Im Rahmen des Projektes soll der spektrale Extinktionskoeffizient des unbeeinflussten atmosphärischen Aerosols bei 3 Wellenlängen (405, 532, 850 nm) mit einem neu entwickelten portablen SAEMS (Spectral Aerosol Extinction Monitoring System) in Kombination mit einem Ramanlidar untersucht werden. Dieses Fernmessverfahren soll weltweit in ausgewählten Quellregionen mit charakteristischen, unterschiedlichen Aerosoltypen (marines Aerosol, Mineralstaubaerosol, Biomasseverbrennungsaerosol) und natürlichen Aerosolmischungen eingesetzt werden. Das Messsystem wird mit Feuchte- und Temperatursensoren ausgestattet sein damit speziell auch die Änderung der optischen Eigenschaften der atmosphärischen Partikel bei realistischen Umgebungsfeuchtebedingungen erfasst wird. Die Wegstreckenauswahl dieses Aufbaus wird für die jeweiligen Aerosolbedingungen optimiert (horizontale Messstreckenlänge 1-3 km, 10-20 m über dem Boden). Die hygroskopischen Eigenschaften des Aerosols im Umgebungsfeuchtebereich sollen spezifisch für den jeweiligen Einsatzort bestimmt werden und eine aerosoltypabhängige Parametrisierung erarbeitet werden. Ziel ist langfristig die Charakterisierung der Aerosolsäule durch Kombination von bodengebundenen in-situ Methoden und Fernmessverfahren und sowie eine systematische Untersuchung des Feuchteeinflusses auf die aerosoloptischen Eigenschaften. Dazu soll die automatisierte Ermittlung des Extinktionskoeffizienten im bodennahen Bereich in den kontinuierlichen Messbetrieb der mobilen Landstation LACROS (Leipzig Aerosol and Cloud Remote Observations System) des TROPOS integriert werden. Derartige Untersuchungen sind von großer Wichtigkeit für die Klimamodellierung (Parametrisierung der Strahlungswechselwirkung von Aerosolen) sowie der Synthese der aktiven Fernerkundung (Bestimmung der optischen Eigenschaften der Aerosolsäule) und der mikrophysikalischen Eigenschaften durch in-situ Bodenmessungen.
We study the effects of plants and root-associated fungi on wind erosion within the alpine environment of Tibet. China is one of the countries most affected by desertification processes and Tibet, in particular, a key region in desertification combat. The presented project focuses on the Barkha Plain surrounded by Mount Kailash and the Lake of Manasarovar (Ngari Prefecture). This Western Tibet region experienced little scientific attention but, nowadays, faces rapidly increasing touristic activities and expanding local settlements associated with socio-economic changes that are serious threats to the delicate ecological balance and potential triggers of desertification. It exists almost unanimous agreement that revegetation is the most efficient and promising strategy to combat wind erosion and desertification in the long term. However, re-colonising success is often poor, mainly under extreme environmental conditions. Compared to conventional practices, the approach of the presented project attains better accordance with natural succession processes and promises acceleration of both plant and soil development and, conclusively, more efficient desertification control. The project assesses the potential of native plants and symbiotic fungi to control wind erosion and desertification processes. It aims to identify key plants and fungi that increase soil aggregate stability and efficiently drive succession into a natural and self-maintaining cycle of the ecosystem. Furthermore, it provides crucial information for implementing environmentally compatible and cost-effective measures to protect high-elevation ecosystems against desertification. Within three successional stages (early, intermediate, late), field investigations are performed on the basis of Modified-Whittaker plots. Classic methods of vegetation analysis and myco-sociology are combined with analysis of distribution patterns at different scales (patchiness, connectivity). Comprehensive soil analysis is performed comprising grain size distribution, aggregate stability, pH as well as water and nutrient contents. Additionally, important parameters of wind erosion are measured concurrently and continuously to assess their magnitude and variability with respect to vegetation and soil at different levels of development. The parameters addressed, include sediment transport, air temperature, radiation, precipitation, relative humidity as well as speed and direction of wind. Surface moisture is recorded periodically and roughness described. Species and environmental parameters are checked for spatial correlation. Cutting edge technologies are applied in laboratory work, comprising molecular methods for fungal species identification and micro-tomography to analyse soil structure. Furthermore, successfully cultivated fungi and plants are subject of synthesis experiments and industrial propagation in view of practical implementation in restoration measures.
Dieses Projekt untersucht die 16O-17O-18O and the H-D Isotopensysteme im Kristallwasser von Gips (CaS04-2H20) und Bassanit (CaS04-2H20). Ziel ist der prinzipielle Nachweis, ob es möglich ist aus der Isotopie des Kristallwassers atmosphärische Parameter, wie z.B. die Luftfeuchtigkeit zum Zeitpunkt der Mineral(um)bildung, zu rekonstruieren.
The present-day configuration of Indonesia and SE Asia is the results of a long history of tectonic movements, volcanisms and global eustatic sea-level changes. Not indifferent to these dynamics, fauna and flora have been evolving and dispersing following a complicate pattern of continent-sea changes to form what are today defined as Sundaland and Wallacea biogeographical regions. The modern intraannual climate of Indonesia is generally described as tropical, seasonally wet with seasonal reversals of prevailing low-level winds (Asian-Australian monsoon). However at the interannual scale a range of influences operating over varying time scales affect the local climate in respect of temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall. Vegetation generally reflects climate and to simplify it is possible to distinguish three main ecological elements in the flora of Malaysia: everwet tropical, seasonally dry tropical (monsoon) and montane. Within those major ecological groups, a wide range of specific local conditions caused a complex biogeography which has and still attract the attention of botanists and biogeographers worldwide. Being one of the richest regions in the Worlds in terms of species endemism and biodiversity, Indonesia has recently gone through intensive transformation of previously rural/natural lands for intensive agriculture (oil palm, rubber, cocoa plantations and rice fields). Climate change represents an additional stress. Projected climate changes in the region include strengthening of monsoon circulation and increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall and drought events. The ecological consequences of these scenarios are hard to predict. Within the context of sustainable management of conservation areas and agro-landscapes, Holocene palaeoecological and palynological studies provide a valuable contribution by showing how the natural vegetation present at the location has changed as a consequence of climate variability in the long-term (e.g. the Mid-Holocene moisture maximum, the modern ENSO onset, Little Ice Age etc.). The final aim of my PhD research is to compare the Holocene history of Jambi province and Central Sulawesi. In particular: - Reconstructing past vegetation, plant diversity and climate dynamics in the two study areas Jambi (Sumatra) and Lore Lindu National Park (Sulawesi) - Comparing the ecological responses of lowland monsoon swampy rainforest (Sumatra) and everwet montane rainforests (Sulawesi) to environmental variability (vulnerability/resilience) - Investigating the history of human impact on the landscape (shifting cultivation, slash and burn, crop cultivation, rubber and palm oil plantation) - Assessing the impact and role of droughts (El Niño) and fires - Adding a historical perspective to the evaluation of current and future changes.
The ISMD01 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (I): Observational data (Binary coded) - BUFR T1T2 (IS): Surface/sea level T1T2A1 (ISM): Main synoptic observations from fixed land stations A2 (D): 90°E - 0° northern hemisphere(The bulletin collects reports from stations: 10004;UFS TW Ems;10015;Helgoland;10020;List auf Sylt;10035;Schleswig;10055;Fehmarn;10147;Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel;10162;Schwerin;10184;Greifswald;10200;Emden;10224;Bremen;10270;Neuruppin;10338;Hannover;10361;Magdeburg;10393;Lindenberg;10400;Düsseldorf;10469;Leipzig/Halle;10488;Dresden-Klotzsche;10506;Nürburg-Barweiler;10548;Meiningen;10637;Frankfurt/Main;10685;Hof;10738;Stuttgart-Echterdingen;10763;Nürnberg;10788;Straubing;10852;Augsburg;10946;Kempten;) (Remarks from Volume-C: SYNOP)
Das Aufschüsseln bzw. Aufwölben ein- und zweischichtiger Betonfahrbahndecken soll im Labor überwiegend an 3,0 m langen einseitig eingespannten Betonbalken (freie Kraglänge 2,5 m) untersucht werden. Die Laboruntersuchungen sollen durch Verformungsmessungen mit einem Lasermessgerät in-situ an ein- und zweischichtigen Betonfahrbahndecken überprüft werden. Insbesondere sollen auch jahres- und tageszeitlich sowie witterungsbedingte Schwankungen (Feuchte bzw. Temperatureinfluss) der Verformungen mit erfasst werden. Mit Originalausgangsstoffen der jeweiligen Versuchsstrecken werden Laborprobekörper hergestellt. Der Einfluss des Feuchtezustands von RC-Betonzuschlag beim Einbau (kernfeucht bzw. trocken) auf das Aufschüsseln (Aufwölben) wird an ein- und zweischichtigen Betonbalken untersucht. Die Betonbalken werden an der Unterseite befeuchtet (schlechte Entwässerung) bzw. abgedichtet (gute Entwässerung). An der Oberseite können sie bei unterschiedlichen Luftfeuchten austrocknen und werden zyklisch wiederbefeuchtet, um den Einfluss von Niederschlägen zu erfassen.
Chromium (Cr) is introduced into the environment by several anthropogenic activities. A striking ex-ample is the area around Kanpur in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, where large amounts of Cr-containing wastes have been recently illegally deposited. Hexavalent Cr, a highly toxic and mobile contaminant, is present in significant amounts in these wastes, severely affecting the quality of sur-roundings soils, sediments, and ground waters. The first major goal of this study is to clarify the solid phase speciation of Cr in these wastes and to examine its leaching behavior. X-ray diffraction and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy techniques will be employed for quantitative solid phase speciation of Cr. Its leaching behavior will be studied in column experiments performed at un-saturated moisture conditions with flow interruptions simulating monsoon rain events. Combined with geochemical modeling, the results will allow the evaluation of the leaching potential and release kinetics of Cr from the waste materials. The second major goal is to investigate the spatial distribution, speciation, and solubility of Cr in the rooting zone of chromate-contaminated soils surrounding the landfills, and to study the suitability of biochar as novel soil amendment for mitigating the deleterious effects of chromate pollution. Detailed field samplings and laboratory soil incubation studies will be carried out with two agricultural soils and biochar from the Kanpur region.
The SIVX81 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (S): Surface data T1T2 (SI): Intermediate synoptic hour (Remarks from Volume-C: SHIP)
The ISND01 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (I): Observational data (Binary coded) - BUFR T1T2 (IS): Surface/sea level T1T2A1 (ISN): Synoptic observations from fixed land stations at non-standard time (i.e. 01, 02, 04, 05, ... UTC) A2 (D): 90°E - 0° northern hemisphere (The bulletin collects reports from stations: 10004;UFS TW Ems;10015;Helgoland;10020;List auf Sylt;10035;Schleswig;10055;Fehmarn;10147;Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel;10162;Schwerin;10184;Greifswald;10200;Emden;10224;Bremen;10270;Neuruppin;10338;Hannover;10361;Magdeburg;10393;Lindenberg;10400;Düsseldorf;10469;Leipzig/Halle;10488;Dresden-Klotzsche;10506;Nürburg-Barweiler;10548;Meiningen;10637;Frankfurt/Main;10685;Hof;10738;Stuttgart-Echterdingen;10763;Nürnberg;10788;Straubing;10852;Augsburg;10946;Kempten;) (Remarks from Volume-C: SYNOP)
Nutrient and water supply for organisms in soil is strongly affected by the physical and physico-chemical properties of the microenvironment, i.e. pore space topology (pore size, tortuosity, connectivity) and pore surface properties (surface charge, surface energy). Spatial decoupling of biological processes through the physical (spatial) separation of SOM, microorganisms and extracellular enzyme activity is apparently one of the most important factors leading to the protection and stabilization of soil organic matter (SOM) in subsoils. However, it is largely unknown, if physical constraints can explain the very low turnover rates of organic carbon in subsoils. Hence, the objective of P4 is to combine the information from the physical structure of the soil (local bulk density, macropore structure, aggregation, texture gradients) with surface properties of particles or aggregate surfaces to obtain a comprehensive set of physical important parameters. It is the goal to determine how relevant these physical factors in the subsoil are to enforce the hydraulic heterogeneity of the subsoil flow system during wetting and drying. Our hypothesis is that increasing water repellency enforces the moisture pattern heterogeneity caused already by geometrical factors. Pore space heterogeneity will be assessed by the bulk density patterns via x-ray radiography. Local pattern of soil moisture is evaluated by the difference of X-ray signals of dry and wet soil (project partner H.J. Vogel, UFZ Halle). With the innovative combination of three methods (high resolution X-ray radiography, small scale contact angle mapping, both applied to a flow cell shaped sample with undisturbed soil) it will be determined if the impact of water repellency leads to an increase in the hydraulic flow field heterogeneity of the unsaturated sample, i.e. during infiltration events and the following redistribution phase. An interdisciplinary cooperation within the research program is the important link which is realized by using the same flow cell samples to match the spatial patterns of physical, chemical, and biological factors in undisturbed subsoil. This cooperation with respect to spatial pattern analysis will include the analysis of enzyme activities within and outside of flow paths and the spatial distribution of key soil properties (texture, organic carbon, iron oxide content) evaluated by IR mapping. To study dissolved organic matter (DOM) sorption in soils of varying mineral composition and the selective association of DOM with mineral surfaces in context with recognized flow field pattern, we will conduct a central DOM leaching experiment and the coating of iron oxides which are placed inside the flow cell during percolation with marked DOM solution. Overall objective is to elucidate if spatial separation of degrading organisms and enzymes from the substrates may be interconnected with defined physical features of the soil matrix thus explaining subsoil SOM stability and -dynami
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