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Carbon, water and nutrient dynamics in vascular plant- vs. Sphagnum-dominated bog ecosystems in southern Patagonia

In bog ecosystems, vegetation controls key processes such as the retention of carbon, water and nutrients. In northern hemispherical bogs, a shift from Sphagnum- to vascular plant-dominated vegetation is often traced back to Climate Change and increased anthropogenic nitrogen deposition and coincides with substantially reduced capacities in carbon, water and nutrient retention. In southern Patagonia, bogs dominated by Sphagnum and vascular plants coexist since millennia under similar environmental settings. Thus, South Patagonian bogs may serve as ideal examples for the long-term effect of vascular plant invasion on carbon, water and nutrient balances of bog ecosystems. The contemporary balances of carbon and water of both a bog dominated by Sphagnum and vascular plants are determined by CO2- H2O and CH4 flux measurements and an estimation of lateral water losses as well as losses via dissolved organic and inorganic carbon compounds. The high time resolution of simultaneous eddy covariance measurements of CO2 and H2O in both bog types and the strong interaction between climatic variables and the physiology of bog plants allow for direct comparisons of carbon and water fluxes during cold, warm, dry, wet, cloudy or sunny periods. By the combination with leaf-scale measurements of gas exchange and fluorescence, plant-physiological controls of photosynthesis and transpiration can be identified. Long-term peat accumulation rates will be determined by carbon density and age-depth profiles including a characterization of peat humification characteristics. A reciprocal transplantation experiment with incorporated shading, liming and labeled N addition treatments is conducted to explore driving factors affecting competition between Sphagnum and vascular plants as well as the interactions between CO2-, CH4-, and water fluxes and decisive plant functional traits affecting key processes for carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling. Decomposition rates and driving below ground processes are analyzed with a litter bag field experiment and an incubation experiment in the laboratory.

Redox processes along gradients

The relevance of biogeochemical gradients for turnover of organic matter and contaminants is yet poorly understood. This study aims at the identification and quantification of the interaction of different redox processes along gradients. The interaction of iron-, and sulfate reduction and methanogenesis will be studied in controlled batch and column experiments. Factors constraining the accessibility and the energy yield from the use of these electron acceptors will be evaluated, such as passivation of iron oxides, re-oxidation of hydrogen sulfide on iron oxides. The impact of these constraints on the competitiveness of the particular process will then be described. Special focus will be put on the evolution of methanogenic conditions in systems formerly characterized by iron and sulfate reducing condition. As methanogenic conditions mostly evolve from micro-niches, methods to study the existence, evolution and stability of such micro-niches will be established. To this end, a combination of Gibbs free energy calculations, isotope fractionation and tracer measurements, and mass balances of metabolic intermediates (small pool sizes) and end products (large pool sizes) will be used. Measurements of these parameters on different scales using microelectrodes (mm scale), micro sampling devices for solutes and gases (cm scale) and mass flow balancing (column/reactor scale) will be compared to characterize unit volumes for organic matter degradation pathways and electron flow. Of particular interest will be the impact of redox active humic substances on the competitiveness of involved terminal electron accepting processes, either acting as electron shuttles or directly providing electron accepting capacity. This will be studied using fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of the gained spectra. We expect that the results will provide a basis for improving reactive transport models of anaerobic processes in aquifers and sediments.

Continuous optical chlorophyll-a and turbidity data along R/V SONNE cruise SO285

Underway optical chlorophyll-a and turbidity data were collected along the cruise track with Sea-Bird Scientific ECO FLNTU sensors installed within two autonomous measurement systems, called self-cleaning monitoring boxes (SMBs). The SMBs measure alternatingly. While one box is measuring, the other one is being cleaned. The water inlet for the SMBs is at about 4 m below sea surface. Observed chlorophyll-a and turbidity data were both quality controlled and the chlorophyll-a data was additionally calibrated using chlorophyll-a reference data from discrete water samples taken from the CTD water sampler at 10 m depth. Sample chlorophyll-a was determined spectrophotometrically following Jeffrey and Humphrey (1975) as in EPA Method 446. Note that the ship crossed various biogeochemical provinces leading to high variability in the data and, additionally, non-photochemical quenching effects can be observed making it difficult to robustly calibrate the data. A comparison of the calibrated chlorophyll-a with satellite data using the GlobColour CHL1 and CHL2 products is additionally provided. Details on all quality control steps, the calibration, and the comparison with satellite data can be found in the data processing report. The resulting data set contains the original data, the calibrated data (in case of chlorophyll-a) and corresponding quality flags achieved by the quality control algorithm. The data source is given through the name of the active SMB. The data set contains data during transit time and station work. We recommend to use ship's speed to filter for only transit data.

Export von organischem Kohlenstoff aus Islands Gletschern: Quantifizierung, Herkunft und Kohlenstoffflüsse in Gletscherbächen

Gletscher sind bedeutende Speicher organischen Kohlenstoffs (OC) und tragen zum Kohlenstofffluss vom Festland zum Meer bei. Aufgrund des Klimawandels wird eine Intensivierung dieser Flüsse erwartet. Der Export von OC aus Gletschern wurde weltweit in verschiedenen Regionen quantifiziert, trotzdem liegen keine vergleichbaren Daten für Island vor, obwohl sich dort die größte europäische außerpolare Eiskappe befindet. Um die globalen Prognosen der glazialen Kohlenstofffreisetzung zu verbessern, ist es das Ziel dieses Pilotprojektes, den Export von gelöstem und partikulärem organischen Kohlenstoff (DOC, POC) aus Islands Gletschern erstmalig zu quantifizieren und neue Kooperationen mit isländischen Wissenschaftler/innen für gemeinsame zukünftige Forschungsprojekte aufzubauen. Hierzu werden 4 Feldkampagnen zu unterschiedlichen Jahreszeiten sowie Treffen mit isländischen Kollegen/innen durchgeführt. In jeder Feldkampagne werden von 23 Gletschern der Eiskappen Vatnajökull, Langjökull, Hofsjökull, Myrdalsjökull und Snaeellsjökull Eisproben entnommen, um die biogeochemische Diversität des glazialen OC zu charakterisieren sowie dessen Export in Verbindung mit Massenbilanzen zu quantifizieren. In Gletscherbächen werden Wasserproben entnommen, um den Austrag von OC direkt am Gletschertor zu bestimmen sowie die Kohlenstoffflüsse entlang von 6 Gletscherbächen mit unterschiedlicher Länge (2 km bis 130 km) beginnend am Gletschertor bis zur Mündung zu untersuchen. Wie sich der Gletscherrückgang langfristig auf ein Gletscherbachökosystem auswirkt, wird durch die taxonomische Bestimmung von Makroinvertebraten im Vergleich zur Bestimmung von Prof. Gíslason aus dem Jahre 1997 beurteilt. Gleichzeitig werden in diesem Gletscherbach Wasserproben zum eDNA-Barcoding entnommen, um eine rasche und gering invasive Methode zur laufenden Beobachtung des zukünftigen Einflusses der Gletscherrückgang zu entwickeln. Vor Ort werden Wassertemperatur, elektr. Leitfähigkeit, pH-Wert, gelöster Sauerstoff, Trübung und Chlorophyll alpha gemessen. Innovative Labormethoden (HPLC, DNA-Barcoding, Picarro, GC, TOC) werden zur Analyse des OC im Eis und Wasser (DOC, DIC, POC, Fluoreszenz, Absorption), der Nährstoffe (P-PO4, N-NO3, N-NO2, N-NH4), stabiler Isotope (18O, 2H), Chlorophyll alpha, CO2 und aquatischen Organismen eingesetzt. Die Anwendung statistischer Methoden (Faktorenanalyse, Hauptkomponentenanalyse) basierend auf Anregungs- und Emissionsmatrizen erlauben die Quellen des OC im Gletschereis sowie -schmelzwasser zu bestimmen und die räumliche Vielfalt des OC zu erklären. Das gewonnene Wissen wird zur Verbesserung globaler Prognosen glazialer Kohlenstofffreisetzung beitragen sowie einen intensiven Einblick in das glaziale Ökosystem geben. Für die antragstellenden Nachwuchswissenschaftler/innen entstehen vielversprechende Kooperationen mit isländischen Wissenschaftlern/innen, fokussierend auf die zeitlichen sowie räuml. Aspekte der glazialen Kohlenstoffflüsse sowie das Ökosystem Gletscher

Erfassung der Planktonbiomasse des Bodensee-Obersees mit Hilfe von Summenparametern

Erfassung der Planktonbiomasse des Bodensee-Obersees mit rasch, z.T. kontiunierlich messbaren Summenparametern (Protein, Algenpigmente, in-vivo-Fluoreszenz des Phytoplanktons, Coulter-Counter-Volumen, ATP) als Grundlage fuer genauere Biomassenbilanzierungen. Die Messungen werden in woechentlichem Abstand in je 12 bis 42 Seewasserproben durchgefuehrt.

Reaktion des Photosyntheseapparats in tropischen Pflanzen auf starkes sichtbares und ultraviolettes Licht

Das Vorhaben umfasst Untersuchungen der inhibierenden Wirkung von Sonnenstrahlung auf die Photosynthese in tropischen Pflanzen und deren Akklimatisation an ambiente Lichtbedingungen. Die Reaktion des Photosyntheseapparats auf natürlichen 'Lichtstress' in Schatten- und Sonnenblättern wird mittels verschiedener Messparameter analysiert. Insbesondere werden spezifische Filter für ultraviolettes Licht (UV-B und UV-A) angewandt, um die Reaktion der Blätter auf die solare UV-Strahlung zu untersuchen. Im Vordergrund der Messungen steht der CO2-Gaswechsel, da Studien mit artifizellem UV-Licht eine bevorzugte Inhibition der CO2-Assimilation durch UV-B gezeigt haben. Daneben werden Änderungen der Aktivitäten der Photosysteme II und I durch Chlorophyllfluoreszenz- bzw. Absorptionsmessungen erfasst. Die Akklimatisation von Schattenblättern an tägliche Sonnenexposition wird mehrere Wochen lang anhand der Zusammensetzung der Photosynthesepigmente und Anreicherung von UV-absorbierenden Substanzen verfolgt. Modellversuche mit Mutanten von Arabidopsis thaliana sollen klären, ob das im Xanthophyllzyklus gebildete Zeaxanthin und die assoziierte thermische Dissipation von Anregungsenergie zum Schutz des Photosystems I beiträgt. Die Sonnenexpositions-Experimente und physikalischen Messungen werden weitgehend am Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama in Kooperation mit Dr. K. Winter durchgeführt. Pigmentanalysen und Datenverarbeitung sowie die Untersuchung einer C4-Pflanzenart und der Arabidopsis-Mutanten erfolgen am Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen in Düsseldorf.

Bio-optische Eigenschaften als Echtzeittracer für die Transformation des organischem Materials in der SML (SP 1.3)

Die Sea-Surface Microlayer (SML) als dünne Grenzschicht trennt Hydrosphäre und Atmosphäre. Häufig sind die Konzentrationen bestimmter Verbindungen in der SML höher, entweder durch physikalische Konzentration aus dem darunter liegenden Wasser, durch Produktion in der SML oder durch atmosphärische Ablagerungen. Ein bekannter Aspekt ist die durchweg höhere Konzentration von chromophoren gelösten organischen Stoffen (CDOM) in der SML im Vergleich zum darunter liegenden Wasser. Kürzlich haben wir gezeigt, dass die inhärenten optischen Eigenschaften (IOP) â€Ì d.h. die Lichtstreu- und Absorptionseigenschaften von Wasser und seinen Bestandteilen â€Ì der SML genutzt werden können Komponenten in der SML zu charakterisieren und nützliche Informationen für den Strahlungstransfer und für Fernerkundungsstudien zu liefern. Darüber hinaus war unsere frühere Forschung zu optischen Eigenschaften in der SML unsere Motivation hier vorzuschlagen, IOPs und apparente optischen Eigenschaften (AOPs) â€Ì abgeleitet aus spektralradiometrischen Messungen des Lichtfeldes â€Ì sowie die Fluoreszenz zur Charakterisierung von organischen Stoffen (OM) und deren Transformation für die Echtzeitbewertung der SML als biologischen und chemischen Lebensraum zu nutzen. Hiermit können wir in außergewöhnlicher Weise die Kurzzeitdynamik relevanter biologischer und chemischer Treiber in der SML untersuchen.

PARAFAC components and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) indices on organic matter transformation processes in the sea-surface microlayer and the underlying water during a mesocosm phytoplankton bloom in 2023

The effects of a phytoplankton bloom and photobleaching on colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the sea-surface microlayer (SML) and the underlying water (ULW) were studied in a month-long mesocosm study, in May and June of 2023, at the Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM) in Wilhelmshaven, Germany. The mesocosm study was conducted by the DFG research group BASS (Biogeochemical processes and Air–sea exchange in the Sea-Surface microlayer, Bibi et al., 2025) in the Sea Surface Facility (SURF) of the ICBM. The facility contains an 8 m × 1.5 m × 0.8 m large outdoor basin with a retractable roof, which was closed at night and during rain events. The basin was filled with North Sea water from the adjacent Jade Bay. Homogeneity of the ULW in the basin was achieved by constant mixing of the water column. The daily SML and ULW samples were collected alternating in the morning, about 1 h after sunrise, and in the afternoon, about 10 h after sunrise. The alternation of sampling times intended to capture a potential effect of sun-exposure duration on DOM transformations and elucidated the day and night variability of the layers. The SML was collected via glass plate sampling (Cunliffe and Wurl, 2014). The ULW was sampled via a submerged tube and a connected syringe suction system in 0.4 m depth. The removed sample volume was refilled with Jade Bay water every day. SML and ULW samples were filtered through pre-flushed 0.7 µm Whatman GF/F and 0.2 nucleopore filters into clear 40 ml SUPELCO bottles. These bottles were acid-washed twice and combusted at 500 °C for 5 h. The samples were stored dark and at 4 °C and measured within a few months of the study. FDOM was measured using a Aqualog fluorescence spectrometer (Horiba Scientific, Japan) with 10 seconds integration time and high gain of the CCD (charge-coupled device) sensor within an excitation range from 240 to 500 nm, and an emission range from 209.15 to 618.53 nm. The Aqualog measures fluorescence as well as absorption. The resulting data includes an excitation-emission-matrix (EEM) of the blank (MilliQ Starna cuvette), an EEM of the sample, and the absorption values of the sample. The raw exported Aqualog data was corrected for errors and lamp shifts. The corrected EEM data is then decomposed by PARAFAC (Murphy et al., 2013) for its underlying fluorophore components. Before running the PARAFAC routine, the corrected data needed to undergo a correction process by subtracting the blank from the sample EEM and canceling the influences of the inner-filter effect (IFE, Parker & Rees, 1962; Kothawala et al., 2013). The fluorescence intensity of the IFE-corrected EEM is calibrated by using the Raman scatter peak of water (Lawaetz & Stedmon, 2009). For PARAFAC the corrected data was processed using the drEEM and NWAY toolbox (version 0.6.5; Murphy et al., 2013) in MATLAB (R2020b). A 4-component model was validated with the validation style S4C6T3 for the split half analysis with nonnegativity constraints and 1-8e as the convergence criteria with 50 random starts and a maximum number of 2500 iterations. The resulting final model had a core consistency of 82.04 and the explained percentage was 99.54%. Furthermore, four fluorescence indices were calculated from the corrected EEM data (HIX – Humification index, Zsolnay et al., 1999; BIX – Biological index, Huguet et al., 2009; REPIX – Recently produced index, Parlanti et al., 2000, Drozdowska et al., 2015; ARIX, Murphy, 2025).

Continuous optical chlorophyll-a and turbidity data along RV MARIA S. MERIAN cruise MSM129/1

Underway optical chlorophyll-a and turbidity data were collected along the cruise track with Sea-Bird Scientific ECO FLNTU sensors installed within two autonomous measurement containers, as part of the "Reinseewassersystem" (RSWS). The containers measure alternatingly. While one container is measuring, the other one is being cleaned. The boxes switched generally every 12 hours. The water inlet for the RSWS is at about 6.5 m below sea surface. Observed chlorophyll-a and turbidity data were both quality controlled. Analysis of the chlorophyll-a and turbidity data during parallel operation of the sensors in the two boxes showed significant differences between the sensors. The sensors were aligned resulting in consistent chlorophyll-a and turbidity time series. The corrected chlorophyll-a data were calibrated based on chlorophyll-a values from discrete water samples taken from a RSWS water outlet in the hangar. Samples were frozen and measured fluorometrically in the lab. The time series was separated into two sections, coastal and open ocean, which were calibrated independently. The turbidity time series was also compared to suspended particulate matter from water samples, however, correlation was low and therefore the comparison not used for calibrating turbidity. The calibrated chlorophyll-a time series and corrected turbidity time series were compared against Globcolour CHL1 and TSM products, respectively. Details on all quality control steps, the calibration, and the comparison with satellite data can be found in the data processing report. The data set user should keep in mind that some parts of the time series are likely affected by non-photochemical quenching, see data processing report. It was out of the scope of the quality control to flag or correct non-photochemical quenching. The resulting data set contains the original data and corresponding quality flags achieved by the quality control algorithm as well as the calibrated chlorophyll-a and corrected turbidity data with corresponding quality flags. The data source is given through the name of the active container. The data set contains data during transit time and station work. We recommend to use ship's speed to filter for only transit data.

Reference measurements of surface waters and optical water quality variables (Secchi depth and Forel-Ule color indexes) collected during two RV Otzum cruises along the river Elbe in 2012 and 2013

Reference measurements of surface waters were collected during two RV Otzum cruises along the river Elbe in 2012 and 2013 (Ot2012_05: 21.-24.05.; Ot2013_05: 27.-30.05.2013). Temperature [°C], salinity, turbidity [NTU], and chlorophyll from fluorescence [µg/L] were measured by a PocketFerrybox System (values given to the time of sampling). Water samples were taken from the outlet of the system. Suspended particular matter (SPM) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) were filtered onboard on glas fibre filters (GFF, 47mm, 0,7 µm) and frozen at -25°C and -80°C immediately after sampling. Values were determined in the lab after the cruise within 2 months, for SPM via gravimetric analysis (IOCC recommendations) and for Chl a according to EPA Method 445. Water clarity and color were observed using a white Secchi disc with a diameter of 30 cm and a Forel-Ule color scale. The Secchi depth (SD) was recorded as a relative measure of water clarity at each in situ station during day time. At half SD the apparent color of the water above the submerged Secchi disc was determined using the Forel-Ule color scale. A Forel-Ule color scale is a classic tool used to differentiate the percieved color of water based on a scale from 1 (indigo blue) to 21 (cola brown). The measurements were conducted as recommended in literature (Garaba and Zielinski, 2015; Wernand, 2011; Wernand and van der Woerd, 2010). Measurements were part of the project DOMsense (01.11.2011 - 31.05.2014, KF2866501DF1)

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