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Measured environmental concentrations of copper and hazard quotients in the German Bight in summer from 1986 to 2021

Data includes the measured environmental concentrations (MEC) of the summer copper (Cu) concentration in the German Bight from 1986 to 2021 (MUDAB database, https://geoportal.bafg.de/MUDABAnwendung/), including sampling points coordinates, year of sampling and Cu concentration. Additionally the Hazard quotient (HQ) is provided by dividing the MEC with the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC), defined as EC10 estimates from Crassostrea gigas embryos exposed for 48 h at 18°C and LC10 estimates from C. gigas larvae exposed for 24 h at 24°C, divided by an assessment factor (AF) of 5.

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field study: Araneae data

Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, spiders were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Spiders were identified to species according to Nentwig et al. (2019). Spider hunting strategy (active hunter or web-builder) was used as the feeding trait according to Cardoso et al. (2011).

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field study: Aphidoidea data

Taken from materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: Aphids were counted on 50 randomly selected shoots in two crop rows (100 shoots in total) per plot and sampling round. To reduce edge effects, rows with less than 20 cm to the edge were excluded. Counting took place twice a year, that is, once during crop flowering (BBCH 61; beginning of aphid population growth) and once during crop milk ripening stage (BBCH 75).

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field study: Soil data

Taken from the methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107237: The effect of rare arable plants on soil nutrient concentration was measured by taking soil samples in the 1st and 2nd study year (March 2018 and August 2019). One soil sample per plot was taken to a 20 cm depth and analyzed by the AGROLAB Group (Landshut, Germany) for soil organic matter [%] and nitrogen concentration [%] (DIN EN 15936; 2012 and DIN EN 16168; 2012-11).

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field study: Carabidae data

Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, carabids were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Carabids were identified to species according to Hůrka (1996). Carabid feeding behavior was classified according to Homburg et al. (2014). To simplify the dataset, carabid feeding behavior was classified as predominantly granivorous (species mainly feed on seeds and fruits) or as carnivorous/omnivorous, because carnivorous and omnivorous species are potentially feeding on aphids and other non-plant material.

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field study: Plants biomass data

Taken from the methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107237: Vegetation surveys were performed once in July for both study years. Plant species were classified and each species' percent cover for both the arable plant community and the crop were visually estimated per plot. Species were divided into rare arable plants, other spontaneously occurring arable plants, the sown crop species, and volunteer crops that re-emerged after cultivation in previous years. To measure the productivity of our plots, both the crop biomass and arable plant biomass (rare arable plants + volunteer crops + spontaneous arable plants) were collected in July and August in both study years. For the arable plant biomass, three 0.5 m × 0.5 m sampling quadrats were randomly placed in the plot, harvested, and dried at 65 °C for 48 h. Crop biomass was measured after cutting, drying, and weighing three randomly selected crop rows per plot. To minimize edge effects, the outmost crop rows were excluded from the sampling. Arable plants and crop biomasses were projected as g m ⁻².

Response of benthic foraminifera to ocean acidification in their natural sediment environment: a long-term culturing experiment

Calcifying foraminifera are expected to be endangered by ocean acidification; however, the response of a complete community kept in natural sediment and over multiple generations under controlled laboratory conditions has not been constrained to date. During 6 months of incubation, foraminiferal assemblages were kept and treated in natural sediment with pCO2-enriched seawater of 430, 907, 1865 and 3247 µatm pCO2. The fauna was dominated by Ammonia aomoriensis and Elphidium species, whereas agglutinated species were rare. After 6 months of incubation, pore water alkalinity was much higher in comparison to the overlying seawater. Consequently, the saturation state of Omega calc was much higher in the sediment than in the water column in nearly all pCO2 treatments and remained close to saturation. As a result, the life cycle (population density, growth and reproduction) of living assemblages varied markedly during the experimental period, but was largely unaffected by the pCO2 treatments applied. According to the size-frequency distribution, we conclude that foraminifera start reproduction at a diameter of 250 µm. Mortality of living Ammonia aomoriensis was unaffected, whereas size of large and dead tests decreased with elevated pCO2 from 285 µm (pCO2 from 430 to 1865 µatm) to 258 µm (pCO2 3247 µatm). The total organic content of living Ammonia aomoriensis has been determined to be 4.3% of CaCO3 weight. Living individuals had a calcium carbonate production rate of 0.47 g/m**2/a, whereas dead empty tests accumulated a rate of 0.27 g /m**2/a. Although Omega calc was close to 1, approximately 30% of the empty tests of Ammonia aomoriensis showed dissolution features at high pCO2 of 3247 µatm during the last 2 months of incubation. In contrast, tests of the subdominant species, Elphidium incertum, stayed intact. Our results emphasize that the sensitivity to ocean acidification of the endobenthic foraminifera Ammonia aomoriensis in their natural sediment habitat is much lower compared to the experimental response of specimens isolated from the sediment.

The benthic foraminiferal community in a naturally CO2-rich coastal habitat of the southwestern Baltic Sea

It is expected that the calcification of foraminifera will be negatively affected by the ongoing acidification of the oceans. Compared to the open oceans, these organisms are subjected to much more adverse carbonate system conditions in coastal and estuarine environments such as the southwestern Baltic Sea, where benthic foraminifera are abundant. This study documents the seasonal changes of carbonate chemistry and the ensuing response of the foraminiferal community with bi-monthly resolution in Flensburg Fjord. In comparison to the surface pCO2, which is close to equilibrium with the atmosphere, we observed large seasonal fluctuations of pCO2 in the bottom and sediment pore waters. The sediment pore water pCO2 was constantly high during the entire year ranging from 1244 to 3324 µatm. Nevertheless, in contrast to the bottom water, sediment pore water was slightly supersaturated with respect to calcite as a consequence of higher alkalinity (AT) for most of the year. Foraminiferal assemblages were dominated by two calcareous species, Ammonia aomoriensis and Elphidium incertum, and the agglutinated Ammotium cassis. The one-year cycle was characterised by seasonal community shifts. Our results revealed that there is no dynamic response of foraminiferal population density and diversity to elevated sediment pore water pCO2. Surprisingly, the fluctuations of sediment pore water undersaturation (Omega calc) co-vary with the population densities of living Ammonia aomoriensis. Further, we observed that most of the tests of living calcifying foraminifera were intact. Only Ammonia aomorienis showed dissolution and recalcification structures on the tests, especially at undersaturated conditions. Therefore, the benthic community is subjected to high pCO2 and tolerates elevated levels as long as sediment pore water remains supersaturated. Model calculations inferred that increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations will finally lead to a perennial undersaturation in sediment pore waters. Whereas benthic foraminifera indeed may cope with a high sediment pore water pCO2, the steady undersaturation of sediment pore waters would likely cause a significant higher mortality of the dominating Ammonia aomoriensis. This shift may eventually lead to changes in the benthic foraminiferal communities in Flensburg Fjord, as well as in other regions experiencing naturally undersaturated Omega calc levels.

Leaf damage data on European beech leaves from saplings and mature trees from Lower Saxony, Germany in 2019

Leaf damage data on European beech leaves from saplings and mature trees from Lower Saxony, Germany. Three forest stand types were studied (European beech/Douglas fir mixture, European beech monoculture, and European beech/Norway spruce mixture) at six different sites, three in southern (site 1-3) and three (4-6) in northern Lower Saxony, Germany. At each plot 20 leaves from 20 saplings and 80 leaves from 5 mature trees were sampled in August 2019. After sampling the dorsal side of leaves was scanned and the amount of damage was estimated with an image processing software called ImageJ. Damage is distinguished into total, pathogen and herbivory damage which is further distinguished into chewing, sucking, mining, skeletonizing and gall damage.

Cell count time series of Azadinium spinosum, Azadinium poporum and Amphidoma languida at Cuxhaven, Helgoland, Sylt, Wilhelmshaven and Scapa Flow between 2015 and 2019

The data represent species counts (cells L-1) of the three AZA-producing dinoflagellate species Azadinium spinosum, Az. poporum and Amphidoma languida (all members of the taxonomic family Amphidomataceae) of water samples taken during in total six different field expeditions on several research vessels (RV Heincke, RV Uthörn, RV Polarstern) and on in total five stationary sampling stations (Scapa Flow/Scotland, Cuxhaven/Germany, Helgoland/Germany, Wilhelmshaven/Germany, Sylt/Germany) between 2015 and 2019. The water samples have been taken using Niskin bottles (on research vessels attached to a CTD). After DNA extraction, the species cell numbers have been calculated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis using respective standard curves. These samples gained from different geographical areas in the eastern North Atlantic have been analyzed as part of the RIPAZA Project (funded by the German BMBF; in cooperation with the Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen/China) and the results are presented and discussed in the doctoral thesis of Stephan Wietkamp (Suppl.Tab.S6, Suppl.Tab.S7). Aim of the project and especially of this data set was to provide first reference data on the biogeography (geographical distribution and seasonality) of toxigenic Amphidomataceae in the eastern North Atlantic.

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