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Interim Report on National Allocation Plans

This study, commissioned by the UK Department for Trade and Industry and Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, contains the details of in-depth research into member states' National Allocation Plans. The report draws some high-level conclusion as well as providing details of the analysis used to measure NAPs against the EU ETS directive's criteria. The study covers NAPs that had been submitted to the European Commission in final form by the end of July 2004.

Climate Protection Scenarios until 2050 Considering CO₂ Price Differences and Carbon Leakage - Central report

Two types of large-scale models with different modelling philosophies are used to quantify socioeconomic effects in scenarios in which the EU moves forward in climate policy and applies different design options under the EU emissions trading system (ETS) combined with a Carbon Border Adjustment (CBAM). One model, GEM-E3, is a computable general equilibrium model that follows neoclassical theory, while the other model, GINFORS-E, is a macroeconometric model that follows a post-Keynesian approach. The results of both models suggest that an effective CBAM plays a significant role in reducing the risk of carbon leakage. The key results on trade, production and emission effects also show, by and large, little quantitative variation between the two models, in spite of their different philosophies. This Central Report covers the results of the key policy scenarios on the EU-ETS design regarding allocation and the CBAM. It also includes some key sensitivity analyses on trade assumptions, climate policy ambition in major trading partner countries, extension of the CBAM to indirect emissions thereby replacing national schemes for compensating electricity prices from ETS, and (for GEM-E3) on the use of government revenues. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 74/2025.

Software für die Zuteilungs-Beantragung für Neuanlagen im EU-Emissionshandelssystem

Greenhouse gas emissions under the Effort Sharing Decision, 2005-2017

The Effort Sharing Decision (ESD) No 406/2009/EC establishes annual greenhouse gas emission targets for Member States for the period 2013–2020. These targets concern emissions from most sectors not included in the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS), such as transport, buildings, agriculture and waste. Emissions from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) and international shipping are not included. Every year, the EEA coordinates the ESD review of Member States’ greenhouse gas inventories, so that the European Commission can determine compliance with the annual ESD targets on the basis of accurate, reliable and verified emission data. Review reports and final ESD emissions are published by the European Commission. ESD emissions for the period 2005–2012 and for the latest year ("Y-1") are estimated by EEA on the basis of national GHG inventory data and ETS emissions.

Pricing supply chain emissions of natural gas

This study by analyses the relevance, regulation, and potential pricing of emissions along the natural gas supply chain within the EU climate policy framework, without making definitive policy recommendations. In addition to combustion emissions, supply-chain emissions of CO₂ and methane can increase the climate footprint of natural gas by up to 35%. While emissions within the EEA are partly regulated through the EU ETS 1 and the EU Methane Regulation, many upstream emissions outside the EEA remain largely unregulated. This can distort competition in favour of natural gas as well as grey and blue hydrogen. Extending the EU ETS 1 to the entire supply chain could provide climate benefits but faces challenges, particularly due to uncertainties in measuring methane emissions. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 24/2026.

Emissionshandel: 21 Milliarden Euro fließen in den Klima- und Transformationsfonds

Die Einnahmen aus dem europäischen und dem nationalen Emissionshandel lagen in Deutschland im Jahr 2025 bei 21,4 Milliarden Euro. Die Erlöse aus diesen beiden zentralen marktwirtschaftlichen Klimaschutzinstrumenten lagen damit deutlich über dem Ergebnis des Vorjahres (18,5 Milliarden Euro). Dies berichtet die Deutsche Emissionshandelsstelle (DEHSt) im Umweltbundesamt (UBA). Die Erlöse fließen vollständig in den Klima- und Transformationsfonds (KTF), der als Finanzierungsinstrument einen zentralen Beitrag zur Erreichung der energie- und klimapolitischen Ziele Deutschlands leistet.

Greenhouse gas emissions under the Effort Sharing Decision, 2005-2019

The Effort Sharing Decision (ESD) No 406/2009/EC establishes annual greenhouse gas emission targets for Member States for the period 2013–2020. These targets concern emissions from most sectors not included in the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS), such as transport, buildings, agriculture and waste. Emissions from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) and international shipping are not included. Every year, the EEA coordinates the ESD review of Member States’ greenhouse gas inventories, so that the European Commission can determine compliance with the annual ESD targets on the basis of accurate, reliable and verified emission data. Review reports and final ESD emissions are published by the European Commission. ESD emissions for the period 2005–2012 and for the latest year ("Y-1") are estimated by EEA on the basis of national GHG inventory data and ETS emissions.

Greenhouse gas emissions under the Effort Sharing Decision, 2005-2018

The Effort Sharing Decision (ESD) No 406/2009/EC establishes annual greenhouse gas emission targets for Member States for the period 2013–2020. These targets concern emissions from most sectors not included in the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS), such as transport, buildings, agriculture and waste. Emissions from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) and international shipping are not included. Every year, the EEA coordinates the ESD review of Member States’ greenhouse gas inventories, so that the European Commission can determine compliance with the annual ESD targets on the basis of accurate, reliable and verified emission data. Review reports and final ESD emissions are published by the European Commission. ESD emissions for the period 2005–2012 and for the latest year ("Y-1") are estimated by EEA on the basis of national GHG inventory data and ETS emissions.

Klimaforschungsplan KLIFOPLAN, Strukturelle Weiterentwicklung des Emissionshandels für den Zeitraum nach 2030 aus ökonomischer Perspektive

Für den Zeitraum ab 2030 wird die Klimaschutzarchitektur der EU einem strukturellen Evaluierungs- und Weiterentwicklungsprozess unterzogen. Insbesondere stehen in diesem Kontext auch maßgebliche Entscheidungen zur Weiterentwicklung des Emissionshandels an. Wesentlich ist u.a. die Frage einer schrittweisen oder gar vollständigen Integration des EU-ETS 1 mit dem EU-ETS 2 und in diesem Zusammenhang insbesondere der etwaigen Ausgestaltung spezifischer Regeln für die einbezogenen Sektoren (Energie; Industrie; Land-, See und Luftverkehr; Wärme). Außerdem ist der Umgang mit CCS/CCU und negativen Emissionen im Rahmen des Emissionshandels eines der wesentlichen Handlungsfelder, für das ab 2030 regulatorische Leitplanken zu erwarten sind. Weiterhin stellt sich die Frage nach der Einbeziehung weiterer Sektoren in den Emissionshandel (u.a. der Landwirtschaft). Das Projekt soll UBA und BMWK in diesem Prozess mit wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Analysen unterstützen.

Klimaforschungsplan KLIFOPLAN, Evaluierung und Weiterentwicklung des Europäischen Emissionshandels im Bereich Luftverkehr für die fünfte Handelperiode ab 2031

Das Vorhaben soll die Ausgestaltung des europäischen Emissionshandels (EU-ETS 1) im Bereich des Luftverkehrs evaluieren und Vorschläge zur dessen Weiterentwicklung als zentrales Klimaschutzinstrument im Rahmen des maßgeblichen sektorspezifischen klima-, energie- und verkehrspolitischen Instrumenten-Mix auf nationaler, europäischer und internationaler Ebene erarbeiten. Das Projekt umfasst neben ökonomischen Fragestellungen auch Aspekte der praktischen Umsetzung und des Vollzugs. Die Evaluierung und Erarbeitung von Vorschlägen zur Weiterentwicklung im Rahmen des Projekts zielt insbesondere auf den Zeitraum der fünften Handelsperiode des EU-ETS 1 ab (2031-2040).

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