Zielsetzung: Angaben ueber physiologische Wirkung wasserloeslicher Fraktionen von Rohoelen im Hinblick auf Synergismus mit 'natuerlichen' entwicklungserschwerenden Umweltbedingungen. 1. Laborexperimente zur Abgrenzung von sublet. und subterratogenen Konzentrationen und Dosen. Registrierung von embryonaler Sterblichkeit, Missbildung, Schluepferfolg und Vitalitaet der Larven. Vergleichsbeobachtungen ueber Schwimmverhalten, Nahrungsaufnahme und Wachstumsraten. 2. Chemische Analysen der Organismen: Backgroundkontamierung der Fischovarien. Messung der Ad- und Absorption am Chorion und im Gewebe. Messung der physiologischen Belastungen (Gesamtstoffwechsel), spezielle Untersuchungen ueber Einfluss adsorbierter Stoffe. Untersuchungen ueber ontogenetische Entwicklung der Faehigkeiten zur Metabolierung und Exkretion von Kohlenwasserstoffen. Messungen ueber Rohoel-Loesungskinetik und Alterung von Rohoel-Seewasser-Extrakten.
Das strikt anaerobe, Endosporen-bildende Bakterium Clostridioides difficile ist der Verursacher von nosokomialen Durchfallerkrankungen bei Mensch und Tier. Eine C. difficile Infektion (CDI) erfolgt meist nach einer Antibiotikabehandlung welche die Darmflora schädigt und bei der Wiederbesiedlung das Auskeimen von C. difficile ermöglicht. Weltweit ist eine Zunahme der Inzidenz so wie ein schwerer Verlauf von CDI zu beobachten was die Gesundheitskosten in die Höhe treibt und verstärkte Maßnahmen zur Infektions-Prävention und Kontrolle der Ausbreitung erfordert. Die Behandlung einer CDI wird dadurch erschwert dass Endosporen resistent gegenüber einer Antibiotikabehandlung sind. Vegetative Zellen und Sporen des Darmbesiedlers C. difficile werden mit den Fäzes ausgeschieden und können so in die Umwelt gelangen. C. difficile wird in Fäkal-belasteten Matrices wie Abwasser, Klärschlamm, Gülle und in mit Fäkalien in Berührung gekommenem Viehfutter oder Silage nachgewiesen. Durch den rasanten Anstieg der Anaerobtechnologie in Biogasanlagen zur Schlamm- oder Güllebehandlung kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass C. difficile in solchen Milieus überlebt oder sich sogar vermehrt und mit den Gär-Rückständen als Dünger in der Umwelt verbreitet wird. Ziel des geplanten Forschungsvorhabens ist, solche fäkal-belasteten Proben zu identifizieren und daraus C. difficile zu quantifizieren und Isolate zu charakterisieren. Neben dem Nachweis der Gene der Virulenzfaktoren für das Enterotoxin A und Cytotoxin B und dem binären Toxin CDT werden die Isolate einer Ribotypisierung und einer Antibiotikaempfindlichkeitstestung zur MHK Bestimmung unterzogen. Zudem sollen auch Antibiotika-Resistenzgene sowie konjugative Transposons nachgewiesen werden. Zum quantitativen Nachweis von C. difficile und dem Antibiotikaresistenz-vermittelnden konjugativen Transposon Tn5397 soll eine qPCR etabliert werden die es ermöglicht, Zellzahlen und Pathogenität von C. difficile in Fäkal-belasteten Proben zu bestimmen. Bedingt durch den hohen Stellenwert der Anaerobtechnologie für die Abwasserreinigung und Güllebehandlung sollen im Labormaßstab Biogasreaktoren aufgebaut und unter 'Realbedingungen' betrieben werden, um das Überleben, eine Vermehrung oder die Reduktion/Elimination von C. difficile Zellen/Sporen sowie die Exkretion des konjugativen Transposons Tn5397 zu testen. Diese Versuche sollen auch in Laboranlagen zur Simulation der konventionellen Güllelagerung sowie nach Behandlung in einer Labor-Ozonierungs- und UV-Entkeimungsanlage durchgeführt werden. Letztere werden unter anderem als vierte Reinigungsstufe zur Abwasserbehandlung in der Praxis empfohlen. Nur in Kombination von Umweltmikrobiologie und Verfahrenstechnik können die gesetzten Ziele erreicht und neues Wissen generiert werden um Aussagen bezüglich der Überlebensfähigkeit, Pathogenität und Verbreitungspfaden von C. difficile zu treffen und um das Infektionsrisiko für Mensch und Tier besser abschätzen zu können.
Over the last twenty-five years it has become evident that exposure to several phthalates can have adverse effects on human health, such as endocrine disruption. This led to a series of EU regulations that resulted in a decrease in the production volumes of the restricted phthalates and an increased production of substitutes. The current study describes the impact of regulations and changes in production and use of phthalates and their substitutes on internal exposure patterns in two European populations since the beginning of the 2000'ies. Using harmonised data from young adults in Denmark (Danish Young Men Study, n = 1,063, spot urine) and Germany (Environmental Specimen Bank, n = 878, 24-h urine) with repeated cross-sectional design (3-11 cycles per biomarker) we applied Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing (LOESS) and Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) to estimate time trends and the role of covariates on the trend (e.g. age, BMI). Time trends of daily excretion (mikrog/24h) are comparable between the two samples for the regulated (DEHP, BBzP, DiNP, DnBP, DiBP, DiDP/DPHP) as well as the non-regulated substances (DMP, DEP, DINCH, DEHTP) although the rate of change differ for some of the compounds. GLM results indicate that the daily excretion of the most regulated phthalates has decreased over time (DEHP yearly about 12-16%, BBzP 5%, DnBP 0.3-17%, and DiBP 4-12%). Interestingly, also the non-regulated phthalates DMP and DEP decreased by 6-18% per year. In sharp contrast, the phthalate substitutes DINCH and DEHTP show very steep annual increases (~10-68% and ~100%, respectively) between 2009 and 2017. We did not find an effect of age, sex, BMI, or education on the time trend. The present study provides comparable insights into how exposure to phthalates and two of their substitutes have changed over the last two decades in Germany and Denmark. © 2022 The Authors
Phthalates are mainly used as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Exposure to several phthalates is associated with different adverse effects most prominently on the development of reproductive functions. The HBM4EU Aligned Studies (2014-2021) have investigated current European exposure to ten phthalates (DEP, BBzP, DiBP, DnBP, DCHP, DnPeP, DEHP, DiNP, DiDP, DnOP) and the substitute DINCH to answer the open policy relevant questions which were defined by HBM4EU partner countries and EU institutions as the starting point of the programme. The exposure dataset includes ~5,600 children (6-11 years) and adolescents (12-18 years) from up to 12 countries per age group and covering the North, East, South and West European regions. Study data from participating studies were harmonised with respect to sample size and selection of participants, selection of biomarkers, and quality and comparability of analytical results to provide a comparable perspective of European exposure. Phthalate and DINCH exposure were deduced from urinary excretions of metabolites, where concentrations were expressed as their key descriptor geometric mean (GM) and 95th percentile (P95). This study aims at reporting current exposure levels and differences in these between European studies and regions, as well as comparisons to human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs). GMs for children were highest for total-DEHP metabolites (33.6 mikrog/L), MiBP (26.6 mikrog/L), and MEP (24.4 mikrog/L) and lowest for total-DiDP metabolites (1.91 mikrog/L) and total-DINCH metabolites (3.57 mikrog/L). In adolescents highest GMs were found for MEP (43.3 mikrog/L), total-DEHP metabolites (28.8 mikrog/L), and MiBP (25.6 mikrog/L) and lowest for total-DiDP metabolites (= 2.02 mikrog/L) and total-DINCH metabolites (2.51 mikrog/L). In addition, GMs and P95 stratified by European region, sex, household education level, and degree of urbanization are presented. Differences in average biomarker concentrations between sampling sites (data collections) ranged from factor 2 to 9. Compared to the European average, children in the sampling sites OCC (Denmark), InAirQ (Hungary), and SPECIMEn (The Netherlands) had the lowest concentrations across all metabolites and ESTEBAN (France), NAC II (Italy), and CROME (Greece) the highest. For adolescents, comparably higher metabolite concentrations were found in NEB II (Norway), PCB cohort (Slovakia), and ESTEBAN (France), and lower concentrations in POLAES (Poland), FLEHS IV (Belgium), and GerES V-sub (Germany). Multivariate analyses (Survey Generalized Linear Models) indicate compound-specific differences in average metabolite concentrations between the four European regions. Comparison of individual levels with HBM-GVs revealed highest rates of exceedances for DnBP and DiBP, with up to 3 and 5%, respectively, in children and adolescents. No exceedances were observed for DEP and DINCH. With our results we provide current, detailed, and comparable data on exposure to phthalates in children and - for the first time - in adolescents, and - for the first time - on DINCH in children and adolescents of all four regions of Europe which are particularly suited to inform exposure and risk assessment and answer open policy relevant questions. © 2023 The Authors.
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a frequently found contaminant in cereals and cereal-based products. As a German contribution to the European Joint Programme HBM4EU, we analysed the total DON concentration (tDON) in 24-h urine samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). In total, 360 samples collected in 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, and 2021 from young adults in Muenster (Germany), were measured by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) after enzymatic deconjugation of the glucuronide metabolites. tDON was found in concentrations above the lower limit of quantification (0.3 (micro)g/L) in 99% of the samples. Medians of the measured concentrations and the daily excretion were 4.3 (micro)g/L and 7.9 (micro)g/24 h, respectively. For only nine participants, urinary tDON concentrations exceeded the provisional Human biomonitoring guidance value (HBM GV) of 23 (micro)g/L. Urinary tDON concentrations were significantly higher for male participants. However, 24-h excretion values normalized to the participant's body weight did not exhibit any significant difference between males and females and the magnitude remained unchanged over the sampling years with exception of the sampling year 2001. Daily intakes were estimated from excretion values. Exceedance of the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 1 (micro)g/kg bw per day was observed for less than 1% of all participants. TDI exceedances were only present in the sampling year 2001 and not in more recent sampling years while exceedance of the HBM guidance value was also observed in 2011 and 2021. © 2023 The Authors