Das Projekt "Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1488: Planetary Magnetism (PlanetMag), Co-estimation of the Earth main magnetic field and the ionospheric variation field" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Potsdam, Institut für Mathematik.The aim of this project is to co-estimate models of the core and ionosphere magnetic fields, with the longer-term view of building a 'comprehensive' model of the Earths magnetic field. In this first step we would like to take advantage of the progresses made in the understanding of the ionosphere by global M-I-T modelling to better separate the core and ionospheric signals in satellite data. The magnetic signal generated in the ionosphere is particularly difficult to handle because satellite data provide only information on a very narrow local time window at a time. To get around this difficulty, we would like to apply a technique derived from assimilation methods and that has been already successfully applied in outer-core flow studies. The technique relies on a theoretical model of the ionosphere such as the Upper Atmosphere Model (UAM), where statistics on the deviations from a simple background model are estimated. The derived statistics provided in a covariance matrix format can then be use directly in the magnetic data inversion process to obtain the expected core and ionospheric models. We plan to apply the technique on the German CHAMP satellite data selected for magnetically quiet times. As an output we should obtain a model of the ionospheric magnetic variation field tailored for the selected data and a core-lithosphere field model where possible leakage from ionospheric signals are avoided or at least reduced. The technique can in theory be easily extended to handle the large-scale field generated in the magnetosphere.
Das Projekt "Ecological-physical linkages in fluvial eco-hydromorphology" wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Wasserbau und Technische Hydromechanik.Recent discussions on the path eco-hydromorphic research has followed in the past decades highlight the need for greater ecological input into this field. Traditional approaches have been criticized for being largely correlation-based (Vaughan et al., 2009) ecological black boxes (Leclerc, 2005) and strongly relying on weak, disproven and/or outdated assumptions about the dynamics of stream biota (Lancaster & Downes, 2010). In recognition of this, process-oriented research aiming at elucidating and quantifying causal mechanisms has been proposed as a promising approach, though challenging, to study the relations between flow, morphodynamics and biological populations in running waters. In terms of levels of biological organization, it has been recognized that processes determining the response of aquatic biota to hydromorphological alteration occur mainly at the population level. In this sense, relating demographic rates to flow and morphology seems to offer great potential for progress (Lancaster & Downes, 2010). Thus, tapping into existing ecological knowledge (e.g., key patch approach for habitat networks, Verboom et al. 2001; metapopulation theory, Levins 1970; Hanski & Gaggiotti 2004, landscape-scale estimations of habitat suitability and carrying capacity, Reijnen et al. 1995; Duel et al. 1995 2003; population-level viability estimations; Akçakaya 2001; resource utilization scales, ONeill et al. 1988; habitat-use patterns, Milne et al. 1989) in order to link ecology to hydromorphology at a more fundamental level constitutes an important path towards better science and management.
Das Projekt "First-principles kinetic modeling for solar hydrogen production" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie.The development of sustainable and efficient energy conversion processes at interfaces is at the center of the rapidly growing field of basic energy science. How successful this challenge can be addressed will ultimately depend on the acquired degree of molecular-level understanding. In this respect, the severe knowledge gap in electro- or photocatalytic conversions compared to corresponding thermal processes in heterogeneous catalysis is staggering. This discrepancy is most blatant in the present status of predictive-quality, viz. first-principles based modelling in the two fields, which largely owes to multifactorial methodological issues connected with the treatment of the electrochemical environment and the description of the surface redox chemistry driven by the photo-excited charges or external potentials.Successfully tackling these complexities will advance modelling methodology in (photo)electrocatalysis to a similar level as already established in heterogeneous catalysis, with an impact that likely even supersedes the one seen there in the last decade. A corresponding method development is the core objective of the present proposal, with particular emphasis on numerically efficient approaches that will ultimately allow to reach comprehensive microkinetic formulations. Synergistically combining the methodological expertise of the two participating groups we specifically aim to implement and advance implicit and mixed implicit/explicit solvation models, as well as QM/MM approaches to describe energy-related processes at solid-liquid interfaces. With the clear objective to develop general-purpose methodology we will illustrate their use with applications to hydrogen generation through water splitting. Disentangling the electro- resp. photocatalytic effect with respect to the corresponding dark reaction, this concerns both the hydrogen evolution reaction at metal electrodes like Pt and direct water splitting at oxide photocatalysts like TiO2. Through this we expect to arrive at a detailed mechanistic understanding that will culminate in the formulation of comprehensive microkinetic models of the light- or potential-driven redox process. Evaluating these models with kinetic Monte Carlo simulations will unambiguously identify the rate-determining and overpotential-creating steps and therewith provide the basis for a rational optimization of the overall process. As such our study will provide a key example of how systematic method development in computational approaches to basic energy sciences leads to breakthrough progress and serves both fundamental understanding and cutting-edge application.
Das Projekt "Biogenic soil structures: feedbacks between bioactivity and spatial heterogeneity of water storage and fluxes from plot to hillslope scale" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Geoökologie, Abteilung Umweltsystemanalyse.Soil structure determines a large part of the spatial heterogeneity in water storage and fluxes from the plot to the hillslope scale. In recent decades important progress in hydrological research has been achieved by including soil structure in hydrological models. One of the main problems herein remains the difficulty of measuring soil structure and quantifying its influence on hydrological processes. As soil structure is very often of biogenic origin (macropores), the main objective of this project is to use the influence of bioactivity and resulting soil structures to describe and support modelling of hydrological processes at different scales. Therefore, local scale bioactivity will be linked to local infiltration patterns under varying catchment conditions. At hillslope scale, the spatial distribution of bioactivity patterns will be linked to connectivity of subsurface structures to explain subsurface stormflow generation. Then we will apply species distribution modelling of key organisms in order to extrapolate the gained knowledge to the catchment scale. As on one hand, bioactivity influences the hydrological processes, but on the other hand the species distribution also depends on soil moisture contents, including the feedbacks between bioactivity and soil hydrology is pivotal for getting reliable predictions of catchment scale hydrological behavior under land use change and climate change.
Das Projekt "Kilimanjaro Glaciers (East Africa)" wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Geographie.The Tropical Glaciology Group's research on Kilimanjaro started in 2002 and is in progress. Central aspects of our research plan are: 1) Development of the working hypothesis: From a synopsis of (i) proxy data indicating changes in East African climate since ca. 1850, (ii) 20th century instrumental data (temperature and precipitation), and (iii) the observations and interpretations made during two periods of fieldwork (June 2001 and July 2002) a scenario of modern glacier retreat on Kibo is reconstructed. This scenario offers the working hypothesis for our project. 2) Impact of local climate on the glaciers: This goal involves micrometeorological measurements on the glaciers, and the application of collected data to full glacier energy and mass balance models. These models quantify the impact of local climate on a glacier, based on pure physical system knowledge. Our models are validated by measured mass loss and surface temperature. 3) Latest Extent of the Kilimanjaro glaciers: Here, a satellite image was analyzed to derive the surface area and spatial distribution of glaciers on Kilimanjaro in February 2003. To validate this approach, an aerial flight was conducted in July 2005. 4) Linking local climate to large-scale circulation: As glacier behavior on Kilimanjaro, a totally free-standing mountain, is likely to reflect changes in larger-scale climate, this goal explores the large-scale climate mechanisms driving local Kilimanjaro climate. Well known large-scale forcings of east African climate are sea surface temperature variations in the Pacific and, more important, in the Indian Ocean. 5) Regional modification of large-scale circulation: The regional precipitation response in East Africa due to large-scale forcing is not adequately resolved in a global climate model as used in 4). Thus, mesoscale model experiments with the numerical atmospheric model RAMS will be conducted within this goal. They are thought to reveal the modification of atmospheric flow by the Kilimanjaro massif on a regional scale. 6) Practical aspects: Based on micro- and mesoscale results, (i) how much water is provided by glaciers, (ii) providing future projections of glacier behavior as basis for economic and societal studies (practical part), e.g., for studies on the impact of vanishing glaciers on Kibo's touristic appeal, and (iii) which impact does deforestation on the Kilimanjaro slopes have on summit climate? Referring to item 2), two new automatic weather stations have been installed in February 2005. They complete a station operated by Massachusetts University on the surface of the Northern Icefield since 2000.
Das Projekt "Reallabor 'Kooperieren und Ressourcen schonen': Kooperation zwischen Handwerksbetrieben und Reparaturinitiativen" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, nukleare Sicherheit und Verbraucherschutz (BMUV) , Umweltbundesamt (UBA). Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Deutsches Handwerksinstitut e.V. (DHI) - Institut für Betriebsführung (itb).Das Projekt soll in Form eines Reallabors der Frage von Kooperation oder Konkurrenz zwischen Handwerk und Reparaturinitiativen unter Praxisbedingungen nachgehen. In einem experimentellen Umfeld werden dabei beispielsweise Anreize und Hemmnisse ermittelt, die für eine Steigerung der Reparaturnachfrage und -angebot zu beachten sind. Die Ergebnisse sollen sowohl umsetzbare Politikempfehlungen zur Stärkung der Reparaturdienstleistung beinhalten als auch für die angestrebte Kooperation entscheidende Impulse liefern, beispielsweise eine für eine verstärkte digitale Wissensweitergabe und Vernetzung von Reparaturinitiativen und reparierenden Handwerkern, die Entwicklung neuer Kooperationsformen unter Einbeziehung von Verbänden und Kammern sowie schulischer Reparaturinitiativen und eine Bewerbung der Reparatur in den Ausbildungsstätten. Reparatur von Konsumgütern hat prinzipiell das Potenzial, die einmal entstandenen externen Effekte der Produktion auf eine längere Nutzungszeit zu verteilen und dadurch zu einer höheren Ressourceneffizienz beizutragen. Hochpreisige Konsumgüter machen Reparaturen lohnenswert aber auch emotionale Bindungen an Produkte sowie ökologische Motivation sind wesentliche Anreize. Reparaturdienstleistungen in den Bereichen Unterhaltungselektronik, Haushalts- und Gartengeräte, Lederwaren, Textilien, elektrische Ausrüstungen usw. werden sowohl von Handwerksbetrieben als auch von einer zunehmenden Zahl (ca. 800) an Reparaturinitiativen erbracht. Befragte aus beiden Bereichen bestätigten eine Bereitschaft zur Kooperation.
Das Projekt "Politiken zur Weiterentwicklung des Deutschen Ressourceneffizienzprogramms: Evaluation von ProgRess II und Entwicklung einer wirkungsvollen gemeinsamen Politikgestaltung im Netzwerk Ressourcenschonung (Behördennetzwerk)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, nukleare Sicherheit und Verbraucherschutz (BMUV) , Umweltbundesamt (UBA). Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Freie Universität Berlin - Fachbereich Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften - Otto-Suhr-Institut für Politikwissenschaft - Forschungszentrum für Umweltpolitik.Ziel des Projektes ist es, die Weiterentwicklung des Deutschen Ressourceneffizienzprogramms durch a) Evaluation von ProgRess II und b) durch die Entwicklung einer wirkungsvollen Politikgestaltung für ProgRess III im Rahmen des (Behörden-)Netzwerkes Ressourcenschonung voran zu bringen. Bei der Evaluation von ProgRess II handelt es sich um eine Prozessevaluation und um die Durchführung von Erhebungen (Daten, Interviews) in Akteurskreisen. Die wissenschaftliche Begleitung der Arbeit des Netzwerkes Ressourcenschonung, gegründet von UBA, BfN, BBSR, BAM, BGR, destatis, PtJ, GIZ und DBU umfasst eine Konzeption, die Ausarbeitung kriteriengestützer Methoden zur Politikbewertung, die Begleitung von Pilotanwendungen in den Behörden und Instituten, die Vor- und Nachbereitung von Netzwerktreffen, die Durchführung einer Fachtagung, Einrichtung und Pflege einer Website und die Erstellung weiterer Ausarbeitungen zu den vom Netzwerk vorgegebenen ProgRess relevanten Themen. Aus fachlicher Sicht sind die im Zuwendungsantrag vorgeschlagenen Leistungen erforderlich, um -mit Hilfe von aus der Evaluation abgeleiteten Empfehlungen und -mit der Einbeziehung gemeinsamer Positionen und fachlichen Stellungnahmen von nachgeordneten Behörden und wissenschaftlichen Organisationen aus dem Netzwerk Ressourcenschonung den Prozess der Ausgestaltung und Fortschreibung des Deutschen Ressourceneffizienzprogramms qualitativ zu verbessern. Das Projekt trägt zur Weiterentwicklung der Ressourcenpolitik und damit zu einem nachhaltigen und effizienten Umgang mit natürlichen Ressourcen bei.
Das Projekt "Clean Sky Technology Eco Design (Clean Sky ECO)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Brüssel. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Airbus Helicopters Deutschland GmbH.The Eco-Design ITD (ED-ITD) gathers and structures from one side activities concerned specifically with development of new material and process technologies and demonstration on airframe and rotorcraft related parts stressing the ecolonomic aspects of such new technologies; from the other side, activities related to the All Electrical Aircraft concept related to small aircraft. ED-ITD is directly focused on the last ACARE goal: 'To make substantial progress in reducing the environmental impact of the manufacture, maintenance and disposal of aircraft and related products'. Reduction of environmental impacts during out of operation phases of the aircraft lifecycle can be estimated to around 20 % reduction of the total amount of the CO2 emitted by all the processes (direct emissions and indirect emissions i.e. produced when producing the energy) and 15 % of the total amount of the energy used by all the processes. In addition, expected benefit brought by the All Electric Aircraft concept to be highlighted through the conceptual aircraft defined in the vehicle ITDs is estimated to around 2% fuel consumption reduction due to mass benefits and better energy management. The status of the global fleet in the year 2000 constitutes the baseline against which achievements will be assessed. Progress toward these goals will result not only from ED internal activities but also from the collaboration with the relevant cross-cutting activities in GRA , GRC, SFWA (business jet platform) and SGO (electrical systems).
Das Projekt "Establishment and exploration of a gas ion source for micro-scale radiocarbon dating of glaciers and groundwater" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Umweltphysik.Recent progress in the operation of CO2 gas ion sources for accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) 14C analysis on microgram-size samples opens a wide range of new applications in dating studies, e.g. for environmental and archeological applications. This proposal aims at implementing a gas ion source at the AMS system MICADAS at the Klaus-Tschira Laboratory of the Curt-Engelhorn-Zentrum für Archäometrie (CEZA) in Mannheim and to use this new capability for cutting-edge applications in environmental studies, namely the dating of small amounts of organic carbon contained in glacier ice and of specific organic compounds in ground water. Cold glaciers hold unique records on past climate and atmospheric composition. Mid-latitude ice cores furthermore enable reconstructions of recent ice chemistry changes, but cannot be dated by stratigraphic methods. For such ice bodies, only radiometric dating based on 14C analysis of organic matter contained in the ice matrix presently offers a reasonable dating potential in the late Holocene and beyond. The challenge of this approach lies in the very restricted availability of this matter, but the ability to analyse microgram samples of organic carbon from ice via a gas ion source should now enable reliable 14C dating of ice. Ground water constitutes an important water resource worldwide, especially in semi-arid regions, and in addition constitutes a useful climate archive. Dating of ground water by 14C in the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is standard but problematic due to the complex carbonate geochemistry. Dating of ground water based on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) has been attempted with mixed success, but now the new analytical developments enable compound-specific 14C analyses of the various DOC components, offering the chance to identify compounds suitable for dating. This project is based on the extensive experience of the collaborating scientists in 14C analytics and applications as well as in the use of glacier ice and ground water as archives, including the development and application of 14C dating methods for these systems. It will establish 14C-measurements at the MICADAS AMS of the CEZA via a gas ion source on a routine base to analyse CO2-samples in the range of 5 to 40 microgram C at a precision down to 0,5 Prozent. By improving existing sample preparation techniques for glacier ice samples, reliable 14C values of the particulate and dissolved organic fractions from small (some 100 g) ice samples shall be obtained. This capability will be applied to constrain ages of cold, sedimentary glaciers as well as of small scale, cold Alpine congelation ice bodies. The project will further develop and test the tools required for micro-scale, compound-specific radiocarbon dating of ground water via its organic fraction. For this purpose, ground water samples from the Upper Rhine Graben area will be analysed, where extensive isotopic data, including DIC 14C values, are available for comparison.
Das Projekt "Advanced Model Development and Validation for Improved Analysis of Costs and Impacts of Mitigation Policies (ADVANCE)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Brüssel. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung e.V..Objective: Integrated assessment and energy-economy models have become central tools for informing long-term global and regional climate mitigation strategies. There is a large demand for improved representations of complex system interactions and thorough validation of model behaviour in order to increase user confidence in climate policy assessments. ADVANCE aims to respond to this demand by facilitating the development of a new generation of integrated assessment models. This will be achieved by substantial progress in key areas where model improvements are greatly needed: end use and energy service demand; representation of heterogeneity, behaviour, innovation and consumer choices; technical change and uncertainty; system integration, path dependencies and resource constraints; and economic impacts of mitigation policies. In the past, methodological innovations and improvements were hindered by the unavailability of suitable input data. The ADVANCE project will make a large and coordinated effort to generate relevant datasets. These datasets, along with newly developed methodologies, will be made available to the broader scientific community as open-access resources. ADVANCE will also put a focus on improved model transparency, model validation, and data handling. A central objective of ADVANCE is to evaluate and to improve the suitability of models for climate policy impact assessments. The improved models will be applied to an assessment of long-term EU climate policy in a global context, and disseminated to the wider community. The ADVANCE consortium brings together long-standing expertise in integrated assessment and energy-economy modelling with a strong expertise in material flows, energy system integration, and energy service demand.
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