The basidiomycete Armillaria mellea s.l. is one of the most important root rot pathogens of forest trees and comprises several species. The aim of the project is to identify the taxa occurring inSwitzerland and to understand their ecological behaviour. Root, butt and stem rots caused by different fungi are important tree diseases responsible for significant economic losses. Armillaria spp. occur world-wide and are important components of many natural and managed forest ecosystems. Armillaria spp. are known saprothrophs as well as primary and secondary pathogens causing root and butt rot on a large number of woody plants, including forest and orchard trees as well as grape vine and ornamentals. The identification of several Armillaria species in Europe warrants research in the biology and ecology of the different species. We propose to study A. cepistipes for the following reasons. First, A. cepistipes is dominating the rhizomorph populations in most forest types in Switzerland. This widespread occurrence contrasts with the current knowledge about A. cepistipes, which is very limited. Second, because the pathogenicity of A. cepistipes is considered low this fungus has the potential for using as an antagonist to control stump colonising pathogenic fungi, such as A. ostoyae and Heterobasidion annosum. This project aims to provide a better understanding of the ecology of A. cepistipes in mountainous Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests. Special emphasis will be given to interactions of A. cepistipes with A. ostoyae, which is a very common facultative pathogen and which often co-occurs with A. cepistipes. The populations of A. cepistipes and A. ostoyae will be investigated in mountainous spruce forests were both species coexist. The fungi will be sampled from the soil, from stumps and dead wood, and from the root system of infected trees to determine the main niches occupied by the two species. Somatic incompatibility will be used to characterise the populations of each species. The knowledge of the spatial distribution of individual genets will allow us to gain insights into the mode of competition and the mode of spreading. Inoculation experiments will be used to determine the variation in virulence expression of A. cepistipes towards Norway spruce and to investigate its interactions with A. ostoyae.
OpenHeritage aims at developing and testing an inclusive governance model and a supporting toolbox for the adaptive re-use of cultural heritage assets. It builds on the role of communities and the possibility of empowering them in the redevelopment process based on the concepts of heritage community and participatory culture. The project operates with an open definition of heritage, not limited to listed assets but also involving those buildings, complexes, and spaces that have a symbolic or practical significance for local or trans-local heritage communities. Inclusiveness also means the incorporation of a coalition of stakeholders into the re-use and maintenance process, the integration of resources involving new financial and economic models, and working with the local social, environmental, administrative, and economic context of the heritage sites. Territorial integration is an essential element as well: the planning process goes beyond a building or a site to contribute to the transformation of wider areas.
OpenHeritage connects diverse cases across Europe, involving sixteen Observatory Cases (OCs), which are adaptive re-use projects that are studied and compared in-depth, and six Cooperative Heritage Labs (CHLs), on-going projects overseen by consortium partners, where it co-creates and tests its inclusive model. The cases are situated in a variety of urban, peri-urban, and natural environments, and include diverse heritage assets.
OpenHeritage will launch a website (Heritage Point) to provide a forum for engagement and support resource integration at the CHLs, and will create a database of macro- and micro-level research results, connecting systematically collected information on the regulatory framework all over Europe with current heritage re-use practices as analyzed in the OCs . Using the OCs and CHLs as starting points, OpenHeritage establishes a system of dissemination to support the uptake of innovation in adaptive heritage re-use.
Research Questions: Does the implementation of climate change mitigation policies in developing countries always involve a trade-off between economic development, poverty reduction, and climate protection, or is there space for 'win-win policies'? This question is relevant for todays fast-growing middle-income economies, which are already or will soon become very significant contributors to global warming. The project will analyse these economies from three different angles: a comparative politics perspective on domestic climate governance and mitigation policy options, an economics perspective on the poverty and distributional impact of mitigation policies, and an international relations perspective on the global discourse surrounding mitigation and economic development (see project in RP 4). The project staff will cooperate closely with domestic partner institutions in South Africa, Mexico and Thailand, the three case study countries. Contribution to International Research: Despite the increasing role of todays developing world in GHG emissions, 'climate and development' research to date has largely focused on developing countries vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, and on climate-related transfers in these countries, such as those of the Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Meanwhile, the critical issue of mitigation is slowly making its entrance into climate negotiation rooms. This focus on mitigation requires a shift in the analytical perspective. While the technological and natural science perspectives that tend to dominate the climate change discourse are clearly important, a social science perspective is warranted as well. This is particularly true because of the latters usefulness in analysing the possible trade-offs between mitigation and socio-economic development. Research Design and Methods: The project adopts a multidisciplinary social science approach with a comparative and global perspective. While they will remain firmly theoretically and methodologically grounded in their respective disciplines, the three study areas - (1) domestic climate governance, (2) poverty and distributional impacts of mitigation policies, (3) global perspective and the mitigation-development discourse - will interact continuously. The investigation of domestic climate governance will rely mainly on qualitative methods. These will include interviews with policy-makers, experts and practitioners to investigate their motivations and the driving and constraining forces behind their actions in climate change mitigation policy processes. We then plan to assess the poverty and distributional impacts of mitigation policies (possibly including most NAMAs) in the three case study countries using incidence-focused general equilibrium models, simulation models based on micro-data, and a combination of these two modelling approaches. usw.
In der Stadt Zürich haben sich 2008 in einem Volksentscheid 76 Prozent dafür ausgesprochen, die Reduktion des Primärenergieverbrauchs um zwei Drittel bis 2050 in der Stadtverfassung als Ziel zu verankern. Auch andere Städte wie Hamburg, Berlin oder Nantes haben sich vorgenommen, die vom UBA geforderten Treibhausgasminderungen von über 80% bis 2050 auf regionaler Ebene zu realisieren. Diese Selbstverpflichtungen können als Metastrategien zur Etablierung nachhaltiger Lebensstile verstanden werden, die in ihrer Wirkung über die von 'klassischen' Maßnahmen zur Förderung nachhaltigen Konsums hinausgehen können. Denn es ist offensichtlich, dass derartig anspruchsvolle Umweltziele gravierenden Einfluss auf die Konsummuster haben können. Umgekehrt stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit Vorreiter durch nachhaltige Lebensstile solche Selbstverpflichtungsprojekte stärken und ihnen zum Erfolg verhelfen können. Das Vorhaben soll deshalb die strategische Bedeutung solcher übergeordneter kommunaler und regionaler Selbstverpflichtungen im Kontext einer Politik zur Förderung nachhaltiger Konsummuster analysieren und als umweltpolitisches Instrument aufarbeiten. Es soll dabei die Rolle der einzelnen Menschen als möglicher Treiber und Erfolgsfaktor beleuchten und so Ansatzpunkte zur Förderung derartiger Ansätze entwickeln.