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GTS Bulletin: IUXD62 EDZW - Observational data (Binary coded) - BUFR (details are described in the abstract)

The IUXD62 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (I): Observational data (Binary coded) - BUFR T1T2 (IU): Upper air T1T2A1 (IUX): Other upper air reports A2 (D): 90°E - 0° northern hemisphere(The bulletin collects reports from stations: 10618;Idar-Oberstein;) (Remarks from Volume-C: High resolution 2 sec., BUFR309057, Level 500) IUXD62 BUFR bulletin available 10618 Idar-Oberstein from EDZW (Deutscher Wetterdienst) up to 500 hPa. at 00, 06, 12, 18 UTC

Pollen and environmental reconstruction, Holocene dynamics of tropical rainforest, climate, fire, human impact and land use in Sulawesi and Sumatra, Indonesia

The present-day configuration of Indonesia and SE Asia is the results of a long history of tectonic movements, volcanisms and global eustatic sea-level changes. Not indifferent to these dynamics, fauna and flora have been evolving and dispersing following a complicate pattern of continent-sea changes to form what are today defined as Sundaland and Wallacea biogeographical regions. The modern intraannual climate of Indonesia is generally described as tropical, seasonally wet with seasonal reversals of prevailing low-level winds (Asian-Australian monsoon). However at the interannual scale a range of influences operating over varying time scales affect the local climate in respect of temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall. Vegetation generally reflects climate and to simplify it is possible to distinguish three main ecological elements in the flora of Malaysia: everwet tropical, seasonally dry tropical (monsoon) and montane. Within those major ecological groups, a wide range of specific local conditions caused a complex biogeography which has and still attract the attention of botanists and biogeographers worldwide. Being one of the richest regions in the Worlds in terms of species endemism and biodiversity, Indonesia has recently gone through intensive transformation of previously rural/natural lands for intensive agriculture (oil palm, rubber, cocoa plantations and rice fields). Climate change represents an additional stress. Projected climate changes in the region include strengthening of monsoon circulation and increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall and drought events. The ecological consequences of these scenarios are hard to predict. Within the context of sustainable management of conservation areas and agro-landscapes, Holocene palaeoecological and palynological studies provide a valuable contribution by showing how the natural vegetation present at the location has changed as a consequence of climate variability in the long-term (e.g. the Mid-Holocene moisture maximum, the modern ENSO onset, Little Ice Age etc.). The final aim of my PhD research is to compare the Holocene history of Jambi province and Central Sulawesi. In particular: - Reconstructing past vegetation, plant diversity and climate dynamics in the two study areas Jambi (Sumatra) and Lore Lindu National Park (Sulawesi) - Comparing the ecological responses of lowland monsoon swampy rainforest (Sumatra) and everwet montane rainforests (Sulawesi) to environmental variability (vulnerability/resilience) - Investigating the history of human impact on the landscape (shifting cultivation, slash and burn, crop cultivation, rubber and palm oil plantation) - Assessing the impact and role of droughts (El Niño) and fires - Adding a historical perspective to the evaluation of current and future changes.

Vertical partitioning and sources of CO2 production and effects of temperature, oxygen and root location within the soil profile on C turnover

For surface soils, the mechanisms controlling soil organic C turnover have been thoroughly investigated. The database on subsoil C dynamics, however, is scarce, although greater than 50 percent of SOC stocks are stored in deeper soil horizons. The transfer of results obtained from surface soil studies to deeper soil horizons is limited, because soil organic matter (SOM) in deeper soil layers is exposed to contrasting environmental conditions (e.g. more constant temperature and moisture regime, higher CO2 and lower O2 concentrations, increasing N and P limitation to C mineralization with soil depth) and differs in composition compared to SOM of the surface layer, which in turn entails differences in its decomposition. For a quantitative analysis of subsoil SOC dynamics, it is necessary to trace the origins of the soil organic compounds and the pathways of their transformations. Since SOM is composed of various C pools which turn over on different time scales, from hours to millennia, bulk measurements do not reflect the response of specific pools to both transient and long-term change and may significantly underestimate CO2 fluxes. More detailed information can be gained from the fractionation of subsoil SOM into different functional pools in combination with the use of stable and radioactive isotopes. Additionally, soil-respired CO2 isotopic signatures can be used to understand the role of environmental factors on the rate of SOM decomposition and the magnitude and source of CO2 fluxes. The aims of this study are to (i) determine CO2 production and subsoil C mineralization in situ, (ii) investigate the vertical distribution and origin of CO2 in the soil profile using 14CO2 and 13CO2 analyses in the Grinderwald, and to (iii) determine the effect of environmental controls (temperature, oxygen) on subsoil C turnover. We hypothesize that in-situ CO2 production in subsoils is mainly controlled by root distribution and activity and that CO2 produced in deeper soil depth derives to a large part from the mineralization of fresh root derived C inputs. Further, we hypothesize that a large part of the subsoil C is potentially degradable, but is mineralized slower compared with the surface soil due to possible temperature or oxygen limitation.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1294: Bereich Infrastruktur - Atmospheric and Earth system research with the 'High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft' (HALO), WISE: Wellengetriebener isentroper Austausch

Änderungen der Verteilung von Spurenstoffen wie Wasserdampf und Ozon, sowie die Verteilung von Zirruspartikeln in der unteren Stratosphäre/oberen Troposphäre (UTLS) haben einen großen Einfluss auf den Strahlungsantrieb. Unsicherheiten in der Beschreibung von Mischungsprozessen führen zu großen Unsicherheiten der Abschätzung des Strahlungsantriebs und sind deshalb von großer Bedeutung für die Quantifizierung des Klimawandels. Deshalb ist es wichtig, physikalische und chemische Prozesse (z.B. Austauschprozesse von Luftmassen, Zirrusbildung) zu quantifizieren, die die Zusammensetzung der UTLS bestimmen. Die sogenannte 'overworld' oberhalb von Theta=380K beeinflusst unmittelbar die Zusammensetzung der extratropischen Stratosphäre im Sommer durch Luftmassen, die aus der Region der asiatischen Monsunzirkulation stammen. Brechende planetare Wellen transportieren Monsun beeinflusste Luft in höhere Breiten, wo sie zum dortigen Wasserdampf- und Spurenstoffbudget beitragen. Die untere Grenze der UTLS, die extratropische Tropopausenschicht (ExTL), wird durch schnellen und effizienten bidirektionalen (quasi-isentropen) Austausch mit der Troposphäre gekennzeichnet. Die obere Grenze der der ExTL korrespondiert mit der Lage der Tropopauseninversionsschicht (TIL), die eine Region erhöhter statischer Stabilität oberhalb der Tropopause darstellt. Der Einfluss infrarotaktiver Tracer wie Wasserdampf oder Ozon auf die Temperaturstruktur macht die TIL zu einem sensitiven Indikator für Änderungen des Wasserdampf- oder Ozongehaltes oder auch Änderungen der Tropopausen Temperatur. Diese wirkt auf den Wasserdampfgehalt, der wiederum die statische Stabilität beeinflusst. WISE untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Zusammensetzung und der dynamischen Struktur der UTLS innerhalb der folgenden vier Hauptthemen:- Zusammenhang zwischen TIL und Spurengasverteilung in der unteren Stratosphäre- Wellenbrechung von planetaren Wellen und Wasserdampftransport in die extratropische untere Stratosphäre - Halogenierte Substanzen und deren Effekt auf Ozon in der UTLS- Nichtsichtbare Zirruspartikel und deren Effekt auf die UTLSBei WISE werden diese Themen mit einer neuartigen Nutzlast untersucht, die 2D- und 3D-Messungen von Spurenstoffen und Temperatur, Dropsondendaten und hochaufgelöste in-situ Spurengasmessungen vereint. Eine einzigartige Kombination von Limb- und Nadirmessngen wird verwendet, um die Eigenschaften optisch dünner Zirren in der UTLS Region zu untersuchen. Hochpräzise in-situ Daten erlauben detaillierte Untersuchungen zu Mischungsprozessen mit hoher Auflösung, sowie Zeitskalen und Altersbestimmung der Luft. WISE wird im September / Oktober stattfinden, und daher unmittelbar den Einfluss des sich auflösenden Monsuns auf die extratropische UTLS vermessen. Durch die Kombination mit Lagrange'schen und prozessorientierten Modellen wird der relative Beitrag verschiedener Quellregionen als auch Transportzeitskalen und Prozesse quantifiziert.

GTS Bulletin: IUSD28 EDZW - Observational data (Binary coded) - BUFR (details are described in the abstract)

The IUSD28 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (I): Observational data (Binary coded) - BUFR T1T2 (IU): Upper air T1T2A1 (IUS): Radio soundings from fixed land stations (entire sounding) A2 (D): 90°E - 0° northern hemisphere(The bulletin collects reports from stations: 10868;Oberschleißheim;) (Remarks from Volume-C: High resolution 2 sec., BUFR309057) IUSD28 BUFR bulletin available 10868 Oberschleißheim from EDZW (Deutscher Wetterdienst) at 00 UTC, 12 UTC, ON DEMAND 06 UTC, 18 UTC

Hydraulic activation of stomata (HAS) - development; impact on nutrient and water balance; application

The 'hydraulic activation of stomata' (HAS) describes the establishment of continuous liquid water connections along stomatal walls, which affects individual stomata. It enables the efficient bidirectional transport of water, solutes, and hydraulic signals between the leaf interior and leaf surface and makes stomatal transpiration partly independent of stomatal aperture. While in our earlier work we postulated the existence of these connections and contributed substantially to their final approval, this research proposal focusses on the fundamental significance of HAS for the water and nutrient relations of plants, for atmosphere/plant interaction, and for the modelling of gas exchange. The planned experimental investigations aim to describe HAS formation by hygroscopic salts, to examine new concepts of the plant humidity sensor, nocturnal transpiration, stomatal water uptake, and the 'extended apoplast', as well as the significance of epicuticle waxes for atmospheric particle capture. Together, this should lead both to the further development of new theoretical concepts describing plant adaptations to aerosol regimes, and to practical applications in foliar fertilization, plant protection, and improvement of salt stress tolerance.

GTS Bulletin: IUKD02 EDZW - Observational data (Binary coded) - BUFR (details are described in the abstract)

The IUKD02 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (I): Observational data (Binary coded) - BUFR T1T2 (IU): Upper air T1T2A1 (IUK): Radio soundings from fixed land stations (up to 100 hPa) A2 (D): 90°E - 0° northern hemisphere(The bulletin collects reports from stations: 10113;Norderney;) (Remarks from Volume-C: high resolution 2 sec.)

GTS Bulletin: IUKX40 EDZW - Observational data (Binary coded) - BUFR (details are described in the abstract)

The IUKX40 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (I): Observational data (Binary coded) - BUFR T1T2 (IU): Upper air T1T2A1 (IUK): Radio soundings from marine stations (up to 100 hPa) A2 (X): Global Area (area not definable) (Remarks from Volume-C: TEMP SHIP UP TO 100 HPA)

GTS Bulletin: IUSD03 EDZW - Observational data (Binary coded) - BUFR (details are described in the abstract)

The IUSD03 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (I): Observational data (Binary coded) - BUFR T1T2 (IU): Upper air T1T2A1 (IUS): Radiosondes/pibal reports from fixed land stations (entire sounding) A2 (D): 90°E - 0° northern hemisphere(The bulletin collects reports from stations: 10184;Greifswald;) (Remarks from Volume-C: high resolution 2 sec.)

GTS Bulletin: ULDL01 EDZW - Upper air data (details are described in the abstract)

The ULDL01 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (U): Upper air data T1T2 (UL): Upper level pressure, temperature, humidity and wind (Part C) A1A2 (DL): Germany (The bulletin collects reports from stations: 10035;Schleswig;10410;Essen-Bredeney;10739;Stuttgart (Schnarrenberg);10868;Oberschleißheim;)

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