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Records and pollen percentages of the composite core MO-05 from Lake Mondsee for the period 1500 BCE to 500 CE re-sampled to 20-year resolution (Supplementary Material Table 2)

Results of palynological analysis of the MO-05 core section (249-526 cm) (Supplementary Material Table 1)

Results of palynological analysis from 2020 of the varved MO-05 core from Lake Mondsee (Austria) section (249-526 cm)

This study reports a precisely dated pollen record with a 20-year resolution from the varved sediments of Lake Mondsee in the north-eastern European Alps (47°49′N, 13°24′E, 481 m above sea level). The analysed part of core spans the interval between 1500 BCE and 500 CE and allows changes in vegetation composition in relation to climatic changes and human activities in the catchment to be inferred. Intervals of distinct but modest human impact are identified at ca. 1450-1220, 740-490 and 340-190 BCE and from 80 BCE to 180 CE. While the first two intervals are synchronous with prominent salt mining phases during the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age at the nearby UNESCO World Heritage Site of Hallstatt, the last two intervals fall within the Late Iron Age and Roman Imperial Era, respectively. Comparison with published records of extreme runoff events obtained from the same sediment core shows that human activities (including agriculture and logging) around Lake Mondsee were low during intervals of high flood frequency as indicated by a higher number of intercalated detrital event layers, but intensified during hydrologically stable intervals. Comparison of the pollen percentages of arboreal taxa with the stable oxygen isotope and potassium ion records of the NGRIP and GISP2 ice cores from Greenland reveals significant positive correlations for Fagus and negative correlations for Betula and Alnus. This underlines the sensitivity of vegetation around Lake Mondsee to temperature fluctuations in the North Atlantic as well as to moisture fluctuations controlled by changes in the intensity of the Siberian High and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) regime.

Hydromorphological conditions of small streams in North Italy and West Austria

Considering the entire fluvial network of Tyrol and South Tyrol, 81 sampling sites were selected according to the following requirements: (1) degree of hydrological disturbance (undisturbed, residual water, temporal residual water or hydropeaking); (2) type of water regime (e.g. groundwater, glacial, nivo-pluvial); (3) degree of morphological disturbance (either near natural conditions or anthropogenic changed conditions); (4) dominant land use type in the catchment with a total area of 4 ha (either grassland, forest, vineyard/orchard or urban settlement); (5) hormone pollution (based on the location of the sample point - before or after sewage treatment plant, or pesticide suspicion). Hydrological and morphological indicators as well as derived indices are based on a standardized methodical approach: (1) survey of morphological and hydrological stream characteristics using standardised field manual and entry form. The hydrological indicators were identified through flow-duration curves, which represent quantitative characterisation of the streamflow regime and harmonised data provided by local agencies and on-site probes; (2) standardized index calculations, starting with the hydrological index IH and morphological index IM, which were summed up to the hydromorphological index IHM. Further details regarding the methodical approach and its application are explained in the publication resulting from the analysis of this hydromorphological data (see Supplement to).

A 30-years collection of soil macro-invertebrate abundance data from the European Alps

Here, we present abundance data from 20 soil macro-invertebrate groups from 22 different natural to artificial habitat types in the European Alps. The dataset contains data obtained from soil macro-invertebrate samples (i.e., soil blocks) collected between 1987 and 2020, with the majority of them already published individually in scientific journals. The purpose of this work is to collate the single datasets on Alpine soil macro-invertebrates to one uniform dataset, as such data is only sparsely available. We also want to appreciate the scientific lifework of our mentor and friend, the soil ecologist/soil zoologist Erwin Meyer (1948–2020). The samplings were mainly conducted by Erwin Meyer and his students at the University of Innsbruck (Austria) and Eurac Research (Italy). The assessments of the soil macro-invertebrate communities were part of several sampling campaigns including scientific projects, as well as diploma, master and doctoral theses. The sampling took place mainly during the vegetation period from April to October; in the alpine zone where snow can persist for a long time from June to September. The samples were taken in the following Alpine regions: Vorarlberg and Tirol (Austria), South Tyrol and Trentino (Italy), and the Canton of Uri (Switzerland). The abundance data is given as individuals per square metre (ind./m²) on order level (and species level in case of earthworms). Each row represents one single soil fauna sample. The event code (i.e., representing the different sampling plots) is composed of the sampling region (three letters capitalised), the habitat or plot code (three letters) and the replicate number of these plots (consecutive numbers). Additionally, to the soil fauna data, we present topographic data (elevation, exposition, inclination) as well as habitat classification (e.g., CORINE Land Cover (CLC) nomenclature code) and description.

TRANSALP AHe/ ZHe/ HeFTy Thermochronology Data

The data set comprises new thermochronologic data along the TRANSALP geophysical transect in the Eastern Alps, i.e. (i) apatite and (ii) zircon (U-Th)/He measurements (Tables S1, S2 and S3), and (iii) HeFTy inverse thermal time-temperature-path models ('HeFTy_Models.zip') including a table of parameters used (Table S4). Individual model files can be opened using the HeFTy software (Ketcham et al., 2007).

Permafrost Long-term Monitoring Network (PermaNET) - Contribution UZH

The PermanNET project aims at establishing an Alpine-wide permafrost monitoring network, a permafrost map for the entire Alpine region, and a common strategy with guidelines for the consideration of permafrost in risk and water resource management. PermaNET is a transnational cooperation (Austria, France, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland) and is part of the European Territorial Cooperation Alpine Space Programme 2007-2013. In the scope of this projects, the University of Zurich works together with the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), the Bavarian Environment Agency (LfU Bayern), Germany, and the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics in Salzburg, Austria. In addition, the University is an official Observer to the Project Steering Committee.

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