderungen auf Wasserknappheit (mit diversen Metriken und unter Annahme verschiedener Varianten des Wassermanagements) und Biodiversität quantifiziert. Die Tradeoffs und Impakts werden im Kontext von neben der Bekämpfung des Klimawandels formulierten globalen Nachhaltigkeitszielen - Biodiversitätsschutz, Wasser- und Ernährungssicherheit interpretiert - was sonst nicht im Schwerpunktprogramm vermittelt wird. Ferner wird das Projekt zu besserem Verständnis und besserer Quantifizierung von Unsicherheiten von tCDR-Effekten unter zukünftigem Klima beitragen. Hierzu untersucht es modellstrukturbedingte Unterschiede, Wachstum und Mortalität von tCDR-Pflanzungen unter wärmeren und CO2-reicheren Bedingungen und Wechselwirkungen zwischen tCDR-bezogenen Landnutzungsaktivitäten und Klima. Schließlich wird CE-LAND+ in Kooperationen innerhalb des Schwerpunktprogramms und mit einer repräsentativen Auswahl von Szenarien zur Evaluierung tCDR-bedingter Tradeoffs aus umweltethischer Sicht beitragen.
We are currently facing the urgent need to improve our understanding of carbon cycling in subsoils, because the organic carbon pool below 30 cm depth is considerably larger than that in the topsoil and a substantial part of the subsoil C pool appears to be much less recalcitrant than expected over the last decades. Therefore, small changes in environmental conditions could change not only carbon cycling in topsoils, but also in subsoils. While organic matter stabilization mechanisms and factors controlling its turnover are well understood in topsoils, the underlying mechanisms are not valid in subsoils due to depth dependent differences regarding (1) amounts and composition of C-pools and C-inputs, (2) aeration, moisture and temperature regimes, (3) relevance of specific soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilisation mechanisms and (4) spatial heterogeneity of physico-chemical and biological parameters. Due to very low C concentrations and high spatio-temporal variability of properties and processes, the investigation of subsoil phenomena and processes poses major methodological, instrumental and analytical challenges. This project will face these challenges with a transdisciplinary team of soil scientists applying innovative approaches and considering the magnitude, chemical and isotopic composition and 14C-content of all relevant C-flux components and C-fractions. Taking also the spatial and temporal variability into account, will allow us to understand the four-dimensional changes of C-cycling in this environment. The nine closely interlinked subprojects coordinated by the central project will combine field C-flux measurements with detailed analyses of subsoil properties and in-situ experiments at a central field site on a sandy soil near Hannover. The field measurements are supplemented by laboratory studies for the determination of factors controlling C stabilization and C turnover. Ultimately, the results generated by the subprojects and the data synthesized in the coordinating project will greatly enhance our knowledge and conceptual understanding of the processes and controlling factors of subsoil carbon turnover as a prerequisite for numerical modelling of C-dynamics in subsoils.
Achtung: Dieser Datensatz wird gelöscht. Möglicherweise stehen nicht mehr alle Funktionen vollumfänglich zur Verfügung. Entdecken Sie die schönsten Plätze in der Natur. 99 Lieblingsplätze im grünen und 99 Lieblingsplätze am Wasser warten darauf erkundet zu werden. Urheber sind die Mitgliedskreise und -landkreise der Metropolregion Hamburg, die die schönsten Orte in ihrem Kreis empfehlen. Genaue Informationen hierzu erhalten Sie über die Internetseiten der Metropolregion Hamburg: https://metropolregion.hamburg.de/lieblingsplatz/ Darüber hinaus werden die schönsten Naturerlebnisse für die Familie dargestellt. Die Natur vor der Haustür: Vom Weltnaturerbe Wattenmeer über Elbe, Ostsee, Heide, Moor, Seen und Wälder, Bäume und Blumen bis hin zum Biotop im Stadtpark laden unzählige Naturschönheiten der Metropolregion Hamburg zu einem Besuch und einer Expedition ins Unbekannte ein. http://metropolregion.hamburg.de/natur/nofl/4131270/naturerlebnisfuehrer/
Bamboos (Poaceae) are widespread in tropical and subtropical forests. Particularly in Asia, bamboos are cultivated by smallholders and increasingly in large plantations. In contrast to trees, reliable assessments of water use characteristics for bamboo are very scarce. Recently we tested a set of methods for assessing bamboo water use and obtained first results. Objectives of the proposed project are (1) to further test and develop the methods, (2) to compare the water use of different bamboo species, (3) to analyze the water use to bamboo size relationship across species, and (4) to assess effects of bamboo culm density on the stand-level transpiration. The study shall be conducted in South China where bamboos are very abundant. It is planned to work in a common garden (method testing), a botanical garden (species comparison, water use to size relationship), and on-farm (effects of culm density). Method testing will include a variety of approaches (thermal dissipation probes, stem heat balance, deuterium tracing and gravimetry), whereas subsequent steps will be based on thermal methods. The results may contribute to an improved understanding of bamboo water use characteristics and a more appropriate management of bamboo with respect to water resources.
The goal of this project is to capture and analyse fluctuations of the fresh water in the western Nordic Seas and to understand the related processes. The East Greenland Current in the Nordic Seas constitutes an important conduit for fresh water exiting the Arctic Ocean towards the North Atlantic. The Arctic Ocean receives huge amounts of fresh water by continental runoff and by import from the Pacific Ocean. Within the Arctic Ocean fresh water is concentrated at the surface through sea ice formation. The East Greenland Current carries this fresh water in variable fractions as sea ice and in liquid form; part of it enters the central Nordic Seas, via branching of the current and through eddies. It controls the intensity of deep water formation and dilutes the water masses which result from convection. The last decades showed significant changes of the fresh water yield and distribution in the Nordic Seas and such anomalies were found to circulate through the North Atlantic. In this project the fresh water inventory, its spatial distribution and its pathways between the East Greenland Current and the interior Greenland and Icelandic seas shall be captured by autonomous glider missions. The new measurements and existing data will, in combination with the modeling work of the research group, serve as basis for understanding the causes of the fresh water variability and their consequences for the North Atlantic circulation and deep water formation.
Changes in agroecosystem management (e.g. landscape diversity, management intensity) affect the natural control of pests. The effects of agricultural change on this ecosystem service, however, are not universal and the mechanisms affecting it remain to be understood. As biological control is effectively the product of networks of interactions between pests and their natural enemies, food web analysis provides a versatile tool to address this gap of knowledge. The proposed project will utilize a molecular food web approach and examine, for the first time, how changes in plant fertilisation and landscape complexity affect quantitative aphid-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid food webs on a species-specific level to unravel how changes in food web interactions affect parasitoid aphid control. Based on the fieldderived data, cage experiments will be conducted to assess how parasitoid diversity and identity affect parasitoid interactions and pest control, complementing the field results. The work proposed here will take research on parasitoid aphid control one step further, as it will provide a clearer understanding of how plant fertilization affects whole aphid-parasitoid food webs in both simple and complex landscapes, allowing for further improvements in natural pest control.
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